Chemical Bonding

Ionic Bonding

Covalent Bonding

Localized Electron Bonding Model

Molecular Structure
Chemical Bonding
Chemical bonds form when atoms lose,
accept or share electrons

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In chemical bonding
•Atoms by
themselves are
less stable
•Atoms in
compounds
combined
through
chemical
bonding more
stable
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Compound
•A substance
formed
when two or
more
elements
join together
chemically in
definite
amounts
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Chemical bond
• Electrical attraction between the nuclei and
valence electrons of an atom and which binds
atoms together. Also called intramolecular force.

• Types are:
• Ionic bond
• Covalent bond
• Metallic bond
I VIII
II III IV V VI VII
Ionic Bonding
IONIC BONDING
• An ionic bond results from the transfer of one or
more valence electrons from one atom to
another.
• This bond exists between a metal that has a
tendency to lose electrons and a nonmetal that
has a tendency to accept electrons.
IONIC BONDING
When a nonmetal and a representative-group metal
react to form a binary ionic compound, the ions form
so that the valence electron configuration of the
nonmetal achieves the electron configuration of the
next noble gas atom. The valence orbitals of the metal
are emptied.
FORMATION of IONIC BOND
 Formation of LiF lies in the electron configurations of Li and F:
1s 2s 2p
Li  
F   

These atoms form ions with electron configurations of noble gases.

Li+  same configuration as [He]
F-    same configuration as [Ne]
IONIC BONDING
REPRESENTATIVE-GROUP METALS
How to write IONIC chemical formula
(Criss-cross method)
1. Write the chemical symbol
2. Write the # of electrons to be
given and gained over the
symbol
3. Criss-cross the electrons and
drop
4. Simplify if necessary.
- same numbers
- even numbers
Example: Magnesium + Chlorine

Can give 2 e- Must gain 1 e-

TRANSITION METALS
How to write IONIC chemical formula
(Criss-cross method) Element Lower Higher
1. Same procedure with the oxid # Oxid #
representative-group metals Cu +1 +2
but Transition metals have Hg +1 +2
variable valence electrons Co +2 +3
Ni +2 +3
Ex: Cu + O Fe +2 +3
Pb +2 +4
Cu1+ + O2- Cu2+ + O2- Sn +2 +4
Au +1 +3
Cu2O Cu2O2 =CuO As +3 +5
Sb +3 +5
EXERCISE: REPRESENTATIVE-GROUP METALS
Write the chemical formula:
• Sodium + Oxygen
• Magnesium + Bromine
• Calcium + Phosphorous
• Beryllium + Sulfur
• Potassium + Fluorine
EXERCISE: answer
• Sodium + Oxygen  Na2O
• Magnesium + Bromine  MgBr2
• Calcium + Phosphorous  Ca3P2
• Beryllium + Sulfur  Be2S2  BeS
• Potassium + Fluorine  KF
EXERCISE: TRANSITION METALS
Element Lower Higher
Write the chemical formula: oxid # Oxid #
Cu +1 +2
• Iron + Sulfur Hg +1 +2
• Cobalt + Oxygen Co +2 +3
• Lead + Chlorine Ni +2 +3
Fe +2 +3
Pb +2 +4
Sn +2 +4
Au +1 +3
As +3 +5
Sb +3 +5
EXERCISE: answer

• Iron + Sulfur  FeS

 Fe2S3
• Cobalt + Nitrogen  Co3N2
 CoN
• Lead + Chlorine  PbCl2
 PbCl4
REPRESENTATIVE-GROUP METALS
How to write the lewis structure of IONIC
compound..
1. From criss-cross method you know how
much electrons were given and gained
• It will be the charge of the element
2. After criss-cross method the subscript will be
the coefficient of the element
3. The metal should have no lewis dots since it
donated all its valence e- (to be stable)
4. The non metal should have 8 lewis dots since it
gained additional valence e- (to be stable)
5. Place the element inside a bracket
 Example: Magnesium Chorine

Charge: 2+
Mg , Cl -

2+
Coefficient: Mg , 2Cl -
EXERCISE: Draw the Lewis structure
• Sodium + Oxygen  Na2O
• Magnesium + Bromine  MgBr2
• Calcium + Phosphorous  Ca3P2
• Beryllium + Sulfur  BeS
• Potassium + Fluorine  KF
REPRESENTATIVE-GROUP METALS
How to name the IONIC compound
formula..

Retain the name Change suffix to -IDE

 TRANSITION METALS
How to name the IONIC compound
formula..

Retain the name Change suffix to -IDE

Then write oxid # in roman numeral
inside parentheses
Cu1+ + O2- Cu2+ + O2-
Cu2O CuO
EXERCISE: Name the compound
• Sodium + Oxygen  Na2O
• Magnesium + Bromine  MgBr2
• Calcium + Phosphorous  Ca3P2
• Beryllium + Sulfur  BeS
• Potassium + Fluorine  KF
EXERCISE: answer
• Sodium + Oxygen  Na2O Sodium oxide
• Magnesium + Bromine  MgBr2 Magnesium bromide
• Calcium + Phosphorous  Ca3P2 Calcium phosphide
• Beryllium + Sulfur  BeS Beryllium sulfide
• Potassium + Fluorine  KF Potassium fluoride
EXERCISE: Name the compound
• Iron + Sulfur  FeS
 Fe2S3
• Cobalt + Nitrogen  Co3N2
 CoN
• Lead + Chlorine  PbCl2
 PbCl4
EXERCISE: answer

• Iron + Sulfur  FeS Iron (II) oxide

 Fe2S3 Iron (III) oxide
• Cobalt + Nitrogen  Co3N2 Cobalt (II) nitride
 CoN Cobalt (III) nitride
• Lead + Chlorine  PbCl2 Lead (II) chloride
 PbCl4 Lead (IV) chloride
Covalent Bonding
A covalent bond is
formed when
sharing of an
electron pair
between atoms
exists. This type of
bonding occurs
between
nonmetals. It could
be polar or
nonpolar.
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 Polar
Covalent
Bond
Nonpolar
Covalent
Bond
Polarity Electronegativity is
the tendency of an
atom to attract
electrons toward
itself.

Dipole refers to the

two partially
charged regions or
poles of a molecule.
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Atoms of elements with high
electronegativity have a
greater tendency to attract
electrons compared to those
with low electronegativity.
Ionic bond The absolute
ΔEN ≥ 1.7 value of the
electronegativity
Polar covalent bond difference (ΔEN)
between two
1.7 > ΔEN > 0.4 atoms gives an
idea of the type of
Nonpolar covalent chemical bonds
bond that can exist
ΔEN ≤ 0.4 between them.
EXERCISE
Classify the following bonds as ionic, polar
covalent, or non-polar covalent:
• The bond in CsCl
• the bond in H2S
• the NN bond in H2NNH2
EXERCISE
Classify the following bonds as ionic, polar covalent,
or covalent: The bond in CsCl; the bond in H2S; and
the NN bond in H2NNH2.

Cs – 0.7 Cl – 3.0 3.0 – 0.7 = 2.3 Ionic

H – 2.1 S – 2.5 2.5 – 2.1 = 0.4 Polar Covalent

N – 3.0 N – 3.0 3.0 – 3.0 = 0 Covalent

How to write the lewis structure of COVALENT
compound..

 Octet Rule  Duet Rule

 Elements form stable molecules  Hydrogen forms stable
when surrounded by eight molecules where it shares
electrons. two electrons.
 How to write the lewis structure of COVALENT
compound..
1. Draw the lewis dot symbol of each
element
2. Identify the # of electrons needed for
bonding to obey the rules
3. Draw a ‘bond’ to connect the pair of
electrons found in the space between the
atoms
4. Count the # of electrons surrounding the
atom
• 1 bond = 2 bonding electrons
• # of non bonding electrons
EXERCISE
• Draw the most plausible lewis structure for the
covalent compounds:
1. Cl & Cl
2. H & O
3. C & H
EXERCISE - ANSWER
• Draw the most plausible lewis structure for the
covalent compounds:
Cl & Cl

H&O

C&H
 How to write the chemical formula of
COVALENT compound..
1. Count for the number of atoms (No criss-cross & charge)
2. The less electronegative atom will be written first except for
Hydrocarbons (C-H compounds), NH3 and NH4

Ex:

H -1 ;F – 1
Chemical Formula: HF
EXERCISE:
• Write the chemical formula:
Cl & Cl

H&O

C&H
EXERCISE - ANSWER
• Write the chemical formula:
Cl & Cl

H&O

C&H
How to name the chemical formula
of COVALENT compound..
• Except for Hydrocarbons (C-H compounds), NH3, NH4 and
H-X (H & halogen)

+ prefix if >1 atom + prefix all the time

No change in suffix Change suffix to -IDE
 How to name the chemical formula
of COVALENT compound..
Prefixes Roots of the Nonmetals
1 - mon(o)
2 - di
H - hyd
C - carb
Ex:
3 - tri
4 - tetr(a)
N - nitr
P - phosph
N2O
5 - pent(a) As - arsen
6 - hex(a) O - ox NO3
7 - hept(a) S - sulf
8 - oct(a) Se - selen P2Cl7
9 - non(a) F - fluor
10 - dec(a) Cl - chlor
Br - brom
S2O10
I - iod
For Hydrocarbons (C-H):
FORMULA NAME
CH4 Methane
C2H6 Ethane
C3H8 Propane
C4H10 Butane
C5H12 Pentane
C6H14 Hexane
C7H16 Heptane
C8H18 Octane
C9H20 Nonane
C10H22 Decane
For H-X (H + Halogen)
Hydrogen + Halogen(NO PREFIX NEEDED) Ex:
• If it is in gas form (g)
Name it as: “ Hydrogen + _X_-IDE gas”
HBr
• If it is in aqueous form (aq) HCl
Name it as: “ Hydro + _X_-IC acid”
HI
Ex: HF (g) – Hydrogen fluoride gas
HF (aq) – Hydro fluoric acid
Localized Electron Bonding Model
Localized Electron Bonding Model
 Description of valence electron arrangement (Lewis
structure).
 Prediction of geometry (VSEPR model).
 Description of atomic orbital types used to share
electrons or hold lone pairs.
Writing Lewis structure
Types of covalent bond based on the number of bonding electron
pairs:
1. Single bond
2. Double bond
3. Triple bond

NN
Steps in Writing Lewis structure
N–A=B
 N = no. of e— needed to achieve noble gas
configuration.
 A = no. of e— available in valence shells of the atoms.

 B = no. of bonding e—
 B / 2 = no. of bonds
 A – B = no. of e— in lone pairs
 Steps in Writing Lewis structure
 Draw skeletal structure of compound showing what are
bonded to each other. Place the least electronegative atom
at the center except H.

 Use a pair of electrons to form a bond between each pair of

bound atoms.

 Arrange the remaining electrons to satisfy the octet rule (or

duet rule for hydrogen).
 Ex: PCl3 N A
P–1 8x1 5x1
 N–A=B Cl – 3 8x3 7x3
 N = no. of e— needed to achieve total 32 26
noble gas configuration.
 A = no. of e— available in valence N–A=B
shells of the atoms.  32 – 26 = 6 bonding e
 6/2 = 3 bonds
 B = no. of bonding e—
 B / 2 = no. of bonds
 A – B = no. of e— in lone pairs A–B=
 26 – 6 = 20 non bonding e
Ex: PCl3 P–1
N
8x1
A
5x1
Cl – 3 8x3 7x3
Cl P Cl total 32 26

 N–A=B
Cl  32 – 26 = 6 bonding e
 6/2 = 3 bonds

Cl P Cl  A–B=
 26 – 6 = 20 non bonding e

Cl
EXERCISE
 Draw the Lewis structure of each of the following
molecules:
1. NH3
2. CCl4
3. NOCl
4. POCl3
5. HCN
 FORMAL CHARGE
 Calculation of a formal charge on a molecule is a mechanism
for determining correct Lewis structures.
 The formal charge is the hypothetical charge on an atom in a
molecule or polyatomic ion.

Formal Charge = valence _ (# of bond + # of non bonding e-)

 Formal charge and Lewis structure
 For neutral molecules, a Lewis structure in which
there are no formal charges is preferable to one in
which formal charges are present.
 Lewis structures with large formal charges are less
plausible than those with small formal charges.
 Among Lewis structures having similar distributions of
formal charges, the most plausible structure is the
one in which negative formal charges are placed
on the more electronegative atoms.
EXCEPTIONS to OCTET RULE
 Incomplete octet
B/Be tends to form compounds in which the B/Be atom has
fewer than eight electrons around it (it does not have a
complete octet).
EXCEPTIONS to OCTET RULE
 Odd-Electron Molecules

 Expanded Octet
Exceed the octet rule for one of several third-row (or higher)
elements
SUMMARY (Writing Lewis Structure)
 C, N, O, and F should always be assumed to obey
the octet rule.
 B and Be often have fewer than 8 electrons around
them in their compounds.
 Second-row elements never exceed the octet rule.
 Third-row and heavier elements often satisfy the
octet rule but can exceed the octet rule by using
their empty valence d orbitals.
EXERCISE
Draw the Lewis structure of each of the following
molecules:
Sulfur trioxide, SO3 Thiocyanate, SCN—
Carbon dioxide, CO2 Boron trifluoride, BF3
Hydroxide, OH— Phosphorus pentachloride, PCl5
Carbonate, CO32— Sulfur hexachloride, SF𝟔
Molecular Structure
MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
• 3D arrangement of atoms in a molecule
• It plays an important role in determining chemical
properties.

VSEPR Model
• Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Model
• Useful in predicting the geometries of molecules
• The structure around a given atom is determined principally
by minimizing electron pair repulsions.
 Steps to Apply the VSEPR Model
• Draw the Lewis structure for the molecule.
• Count the electron pairs (bonding and lone pairs) and
arrange them in the way that minimizes repulsion.
• Determine the positions of the atoms from the way
electron pairs are shared.
• Name the molecular structure.
Arrangements of Electron Pairs Around
an Atom Yielding Minimum Repulsion
Arrangements of Electron Pairs Around
an Atom Yielding Minimum Repulsion

Boron trifluoride
Arrangements of Electron Pairs Around
an Atom Yielding Minimum Repulsion

Methane
Arrangements of Electron Pairs Around
an Atom Yielding Minimum Repulsion

Phosphorus pentachloride
Arrangements of Electron Pairs Around
an Atom Yielding Minimum Repulsion

Sulfur hexafluoride
 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY OF MOLECULES
CENTRAL ATOM WITH LONE PAIRS
• The electron-domain geometry is often not the shape
of the molecule.
• The molecular geometry is that defined by the
positions of only the atoms in the molecules, not the
nonbonding pairs.
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY OF MOLECULES
CENTRAL ATOM WITH LONE PAIRS
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY OF MOLECULES
CENTRAL ATOM WITH LONE PAIRS
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY OF MOLECULES
CENTRAL ATOM WITH LONE PAIRS
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY OF MOLECULES
CENTRAL ATOM WITH LONE PAIRS
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY OF MOLECULES
CENTRAL ATOM WITH LONE PAIRS
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY OF MOLECULES
CENTRAL ATOM WITH LONE PAIRS
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY OF MOLECULES
CENTRAL ATOM WITH LONE PAIRS
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY OF MOLECULES
CENTRAL ATOM WITH LONE PAIRS
EXERCISE
 Identify the molecular geometry of each of the following
molecules:
1. NH3
2. CCl4
3. NOCl
4. POCl3
5. HCN