SCH3U - Periodicity

1. Define:

a. Ionization Energy: formation of an ion, the energy required to remove one

electron from a neutral atom of an element, measured in kilojoules/moles
(kj/mol)Ionizations TRENDS:
● IE tends to increase across period, since atoms are smaller, electrons are closer, this
makes the attraction of electrons stronger, therefore more energy to pull that electron
from the nucleus.
● IE tends to decrease going down a group because since the atomic radius is getting
bigger, due to the more shells that the atoms gets going down the period, less energy
needed
● Metals have LOW IE - has low # of e-
● Non Metals has a high IE - has lots of e-
● Noble Gases have really HIGH IE - they have a full shell, they don't want to lose any e-

b. Atomic Radius: one half the distance between the nuclei of identical atoms that
are bonded together
Atomic Radius TRENDS:
● Atomic Radius increases down a group, due to the increasing amount of energy levels,
the outer e- are becoming further and further away; less attraction
● Atomic Radius decreases across the period, due to the more shells for the atom, the
distance for the furthest electron is further away, making the attraction less as well
Cation Anion
Cation have a smaller ionic radius that Anion have a larger ionic radius than
corresponding atom → lost 1 shell corresponding atom..
- More p+ over e- - More attraction - Additional e- to # of p+ → less
attraction
Greater # of electrons - electron repulsion

c. Electron Affinity: Energy released when atom accepts an electron (OPPOSITE

to electronegativity
● More the energy released, the greater the affinity for the electron (atoms that need the
electron, released more when they get them)
● Ex: F of Ne (F only need one more electron.. Therefore it has a greater Electron affinity)
Electron Affinity TRENDS:
● EA tends to increase across each period
● EA tends to decrease down a group
● Halogens have the highest electron affinities
● Metals have low electron affinities
 d. Electronegativity: the ability of an atom to attract electrons when bonded (how
strong is bonded)
Electronegativity TRENDS:
● EN tends to increase across each period because atomic radius is smaller, bonding pair
can get closer to the nucleus and be more attracted
● EN tends to decrease down the group atomic radius because atomic radius is larger, the
atom has less attraction when bonded
● Nonmetals have high electronegativity - High IE, means low EN
● Metals have low electronegativity - low IE, means low EN

2.
a. Boron (non metal) == 3 electrons needs 5 more e- | ANION
b. Selenium (non metal) == 6 e- needs 2 more | ANION
c. Barium (metal) == 2 e-, looses 2 e- to have no electrons | CATION
d. Iodine (non metal) == 7 e- gains one electron | ANION

3. Order in increasing ionization energy ( Sr, Cs, S, F, Ne ) Highest - Lowest

Ne, F, S, Sr, Cs

4. Isotopes:
Theory:
● Not all atoms of the same amount have the same mass because most elements have 2 of
more isotopes
● Atoms of the same element that contain different # of neutron are called isotopes. Each
Isotope have different masses.
● Isotopic Abundance: relative amount (%) in which each isotope is present in a element
● Average Atomic Mass: Average of mass of all the element’s isotopes (amu)

Question: 3216Sulfur with a charge of 2- Identify the following:

a. the atomic #: 16 ‘Comes from the periodic table’

b. the mass #: 32 ‘mass number’
c. # of protons: 16 ‘atomic number should have the same protons’
d. # of neutrons: 16
e. # of electrons: 18 atomic number + the additional 2 electrons

How to find atomic mass? Multiply mass of each isotope by its abundance and take the sum
Question for calculating amu : A naturally occurring sample of boron consists of 19.8% B-10
and 80.2% B-11. Calculate the average atomic mass of this sample of boron. [10.802 amu]
Info: B - 10 | 19.8% & B - 11 | 80.2%

Amuaverage = (massB -10)(%B-10) + (massB -11)(%B-11) Percent must go into decimal!

= (10)(0.198) + (11)(0.802)
= 10.8 amu or μ → with sig figs.
NOTE: the reason the amu is more closer is because the isotopic abundance is greater for B - 11

How to find percentage abundance?

Question: Rubidium exists as two isotopes: Rb- 84.91u, and Rb-86.91u. If the average atomic
mass of rubidium is 85.47u, determine the percentage abundance of Rb-85. [Rb-85: 72%, Rb-87:
28%]

Info: amu = 85.47amu | Rb - 85 = x% | Rb - 87 = 1 - x |

Let x represent %B - Rb 85
a. Find ‘x’
Amuav = (massRb - 85)(%Rb - 85 ) + (massRb - 87)(%Rb - 87)
85.47 = (84.91)(x) + (86.91)(1 - x)
85.47 = 84.91x + 86.91 - 86.91x
-1.44 = -2x
x = 0.72 * 100 → 72% for 85Rb

b. Find ‘x - 1’
%87Rb = 1 - x
= 1 - 0.72
= 0.28 → 28%

NOTE: If we had another percent abundance for a question that had three isotopes, to find both
%’s, do 1 - x - given %

5. Wavelengths and Bohr Model

Terms:
a. Electromagnetic Spectrum - forms of energy that travel in waves
b. Quantum Leap - The jump of e- when it gains energy to a higher energy level
c. Photon - energy released when returning to lower level shell
d. Ground state - the ground state is the lowest energy shell
e. Excited State - the state of the e- when moving up energy shells
For example, this (Element), the electron gains energy ground state. Then the electron becomes
excited, and performs a quantum leap. A quantum leap is when an electron travels to another
energy level that is further away from the nucleus than its previous energy level. The electron
release energy called a photon, which is a wavelength. And returns to the ground state.

When Li is heated up, its electron only has one energy level that its ground state electrons can
quantum leap to, it also has less energy levels to return to its original energy level. Therefore its
wavelength that can be produced by the photon that is released will be lower in energy resulting
in a wavelength that is more red.
Potassium has more energy levels meaning its wavelength will be more violet in colour.

* More Energy → shorter wavelength *

How does this relate to Bohr Model?

● An electron can travel indefinitely within an energy level without losing energy
● The greater the distance the nucleus and the energy level, the greater magnitude of the
energy level
● An electron cannot exist between energy levels, but can move to a higher, unfilled shell if
it absorbs a specific quantity of energy, or loses it

5. Each substance has there own energy levels. For example Sodium has 3 possible energy levels
and Iodine has 5 energy levels possible. Therefore for Iodine electrons, when heated the electron
is able to perform a quantum leap higher than the Sodium’s e-’s, so when the electron returns to
the ground state, it will emit more energy, meaning a violet ish colour.
8. Oxygen atoms forms an anion, meaning it will gain electrons to obtain a noble gas
configurations. Making the atomic radius larger because the electrons overcome the protons
number. Making it less attraction.

NUCLEONS= both protons and neutrons

Info:
● Amu: 1.0079u
● Mass H-1 : 1.0078u
● Mass H-2 : 2.0140u
● H-1=x
● H-2=1-x

Amu = (massH-1)(%H-1) + (massH-2)(%H-2)