Solid-Liquid Extraction: CHE 513: Equipment Design

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila

College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
CHE 513: Equipment Design
SOLID-LIQUID EXTRACTION
Submitted by: BAOAS, Christine B.
Dr. Denvert C. Pangayao

Submitted to:
Solid-Liquid Extraction | Leaching PROFESSOR
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Baoas, Christine B.
Table of Contents
Introduction 1
Leaching Process for Biological Substances 5
Leaching Process for Inorganic and Organic Materials 5
Preparation of Solids for Leaching 6
Types of Equipment 7
Equipment Design
Design Problem 14
Design Description 14
Design Selection 14
Parts and Function 15
Data and Assumption 15
Design Considerations 16
Design Requirements 17
Design Calculation 18
Design Specification 27
Solid-Liquid Extraction | Leaching

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LEACHING
Leaching is the process by which constituents of a solid material are released into a
contacting water phase. Although some species may be more of an environmental concern
than others, the leaching process is indiscriminant such that all constituents (e.g., major or
minor matrix components as well as inorganic, organic and radionuclide contaminants) are
released under a common set of chemical phenomena which may include mineral
dissolution, desorption and complexation, and mass transport processes. In turn, these
phenomena are affected by certain factors that can alter the rate or extent of leaching. Among
these factors are:
• internal chemical and physical reactions

• external stresses from the surrounding environment
• physical degradation of the solid matrix due to erosion or cracking
• loss of matrix constituents due to the leaching process itself.
The process of leaching includes the partitioning of

contaminants between a solid and liquid phase (e.g.,
assuming local equilibrium) coupled with the mass
transport of aqueous or dissolved constituents. Mass
transport is the summation of diffusion, hindered
diffusion, tortuosity effects, and effective surface area
effects through the pore structure of the material to the
environment. Important chemical factors, those that
influence the liquid-solid partitioning (LSP) of a constituent, include solution pH, redox, the
presence of dissolved organic matter, and biological activity. Physical factors, such as relative
hydraulic conductivity, porosity and fill geometry, play an important role in determining the
rate at which constituents transport through a solid into a passing liquid phase.

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The process itself is universal, as any material exposed to contact with water will
leach components from its surface or its interior depending on the porosity of the material
considered.
Leaching is the process of extracting substances from a solid by dissolving them in a

liquid, either in nature or through an industrial process. In the chemical processing industry,
leaching has a variety of commercial applications, including separation of metal from ore
using acid, and sugar from beets using hot water.
Another term for this is lixiviation, or the extraction of a soluble particle from its
constituent parts. In a typical leaching operation, the solid mixture to be separated consists
of particles, inert insoluble carrier A and solute B. The solvent, C, is added to the mixture to
selectively dissolve B. The overflow from the stage is free of solids and consists of only
solvent C and dissolved B. The underflow consists of slurry of liquid of similar composition
in the liquid overflow and solid carrier A. In an ideal leaching equilibrium stage, all the solute
is dissolved by the solvent; none of the carrier is dissolved. The mass ratio of the solid to
liquid in the underflow is dependent on the type of equipment used and properties of the
two phases.
Leaching is the process by which inorganic, organic contaminants or radionuclides

are released from the solid phase into the water phase under the influence of mineral

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dissolution, desorption, complexation processes as affected by pH, redox, dissolved organic

matter and (micro)biological activity.
LEACHING PROCESS FOR BIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES
In the biological and food processing

industries, many products re separated from their
original natural structure by liquid-solid leaching.
An important process is the leaching of sugar from
sugar beets with hot water. In the production of
vegetable oils, organic solvents such as hexane,
acetone and ether are used to extract the oil from
peanuts, soybeans, flax seeds, castor beans, sunflower seeds, cotton seeds, tung meal and
halibut livers. In the pharmaceutical industry, many different pharmaceutical products are
obtained by leaching plant roots, leaves, and stems. For the production of soluble “instant”
coffee, ground roasted coffee is leached with fresh water. Soluble tea is produced by water
leaching of tea leaves. Tannin is removed from tree barks by leaching with water.
LEACHING PROCESS FOR INORGANIC AND ORGANIC MATERIALS
Large uses of leaching processes occur in the

metal processing industries. The useful metals usually
occur in mixtures with very large amounts of
undesirable constituents, and leaching is used to
remove the metals as soluble salts. Copper salts are
dissolved or leached from ground ores containing other
minerals by sulfuric acid or ammoniacal solutions.
Cobalt and nickel salts are leached from their ores by
sulfuric acid-ammonia-oxygen mixtures. Gold is leached from its ore using an aqueous
sodium cyanide hydroxide prepared by reacting Na2CO3 with Ca(OH)2.

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PREPARATION OF SOLIDS FOR LEACHING
• Inorganic and Organic Materials

The method of preparation of the solid depends to a large extent upon the
proportion of the soluble constituent present, its distribution throughout the original
solid, the nature of solid – i.e., whether it is composed of plant cells or whether the
soluble material is completely surrounded by a matrix of insoluble matter – and the
original particle size.
If the soluble material is surrounded by a matrix of insoluble matter, the
solvent must diffuse inside to contact and dissolve the soluble material and then
diffuse out. This occurs in many hydrometallurgical processes where metal salts are
leached from mineral ores. In these cases, crushing and grinding of ores is used to
increase the rate of leaching since the soluble portions are made more accessible to
the solvent. If the soluble substance is in the solid solution in the solid or is widely
distributed throughout the whole solid, the solvent leaching action could form small
channels. The passage of additional solvent is then made easier, and grinding to very
small sizes may not be needed. Grinding of the particles is not necessary if the soluble
material is dissolved in solution adhering to the solid. Then simple washing can be
used as in washing of chemical precipitates.
• Animal and Vegetable Material
Biological materials are cellular in structure and the soluble constituents are
generally found inside the cells. The rate of leaching may be comparatively slow
because the cell walls provide another resistance to diffusion. However, to grind
biological materials sufficiently small to expose the contents of the individual cells is
impractical. Sugar beets are cut into thin wedge-shaped slices for leaching so that the
distance required for the water solvent to diffuse to reach individual cells is reduced.
The cells of the sugar beet are kept essentially intact so that sugar will diffuse through

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the semipermeable cell walls, while the undesirable albuminous and colloidal
components cannot pass through the walls.
For the leaching of pharmaceutical products from leaves, stems, and roots,
drying of the material before extraction helps rupture the cell walls. Thus, the solvent
can directly dissolve the solute. The cell walls of soybeans and many vegetable seeds
are largely ruptured when the original material are reduced in size to about 0.1mm
to 0.5mm by rolling or flaking. Cells are smaller in size, but the walls are ruptured and
the vegetable oil is easily accessible to the solvent.
TYPES OF EQUIPMENT FOR LEACHING
Fixed-Bed Leaching
Fixed bead leaching is used in the beet sugar industry and is also used for the
extraction of tanning extracts from tanbark, for the extraction of pharmaceuticals from barks
and seeds, and in other processes. The figure shows a typical sugar beet diffuser or extractor
is shown.
The cover is removable, so sugar beet slices called cossettes can be dumped into the
bed. Heated water at 344 K to 350 K flows into the bed to leach out the sugar. The leached
sugar solution flows out the bottom onto the next tank in series. Countercurrent operation
is used in the Shanks system. The top and bottom covers are removable so that the leached
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beets can be removed and a fresh charge added. About 95% of the sugar in the beets is
leached to yield an outlet solution from the system of about 12 wt%.
a. Batch Stirred Tank Extractor
Batch Stirred Tanks agitated by coaxial impellers (turbines, paddles, or propellers) are
commonly used for batch dissolution of solids in liquids and may be used for leaching fine
solids. Insofar as the controlling rate in the mass transfer is the rate of transfer of material
into or from the interior of the solid particles rather than the rate of transfer to or from the
surface of particles, the main function of the agitator is to supply unexhausted solvent to the
particles while they reside in the tank long enough for the diffusive process to be completed.
The agitator does this most efficiently if it just gently circulates the solids across the tank
bottom or barely suspends them above the bottom.
The leached solids must be separated from the extract by settling and decantation or by
external filters, centrifuges, or thickeners, all of which are treated elsewhere. The difficulty
of solids-extract separation and the fact that a batch stirred tank provides only a single
equilibrium stage are its major disadvantages.
Moving Bed Leaching
There are a number of devices for stagewise countercurrent leaching where the bed
or stage moves instead of being stationary. These are used widely in extracting oil from
vegetable seeds such as cottonseeds, peanuts, and soybeans. The seeds are usually dehulled
first, sometimes precooked, often partially dried, and rolled or flaked. Sometimes
preliminary removal of oil is accompanied by expressions. The solvents are usually
petroleum products, such as hexane. The final solvent – vegetable solution, called miscella,
may contain some finely divided solids.

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a. Horizontal Continuous Extractor
Horizontal continuous extractor is a typical workhorse of solvent extraction type

vegetable oil processing units. It can be adopted for steviol glycoside extraction with very
little modification. In this system, the leaves are to be loaded in chain of baskets with
perforated bottom, which moves in continuous circle carried by a chain drive. As the baskets
move through the system, progressively dilute extractant is sprinkled on the baskets. The
extractant percolates through the leaves in the basket and collects in different sumps. Extract
from one sump is used as extractant for another stage. After repeated extraction with
progressively dilute extracts and ultimately with fresh water, the baskets are tipped
mechanically and the leaves are discharged through a chute. In this system the leaves and
the extractant flows in opposite (counter-current) direction.

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b. Bollman Extractor
In the figure, an enclosed moving-bed bucket elevator is shown. This is called the
Bollman extractor. It is a bucket-elevator unit designed to handle about 2000 to 20,000 kg/h
(50 to 500 U.S. tons/day) of flaky solids (e.g., soybeans). Buckets with perforated bottoms
are held on an endless moving belt. Dry flakes, fed into the descending buckets, are sprayed
with partially enriched solvent (“half miscella”) pumped from the bottom of the column of
ascending buckets. As the buckets rise on the other side of the unit, the solids are sprayed
with a countercurrent stream of pure solvent. Exhausted flakes are dumped from the buckets
at the top of the unit into a paddle conveyor; enriched solvent, the “full miscella,” is pumped
from the bottom of the casing. Because the solids are unagitated and because the final
miscella moves cocurrently, the Bollman extractor permits the use of thin flakes while
producing extract of good clarity. It is only partially a countercurrent device, however, and
it sometimes permits channeling and consequent low stage efficiency. Perhaps for this
reason, it is being displaced in the oil extraction industry by horizontal basket, pan, or belt
percolators.

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c. Hilderbrandt Extractor
The Hildebrandt total-immersion extractor is shown in the figures. The helix surface
is perforated so that solvent can pass through countercurrently. It consists of three screw
conveyors arranged in a U shape. The screws are so designed to compact the solids during
their passage through the unit. The design offers the obvious advantages of countercurrent
action and continuous solids compaction, but there are possibilities of some solvent loss and
feed overflow, and successful operation is limited to light, permeable solids. The solids are
charged at the top right, conveyed downward, across the bottom, and then up the other leg.
The solvent flows countercurrently.

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A somewhat similar but simpler design uses a horizontal screw section for leaching
and a second screw in an inclined section for washing, draining, and discharging the
extracted solids.
d. Rotocel Extractor
In the horizontal-basket design, illustrated by the Rotocel extractor, walled

compartments in the form of annular sectors with liquid-permeable floors revolve about a
central axis. The compartments successively pass a feed point, a number of solvent sprays, a
drainage section, and a discharge station (where the floor opens to discharge the extracted
solids). The discharge station is circumferentially contiguous to the feed point.
Countercurrent extraction is achieved by feeding fresh solvent only to the last compartment
before dumping occurs and by washing the solids in each preceding compartment with the
effluent from the succeeding one. The Rotocel is simple and inexpensive, and it requires little
headroom. This type of equipment is made by a number of manufacturers. Horizontal table
and tilting-pan vacuum filters, of which it is the gravity counterpart, are used as extractors
for leaching processes involving difficult solution-residue separation.

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Rotocel extractors have all the advantages and disadvantages associated with basket
type extractors. They have an added advantage of compact size, high throughput and better
energy efficiency.
e. Kennedy Extractor
The Kennedy extractor , also requiring little headroom, operates substantially as a

percolator that moves the bed of solids through the solvent rather than the conventional
opposite. It comprises a nearly horizontal line of chambers through each of which in
succession the solids being leached are moved by a slow impeller enclosed in that section.
There is an opportunity for drainage between stages when the impeller lifts solids above the
liquid level before dumping them into the next chamber. Solvent flows countercurrently
from chamber to chamber. Because the solids are subjected to mechanical action somewhat
more intense than in other types of continuous percolator, the Kennedy extractor is now
little used for fragile materials such as flaked oil seeds.

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EQUIPMENT DESIGN
Design Problem
Rubber seed kernel (550.70 kg) is needed to be leached off using n-Hexane (1,652.10
kg) in order to recover the rubber seed oil which will be later be processed to produce
glycerol. Design a stirred batch extractor for this process.
Design Description
Leaching process is the removal of a solute constituent from a solid, by contacting the
solid with a liquid phase which is the solvent. The two phases are in intimate contact and the
solute(s) can diffuse from the solid to the liquid phase which results in the complete
separation of the components which are originally in the solid (Geankoplis, 2003). A batch
stirred tank extractor is used to recover the oil component of rubber seed kernels using n-
Hexane as solvent. The process is conducted at 50oC for a total contact time of 2 hours.
Design Selection
The leaching equipment to be designed needs to provide the following features: 1)

intimate contact between the solids and the solvent; 2) agitation to distribute and supply
unexhausted solvent to the solid particle; 3) sufficient contact time of the solvent to the solids
to provide an effective extraction process; and 4) a safe operation with respect to the
materials inside (e.g. sealed/ covered systems for volatile and flammable solvents).
Dispersed-solids systems like batch stirred tanks and vertical plate extractors are the most
suitable option since they provide agitation enough to aid efficient contact of the particles
with the solvent.
The tank is cylindrical with torispherical top and bottom since it’s dealing with
solution under ambient temperature and the inner pressure is less than 150 psig.
Torispherical heads are used under inner pressure that is less than 150 psig according to
Silla, H. (pg.281). Pitched-blade turbine with four blades at 45o is used due to its application

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for liquids or suspensions containing small particles (Principles of Transport Processes and
Unit Operations by Geankoplis, 3rd Edition, pg. 142).
Parts and Functions
Parts Functions
Converts electrical energy into mechanical energy that is
Motor
transmitted to the impeller through the shaft
Impeller and Shaft Provides uniform mixing to the mixture
Outlet Exit Stream
Solids Inlet Inlet of solid reactants
Liquid Inlet Solvent inlet
Tank Consists of the shell and torispherical head and bottom
Leg Provides support to the whole vessel
Data and Assumptions
1. The feed rate of ground rubber seed kernel is 550.70 kg per batch.
2. The feed rate of n-Hexane is 1,652.10 kg (2.5m2) per batch.
3. The density of the ground rubber seed kernel is 0.480 g/cm3 or 480 kg/m3.
4. The density of n-Hexane is 0.660 g/cm3 or 660 kg/m3.
5. The reaction temperature is 50oC and the residence time is 120 minutes.
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6. Charging time, TF = 10 minutes.

7. Time of heating to required temperature, TH = 20 minutes.
8. The time of emptying the reactor TE = 10 minutes.
9. The thermal conductivity of calcium silicate is 0.063 W/m-K (0.44 Btu/hr-ft2-oF)
10. The total heat requirement for the process is 1,452,334.68 kJ/batch.
11. The system is a constant pressure batch process and a constant batch process and a
constant volume reaction.
12. Jacket is used as the heating medium for the reactor.
Design Considerations
1. A vertical cylindrical tank with torispherical top and bottom is chosen since this type
of closure is the most commonly used end enclosure for vessels up to operating
pressure of 10 bar. (Chemical Engineering Design, Sinott (2005), Volume 6, Fourth
Edition, pg. 817)
2. The height of the tank body to internal diameter ratio is 1:1. (Unit Operations of
Chemical Engineers, McCabe et. al. (2001), 6th Edition, pg. 241)
3. For a torispherical head, the crown radius, L, is equals the inside diameter, D, of the
cylindrical vessel. (Table 10-65, Silla (2003), pg. 10-140)
4. Type 302 Stainless Steel (18% Cr, 9% Ni, 0.15% Cmax) is chosen since it is primarily
used for general process equipment. (Plant Design and Economics for Chemical
Engineers by Peters and Timmerhaus, 4th Edition, Table 4, pg. 426)
5. The number of baffles is usually 4. (Unit Operations of Chemical Engineers, McCabe et.
al. (2001), 6th Edition, pg. 241)
6. Impeller’s rotational speed, N = 200 rpm. (Principles of Transport Processes and Unit
Operations by Geankoplis, 3rd Edition, pg. 142)
7. The corrosion allowance is 2.0 mm. (Chemical Engineering Design, Sinnott (2005),
Volume 6, Fourth Edition, pg. 813).

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8. The efficiency of the double-welded butt joint is 80% based upon a material factor Fm
of 1.00. This type of welded joint was selected because the are stronger than single-
welded joints and may be used for either longitudinal or circumferential seams.
(Process Equipment Design, Hesse and Rushton, pg. 84)
9. A 20% factor of safety for batch reactor. (Plant Design and Economics for Chemical
Engineers, Timmerhaus, 4th Edition, pg. 37)
10. The filling capacity of the reactor is 80% of the volume, measured at the top tangent
line to allow vapor space. (Rules of Thumb for Chemical Engineers, Hall, 5th Edition, pg.
150)
Design Requirements
1. Batch Time
2. Capacity of the Tank
3. Tank Diameter
4. Tank Height
5. Shell Thickness
6. Head and Bottom Thickness
7. Impeller Design
a. Diameter
b. Length
c. Width
d. Elevation
8. Baffle Design
a. Width
b. Number of Baffles
9. Tank Insulation
10. Power Requirement

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Design Calculations
1. Total Batch Time

Batch time will be equal to the time of filling plus extraction time plus the emptying
time. (From eq’n 7.8.5 of Chemical Process Engineering Design and Economics by Harry
Silla pg. 395)
tB = tF + tH + tR + tE
tB = (10 + 20 + 120 + 10) mins = 160 min
The total batch time is equal to 2 hours and 50 mins.

2. Tank Capacity
Using the upscaled values for feed of extraction process:
550.70 𝑘𝑔 1,652.10 𝑘𝑔
𝑉= + = 3.6505 𝑚3
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
480 3 660 3
𝑚 𝑚
Applying 20% safety factor,
𝑉 = 3.6505 𝑚3 × 1.20 = 4.3806 𝑚3
For 80% filling capacity,
4.3806 𝑚3
𝑉= = 5.46 𝑚3
0.80
The tank capacity is 5.50 m3
3. Tank Diameter
𝑽 = 𝑽𝒄𝒚𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒌
𝜋𝐷2 ℎ
𝑉=
4
Since H=D then,
𝜋𝐷3
𝑉 = 5.50 𝑚3 =
4
𝜋𝐷3
5.50 𝑚3 =
4
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𝐷 = 1.91 𝑚
𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝑫 = 𝟐. 𝟎 𝒎
4. Tank Height
Height of the Body,
𝐻𝑇 = 𝐷
𝑯𝑻 = 𝟐. 𝟎 𝒎
Height of Head,
HH = 0.10H
𝐻𝐻 = 0.10 (2.0𝑚)
𝑯𝑯 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎 𝒎
Height of Bottom,
HH = 0.10H
𝐻𝐻 = 0.10 (2.0𝑚)
𝑯𝑯 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎 𝒎
Total Height of the Tank,
𝐻 = 𝐻𝑇 + 𝐻𝐻 + 𝐻𝐵
𝐻 = 2.0 + 0.20 + 0.20
𝐻 = 2.40 𝑚
𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝑯 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟎 𝒎
5. Shell Thickness
𝑷𝒓
𝒕= +𝑪
𝑺𝑬 − 𝟎. 𝟔𝑷
(Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers, Peters and Timmerhaus, pg.
537)
Where:
t = maximum wall thickness, in
P = maximum allowable working pressure, psi
r = inside radius with corrosion allowance, in

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S = maximum allowable tensile strength, psi

E = joint efficiency
C = corrosion allowance, in
Using equation 4-1, pg. 84, Process Equipment Design by Hesse and Rushton,
𝑆 = 𝑆𝑢 + 𝐹𝑚 + 𝐹𝑎 + 𝐹𝑟 + 𝐹𝑆
𝑆 = 60,000 × 1.00 × 1.00 × 1.00 × 0.25
𝑺 = 𝟏𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊
Where:
Su = 60,000 psi (Process Equipment Design, Hesse & Rushton, pg. 81)
Fm = 1.0 for Grade for double welded butt joint (Process Equipment Design,
Hesse and Rushton, pg. 84)
Fa = Fr = 1.00 since radiographing and stress relieving is not required.
Fs = 0.25 (Process Equipment Design, Hesse and Rushton, Table 4.2, pg. 84)
Computing for the internal pressure,
P = Hρg + Patm
Where:
P = maximum allowable working pressure
H = tank height
Ρ = fluid density
g = acceleration due to gravity
Computing for the density of the solution,
550.70 𝑘𝑔 + 1652.10 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝜌= 3
= 603.4242 3
3.6505 𝑚 𝑚
Computing for the pressure,
𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝑃 = (2.40 𝑚 × 603.4242 3
× 9.81 2 ) + 101,325 𝑃𝑎
𝑚 𝑠
𝑃 = 115,532.0194 𝑃𝑎
For maximum allowable pressure (based from Process Plant Equipment: Operation,
Control, and Reliablity, Michael D. Holloway, pg. 470)
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𝑃 = 1.33 (115,532.0194 𝑃𝑎)

𝑃 = 153,657.5858 𝑃𝑎 = 22.2923 𝑝𝑠𝑖
Computing for the Shell Thickness,
𝑃𝑟
𝑡= +𝐶
𝑆𝐸 − 0.6𝑃
𝑙𝑏
(22.2923 2 ) (39.27 𝑖𝑛 + 0.07874 𝑖𝑛)
𝑡= 𝑖𝑛 + 0.07874 𝑖𝑛
𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏
(15000 2 )(0.85) − 0.6(22.2923 2 )
𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛
𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟕𝟗 𝒊𝒏 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟓𝟑𝟕 𝒎𝒎
However, for vessel diameter of 1 to 2 m, minimum thickness is 7.0 mm (Coulson,
pg. 814)
𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝒕 = 𝟕𝒎𝒎
6. Head and Bottom Thickness
Using equation 13.44 in pg. 819 of Chemical Engineering Design, Sinnott (2005),
𝑃𝑇 𝐿𝐶𝑆
𝑡𝑠 = +𝐶
2𝐽𝑓 − 𝑃𝑇 (𝐶𝑠 − 0.2)
Where:
1 𝐿
CS = stress concentration, for torispherical heads, 𝐶𝑆 = 4 (3 + √𝑅
𝐾
L = crown radius
Rk = knuckle radius, Rk = 0.06L
For knuckle radius,
𝑅𝐾 = 0.06𝐿
Since L = D for torispherical head,
𝑅𝐾 = 0.06(2.0 𝑚)
𝑅𝐾 = 0.12 𝑚
From Table 13.2 in pg. 812 of Chemical Engineering Design, Sinnott (2005),
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𝑁
𝑓 = 165
𝑚𝑚2
𝑁 𝑚𝑚2 1𝑙𝑏
𝑓 = 165 (645.16 ) ( )
𝑚𝑚2 𝑖𝑛2 4.482𝑁
𝑙𝑏
𝑓 = 23,750.8702
𝑖𝑛2
For stress concentration, CS,
1 𝐿
𝐶𝑆 = (3 + √
4 𝑅𝐾
1 2.0 𝑚
𝐶𝑆 = (3 + √
4 0.12 𝑚
𝐶𝑆 = 1.7706
Converting the length,
3.2808𝑓𝑡 12 𝑖𝑛
𝐿 = (2.0𝑚) ( )( )
1𝑚 1 𝑓𝑡
𝐿 = 78.7392 𝑖𝑛
Solving for tS,
𝑃𝑇 𝐿𝐶𝑆
𝑡𝑠 = +𝐶
2𝐽𝑓 − 𝑃𝑇 (𝐶𝑠 − 0.2)
𝑙𝑏
(22.2923
𝑖𝑛 2 ) (78.7392 𝑖𝑛)(1.7706)
𝑡𝑠 = + 0.07874
𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏
2(0.85) (23,750.8702 2 ) − (22.2923 2 ) (1.7706 − 0.2)
𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛
𝑡𝑠 = 0.1552 𝑖𝑛 = 3.9419 𝑚𝑚
𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝒕𝒔 = 𝟒𝒎𝒎
7. Impeller Design
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Baoas, Christine B.
(Table 3.4-3.c, Dimension of Turbine and Tank, Principles of Transport Processes and
Unit Operation by Geankoplis, 3rd Edition, pg. 143)
a. Diameter of Impeller
𝐷𝑎
= 0.5
𝐷𝑇
(Table 3.4-1.c, Dimension of Turbine and Tank, Principles of Transport
Processes and Unit Operation by Geankoplis, 3rd Edition, pg. 144)
Where:
Da = impeller diameter, m
DT = tank diameter, m
Computing for Impeller Diameter,
𝐷𝑎
= 0.5
2.0 𝑚
𝐷𝑎 = 1.0 𝑚
𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝑫𝒂 = 𝟏. 𝟎 𝒎
b. Length of Impeller

23
Baoas, Christine B.
The length of impeller is 60 to 80% of the tank diameter (Geankoplis, 2003,

pg.141),
𝐿 = 0.70 (𝐷𝑇 )
Where:
L = length of the impeller, m
Computing for the length of the impeller,
𝐿 = 0.70 (2.0𝑚)
𝐿 = 1.40 𝑚
𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝑳 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟎 𝒎
c. Width of Impeller
For pitched-blade turbine with blades at 45o,
𝑊 1
=
𝐷𝑎 8
(Figure 3.4-4,Principles of Transport Processes and Unit Operation by
Geankoplis, 3rd Edition, pg. 145)
Where:
W = width of the impeller, m
Da = impeller diameter, m
Computing for the width of Impeller,
𝑊 1
=
1𝑚 8
𝑊 = 0.125 𝑚
𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝑾 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 𝒎
d. Elevation of Impeller
𝐶 1
=
𝐷𝑇 3
24
Baoas, Christine B.
Where:
C = elevation of impeller, m
Computing for the elevation of impeller,
𝐶 1
=
2.0 𝑚 3
𝐶 = 0.67 𝑚
𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎 𝒎
8. Baffle Design
a. Width of the Baffle
𝐽 1
=
𝐷𝑇 12
Where:
J = width of the baffle, m
Computing for the width of the baffle,
𝐽 1
=
2.0 𝑚 12
𝐽 = 0.17 𝑚
𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝑱 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎 𝒎
b. Number of Baffles
Based from Unit Operations of Chemical Engineers by McCabe et. al, the usual
number of baffles are 4 therefore,
NB = 4
9. Tank Insulation
𝑘𝐽 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑄 = 1,452,334.68 = 1,376,547.6741
𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ

25
Baoas, Christine B.
𝐵𝑡𝑢 1 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠

𝑄 = 1,376,547.6741 × ×
𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ 120 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠 1 ℎ𝑟
𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑄 = 688,273.8371
ℎ𝑟
The operating temperature of the batch stirred tank extractor is 50oC and the
temperature of the surrounding is assumed to be 30oC,
∆𝑇 = (50 − 30)℃ = 20℃ = 68℉
Using equation 10.8 in pg. 294 of Unit Operation of Chemical Engineering by McCabe
et. al,
𝑄 ∆𝑇
=𝑘
𝐴 𝑥
Arranging the equation,
∆𝑇
𝑄 = (2𝜋𝑟𝐻)𝑘
𝑥
Where x is the thickness of the layer of insulation,
𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝐵𝑡𝑢 2𝜋(1.64𝑓𝑡)(7.87𝑓𝑡) (0.44 2 ) (68℉)
𝑓𝑡 ∙ ℎ𝑟 ∙ ℉
688,273.8371 =
ℎ𝑟 𝑥
𝑥 = 0.051 𝑓𝑡 = 15.54 𝑚𝑚
𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟔 𝒎𝒎
10. Power Requirement
Referring to Table 7.7 of Silla (2003), pg. 387, the approximate mixer power for
stirred-tank reactors for reaction with heat transfer is 3.25 hp/1000 gal, therefore,
264.1720 𝑔𝑎𝑙 3.25 ℎ𝑝

𝑃 = 5.50 𝑚3 × × = 4.72 ℎ𝑝
1𝑚3 1000 𝑔𝑎𝑙
𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝑷 = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟓 𝒉𝒑

26
Baoas, Christine B.
Design Specifications
Batch Stirred Tank Extractor

Identification
Number of Units Required 1
Materials Handled Ground Rubber Seed Kernels and Hexane
Function To extract oil from ground rubber seed kernel
Residence Time 120 minutes
Operating Temperature 50oC
Tank Insulation Calcium Silicate
Materials of Construction Stainless Steel Type 302
Design Data
Parameters Proposed Design Existing Design
Tank Capacity 5.50 m3 0.5 – 6.0 m3
Tank Diameter 2.0 m 1.0 – 2.0 m
Tank Height 2.40 m 2.4 – 4.4 m
Shell Thickness 7.0 mm 5.0 mm
Head and Bottom Thickness 4.0 mm 5.0 mm
Four-Bladed Pitched
Type of Impeller Four-Blade Paddle
Turbine
Impeller Diameter 1.0 m 0.70 m
Impeller Elevation 0.70 m 0.50 m
Impeller Width 0.15 m -
Impeller Length 1.40 m -
Baffle Width 0.20 m 0.10 m
Number of Baffles 4 -
Power Requirement 4.75 hp 3-5 hp
Equipment Supplier

27
Baoas, Christine B.
Guangzhou Light Industry Machinery Equipment

Supplier Name
Co., Ltd.
Supplier Address Baiyun District, Guangzhou, China
Cost Php 1,010,500.00
Accessories and Auxiliary Parts
Number of Unit/s Level Transmitter, Tachometer, Centrifugal Pump
Guangzhou Light Industry Machinery Equipment
Supplier Name
Co., Ltd.
Supplier Address Baiyun District, Guangzhou, China

28
Baoas, Christine B.

Solid-Liquid Extraction: CHE 513: Equipment Design

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PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

University of the City of Manila

CHE 513: Equipment Design

Submitted by: BAOAS, Christine B.

Dr. Denvert C. Pangayao

Solid-Liquid Extraction | Leaching

• internal chemical and physical reactions

The process of leaching includes the partitioning of

Solid-Liquid Extraction | Leaching

Leaching is the process of extracting substances from a solid by dissolving them in a

Leaching is the process by which inorganic, organic contaminants or radionuclides

Solid-Liquid Extraction | Leaching

dissolution, desorption, complexation processes as affected by pH, redox, dissolved organic

LEACHING PROCESS FOR BIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES

In the biological and food processing

LEACHING PROCESS FOR INORGANIC AND ORGANIC MATERIALS

Large uses of leaching processes occur in the

Solid-Liquid Extraction | Leaching

PREPARATION OF SOLIDS FOR LEACHING

• Inorganic and Organic Materials

Solid-Liquid Extraction | Leaching

TYPES OF EQUIPMENT FOR LEACHING

a. Batch Stirred Tank Extractor

Moving Bed Leaching

Solid-Liquid Extraction | Leaching

a. Horizontal Continuous Extractor

Horizontal continuous extractor is a typical workhorse of solvent extraction type

Solid-Liquid Extraction | Leaching

Solid-Liquid Extraction | Leaching

Solid-Liquid Extraction | Leaching

In the horizontal-basket design, illustrated by the Rotocel extractor, walled

Solid-Liquid Extraction | Leaching

The Kennedy extractor , also requiring little headroom, operates substantially as a

Solid-Liquid Extraction | Leaching

The leaching equipment to be designed needs to provide the following features: 1)

Solid-Liquid Extraction | Leaching

Parts and Functions

6. Charging time, TF = 10 minutes.

Solid-Liquid Extraction | Leaching

Solid-Liquid Extraction | Leaching

1. Total Batch Time

The total batch time is equal to 2 hours and 50 mins.

Solid-Liquid Extraction | Leaching

S = maximum allowable tensile strength, psi

𝑃 = 1.33 (115,532.0194 𝑃𝑎)

For knuckle radius,

Since L = D for torispherical head,

For stress concentration, CS,

Converting the length,

Solving for tS,

Solid-Liquid Extraction | Leaching

The length of impeller is 60 to 80% of the tank diameter (Geankoplis, 2003,

Solid-Liquid Extraction | Leaching

𝐵𝑡𝑢 1 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠

264.1720 𝑔𝑎𝑙 3.25 ℎ𝑝

Solid-Liquid Extraction | Leaching

Batch Stirred Tank Extractor

Solid-Liquid Extraction | Leaching

Guangzhou Light Industry Machinery Equipment

Solid-Liquid Extraction | Leaching

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