CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

1.1 Background
In 1820, a Danish scientist, Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851) found that
there was a deviation in the compass needle when it was near an electric wire. this
shows, the current in a wire can produce magnetic effects. it can be concluded, that
around there is a magnetic field. the magnetic field lines produced by the current in a
straight wire form a circle with a wire at its center. to find out the direction of the
magnetic field lines, one can use a method that is by the rules of the right hand.
The magnetic field in space around an electric current is proportional to the
electric current which serves as its sources, just as the electric field in space is
proportional to the charge which serves as its source. The magnetic have a potential
vector and scalar. The magnetic potential vector is vector field defined along with the
electric potential.
The problem of calculate magnetic field in some provided problem, made us
hard to calculate the magnetic field of, the example, current distribution. Given this, it
can be seen that there is a relationship between electric current and magnetic field, to
be more clear, it will be easier in the Ampere’s Law in our paper this time.

1.2 Problem Formulation

Based on this background, the formulation of the issues raised in this paper
are:
1) What is the vector potential in magnetic field?
2) What is Ampere’s Law?
3) How to use Ampere’s Law?

1.3 Purpose
Based on the problem formulation, the purpose of this paper is:
1) Explain about vector potential in magnetic field.
 2) Explain about Ampere’s Law.
3) Explain about how to use Ampere’s Law.

1.4 Benefits
The benefits we study about vector potential are: (1) we know about vector
potential, (2) we can describe mathematically about Ampere’s law and the physical
interpretation, and (3) we can show the applications of Ampere’s law in a lot of
problems in physics.
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2.1 Vector Potential in Magnetic Field

Just as ∇ × 𝐸⃗ = 0 permitted us to introduce a scalar potential (V) in
electrostatic,
𝐸⃗ = −∇𝑉
As we found for the electric field, it simplifies calculations to write the magnetic
field in terms of a potential. However, while the electric field has vanishing curl and a
source for its divergence, the magnetic field has the opposite: a source for the curl and
⃗ to
a vanishing divergence. Therefore, we make use of the vanishing divergence of 𝐵
⃗ as a curl.
write 𝐵
Clearly, if we set
⃗ = ∇×𝐴
𝐵
for some vector field 𝐴, the divergence will vanish automatically because the
divergence of a curl is identically zero. Conversely, the Helmholz theorem shows that
⃗ may be written as a curl of some vector. The vector
if the divergence vanishes then 𝐵
field 𝐴 is called the vector potential.
⃗ = ∇ × 𝐴 automatically ensures that ∇ ∙ 𝐵
Writing 𝐵 ⃗ = 0. We now substitute
this into Ampère’s law and use the identity for a double curl:
∇ × (∇ × 𝐴) = 𝜇0 𝐽(𝑟)

∇(∇ ∙ 𝐴) − ∇2 𝐴 = 𝜇0 𝐽(𝑟)
Now, the electric potential had a built-in ambiguity: we can add to V any
function whose gradient is zero, without altering the physical quantity 𝐸⃗ . likewise, we
can add to the magnetic potential any function whose curl vanishes, with no effect on
⃗ . we can exploit this freedom eliminate the divergence of 𝐴:
𝐵
∇×𝐴=0
 To prove that this ia always possible, suppose that our original potential, A0, is
not divergenceless. If we add to it the gradient of 𝜆(𝐴 = 𝐴0 + ∇𝜆), the new divergence
is
∇ ∙ 𝐴 = ∇ ∙ 𝐴 0 + ∇2 𝜆
We can accommodate this equation (∇ × 𝐴 = 0), then if a function 𝜆 can be
found that satisfies

∇2 𝜆 = −∇ ∙ 𝐴0

But this is mathematically identical to Poisson’s equation

𝜌
∇2 𝑉 = −
𝜖0

𝜌
With ∇ ∙ 𝐴0 in place of 𝜖 as the “source’. And we know how to solve Poisson’s
0

equation that’s what electrostatics all about. In particular, if 𝜌 goes to zero at infinity,
the solution is

1 𝜌
⃗ =
𝑉 ∫ 𝑑𝜏 ′
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟

And by the same token, if ∇ ∙ 𝐴0 , goes to zero at infinity, then

1 ∇ ∙ 𝐴0 ′
𝜆= ∫ 𝑑𝜏
4𝜋 𝑟

if ∇ ∙ 𝐴0 does not go to zero at infinity, we’ll have to use the other means to
discover the appropriate 𝜆, just as we get the electric potential by ither means when the
charge distribution ectends to infinity. But the essential point remains: it is always
possible to make the vector potential divergenceless. To put it the other way around:
⃗ = ∇ × 𝐴 specifies the curl of 𝐴, but it doesn’t say anything about the divergence-we
𝐵
are at liberty to pick that as we see fit, and zero is ordinary the simplest choice.
With this condition on 𝐴 , Ampere’s Law become:
 ∇2 𝐴 = −𝜇0 𝐽
This again is nothing but Poisson’s equation or rather, it is three Poisson’s
equation, one for each Cartesian component. Assuming 𝐽 goes to zero at infinity, we
can read off the solution:

𝜇0 𝐽(𝑟) ′
𝐴(𝑟) = ∫ 𝑑𝜏
4𝜋 𝑟

For line and surface current,

𝜇0 𝐼 ′ 𝜇0 𝐼 𝐼 ′
𝐴= ∫ 𝑑𝑙 = ∫ 𝑑𝐼
4𝜋 𝑟 4𝜋 𝑟

𝜇0 𝐾 ′
𝐴= ∫ 𝑑𝑎
4𝜋 𝑟

2.2 Ampere’s Law

Ampere’s law gives another method to calculate the magnetic field due to a
given current distribution. The magnetic field in space around an electric current is
proportional to the electric current which serves as its source, just as the electric field
in space is proportional to the charge which serves as its source. Ampere's Law states
that for any closed loop path, the sum of the length elements times the magnetic field
in the direction of the length element is equal to the permeability times the electric
current enclosed in the loop. Ampere’s law can write as integral,

⃗⃗⃗ = 𝜇0 𝑖
⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑙
∮𝐵

The magnetic field in space, at point due to a long straight current is

𝜇0 𝑖
𝐵=
2𝜋𝑟
In differential form, Ampere’s law can be write

⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝑖

⃗ ) ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∮(∇ × 𝐵 𝑑𝑎 = 𝜇0 ∮ 𝑗 ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑎
 ⃗ ) = 𝜇0 𝑗
(∇ × 𝐵

2.3 Application of Ampere’s Law

A. Long Straight Wire
If there is a long straight current, find the magnetic fielf at point P which is at
distances d!.

Let us draw a circle passing through the point P and with center at O. we put
arrow to show the positive sense of the circle. magnetic field due to long, straight
current at any poin ton the circle is along the tangent. Direction is same as length-
element ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 . The circulation of magnetic field along the circle is

⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐵 ∮ 𝑑𝑙

𝐵 ∮ 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐵 2𝜋𝑑

⃗⃗⃗ = 𝜇0 𝑖
⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑙
∮𝐵

𝐵 2𝜋𝑑 = 𝜇0 𝑖
𝜇0 𝑖
𝐵=
2𝜋𝑑

The magnitude is same when it’s derived from Biot-Savart law.

 B. Solenoid
To calculate the magnetic field at point P inside the solenoid, we should draw
⃗ , and the point
a rectangle PQRS as show in the figure. The arrow shows direction of 𝐵
and cross shows the current.

The line PQ is parallel to the solenoid axis and hence parallel to the magnetic
⃗ inside. Thus,
field 𝐵
𝑄
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐵𝑙
⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑙
∫ 𝐵
𝑃

⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗
On the remain three sides, 𝐵 ⃗ either zero (outside
𝑑𝑙 is zero everywhere as 𝐵
the solenoid) or perpendicular to ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
𝑑𝑙 (inside the solenoid). Thus, the circulation of 𝐵
along PQRS is

⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐵𝑙

Let n is number of wire turn on solenoid per length. A total of nl turn cross the
rectangle PQRS. Each carries current i, so the net current crossing PQRS is nli.
From Ampere’s law, it’s come,

⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝐼

𝐵𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝑙𝑖
𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖
C. Toroid
Toroid is solenoid bent in circular shape and the end joined. If we have to find
the magnetic field at point P inside the toroid, let the distance of P from centre of toroid
is r. Draw a circle through the P and concentric with toroid. By symmetry, the field
will have equal magnitude at all point of this circle.

From Ampere’s law shows,

⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝐼

From the figure, it’s have to ∮ ⃗⃗⃗

𝑑𝑙 is length the circle that equals to 2𝜋𝑟. I is total
current crossing tha area bounded by circle, which is Ni where i is the current of toroid.
Using Ampere’s law on the circle,

⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝑁𝑖

𝐵2𝜋𝑟 = 𝜇0 𝑁𝑖
𝜇0 𝑁𝑖
𝐵=
2𝜋𝑟
 CHAPTER III
CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion
The conclusion form the paper are
1. Alda
2. Ampere’s law gives another method to calculate the magnetic field due to a
given current distribution. Ampere’s law can be write as integral

∮ ⃗𝐵 ∙ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝑖

and differential
(∇ × ⃗𝐵) = 𝜇0 𝑗

3. Ampere’s law can be use to calculate magnetic field of current distribution with
more simple way. Just using ∮ ⃗𝐵 ∙ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝑖 to any situation provided.
 REFFRENCE

Griffiths, David J. 1999. “Introduction to Electrodynamics”. Diunduh pada tanggal 12

April 2019. Terdapat pada
https://phy301.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/introduction-to-electrodynamics-
solution-manual-david-griffiths.pdf.
Suyoso. 2003. “Listrik Magnet”. Yogyakarta:Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta.
Verma, H. C. 1993. “Concepts Of Physics”. Diunduh pada tanggal 28 Agustus 2019.
Terdapat pada https://doc-14-cc-
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36/04780428141685822793/0B5qg6KvxLiNcczJjVDZxZlBveTZmUENvVk
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