OUTLINE

Renewable Energy
 Geothermal
 Biomass
 Hydro Power
 Wind Energy
Solar Energy
Oceanic Energy

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 SOURCES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
OUTLINE
Sumber Energi
Potensi Sumber Daya Energi
Teknologi Konversi
ENERGI SURYA
ENERGI SURYA
1. Diameter matahari sekitar 864,000 mil.
2. Merupakan reaksi fusi nuklir dengan temperatur inti dan
permukaan masing sekitar 35,000,000 °F dan 10,000 °F.
3. Dalam setiap detiknya dikonversikan isotop hidrogen sekitar
657 jutan ton menjadi 653 juta ton helium.
4. Energi yang dihasilkan sebesar (E = mc2):
POTENSI
Indonesia 
radiasi surya di Kawasan Barat Indonesia (KBI) sekitar 4,5
kWh/m2/hari dengan variasi bulanan sekitar 10%;
 Kawasan Timur Indonesia (KTI) sekitar 5,1 kWh/m2/hari dengan
variasi bulanan sekitar 9%.
Potensi angin rata-rata Indonesia sekitar 4,8 kWh/m2/hari dengan
variasi bulanan sekitar 9%.
WHAT IS SOLAR ENERGY?
Originates with the thermonuclear fusion
reactions occurring in the sun.
Represents the entire electromagnetic
radiation (visible light, infrared, ultraviolet,
x-rays, and radio waves).
SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES
o Daylighting
o Passive Solar
Heating
o Active Solar Heating
oConcentrating Solar
Thermal
oPhotovoltaics (PV)
RADIANT ENERGY
PUTTING SOLAR ENERGY TO USE: HEATING WATER
Two methods of heating water:
passive (no moving parts) and active
(pumps).
In both, a flat-plate collector is used to
absorb the sun’s energy to heat the
water.
The water circulates throughout the
closed system due to convection
currents.
Tanks of hot water are used as
storage.
 HEATING WATER: ACTIVE SYSTEM

Active System uses antifreeze so that the liquid does not freeze if outside
temp. drops below freezing.
SOLAR HEATER
CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER
POWER TOWERS

Power tower in Barstow, California.

POWER TOWER
PARABOLIC DISHES AND TROUGHS

Collectors in southern CA.

Because they work best under direct sunlight, parabolic dishes

and troughs must be steered throughout the day in the direction
of the sun.
SOLAR-THERMAL ELECTRICITY:
PARABOLIC DISHES AND TROUGHS
Focus sunlight on a smaller receiver for each device; the heated
liquid drives a steam engine to generate electricity.
The first of these Solar Electric Generating Stations (SEGS) was
installed in CA by an Israeli company, Luz International.
Output was 13.8 MW; cost was $6,000/peak kW and overall
efficiency was 25%.
Through federal and state tax credits, Luz was able to build
more SEGS, and improved reduced costs to $3,000/peak kW
and the cost of electricity from 25 cents to 8 cents per kWh,
barely more than the cost of nuclear or coal-fired facilities.
The more recent facilities converted a remarkable 22% of
sunlight into electricity.
DIRECT CONVERSION INTO ELECTRICITY
Photovoltaic cells are capable of
directly converting sunlight into
electricity.
A simple wafer of silicon with wires
attached to the layers. Current is
produced based on types of silicon (n-
and p-types) used for the layers. Each
cell=0.5 volts.
Battery needed as storage
No moving partsdo no wear out, but
because they are exposed to the
weather, their lifespan is about 20
years.
SOLAR PANELS IN USE
Because of their current costs, only
rural and other customers far away
from power lines use solar panels
because it is more cost effective than
extending power lines.
Note that utility companies are
already purchasing, installing, and
maintaining PV-home systems (Idaho
Power Co.).
Largest solar plant in US, sponsored
by the DOE, served the Sacramento
area, producing 2195 MWh of electric
energy, making it cost competitive
with fossil fuel plants.
EFFICIENCY AND DISADVANTAGES
Efficiency is far lass than the 77% of
solar spectrum with usable
wavelengths.
43% of photon energy is used to
warm the crystal.
Efficiency drops as temperature
increases (from 24% at 0°C to 14% at
100°C.)
Light is reflected off the front face and
internal electrical resistance are other
factors.
Overall, the efficiency is about 10-
14%.
Cost of electricity from coal-burning plants
is anywhere b/w 8-20 cents/kWh,
while photovoltaic power generation is
anywhere b/w $0.50-1/kWh.
Does not reflect the true costs of burning
coal and its emissions to the nonpolluting
method of the latter.
Underlying problem is weighing efficiency
against cost.
 Crystalline silicon-more efficient, more
expensive to manufacture
 Amorphous silicon-half as efficient, less
expensive to produce.
EFEK PHOTON PADA SEMIKONDUKTOR
PERMASARAN SOLAR HEATER
PEMASARAN SOLAR CELL
HOW A POWER TOWER WORKS
PV CELL
 PV ARRAY
COMPONENTS

oPV Cells
oModules
oArrays
PV SYSTEM COMPONENTS
PV ARRAY FIELDS
Source: Solarbuzz, a part of The NPD Group
ENERGI GELOMBANG LAUT
ENERGI GELOMBANG
1. Saat angin berhembus pada permukaan laut akan
menimbulkan gelombang.
2. Perbedaan temperatur menyebabkan ketidaksamaan
pemanasan air laut juga berkontribusi terhadap bentukan
gelombang.
3. Sehingga energi gelombang juga merupakan energi
sekunder dari panas matahari.
4. Pemanfaatan energi gelombang terbesar di Australia dan
Indonsia masing-masing sebesar 1,5 MW (The Los Angeles Times,
June 28, 1991, p.D1).
POTENSI
Potensi energi arus tersebar di daerah selat Indonesia  Selat Malaka, Laut Jawa, Selat
Makassar, Selat Lombok, dan perairan sekitar Kepulauan Lesser Sunda 0,06 - 64 kW per
meter kubik I
energi gelombang, bagian selatan Jawa dan bagian barat Sumatera merupakan tempat
potensi gelombangnya cukup besar untuk dikembangkan, karena wilayahnya yang langsung
menghadap ke laut lepas, yaitu Samudera Hindia.
Untuk energi dari elevasi pasang surut, daerah paling potensial terdapat di Malaka dan
Digul. n
untuk pembangkit dari potensi suhu atau lebih dikenal sebagai Ocean Thermal Energy
Conversion (OTEC), Indonesia berpotensi di daerah perairan Bali, Sulawesi hingga perairan
Papua. Hal ini terjadi karena Indonesia bagian barat memiliki lautan yang dangkal sehingga
perbedaan suhunya tidak cukup signifikan, berbeda dengan perairan di daerah timur
Indonesia yang kedalamannya cukup besar. Sementara potensi angin pesisir tersebar di
daerah selatan Jawa dan Nusa Tenggara Barat.

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OCEANIC ENERGY
PASANG-SURUT (TIDAL)
GELOMBANG AIR LAUT
TERMAL AIR LAUT

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TIDAL MOTIONS Tidal Forces

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
TIDAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
1. Tidal Turbine Farms
2. Tidal Barrages (dams)

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1. TIDAL TURBINE FARMS

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TIDAL TURBINES (MCT SEAGEN)
750 kW – 1.5 MW
15 – 20 m rotors
3 m monopile
10 – 20 RPM
Deployed in multi-unit farms or
arrays
Like a wind farm, but
 Water 800x denser than air
 Smaller rotors
 More closely spaced
MCT Seagen Pile

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http://www.marineturbines.com/technical.htm
TIDAL TURBINES (SWANTURBINES)
Direct drive to generator
 No gearboxes
Gravity base
 Versus a bored foundation
Fixed pitch turbine blades
 Improved reliability
 But trades off efficiency

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http://www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/tidal.htm
DEEPER WATER CURRENT TURBINE

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
OSCILLATING TIDAL TURBINE
Oscillates up and down
150 kW prototype operational
(2003)
Plans for 3 – 5 MW prototypes

http://www.engb.com

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
POLO TIDAL TURBINE
Vertical turbine blades
Rotates under a tethered
ring
50 m in diameter
20 m deep
600 tonnes
Max power 12 MW

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
ADVANTAGES OF TIDAL TURBINES
Low Visual Impact
Mainly, if not totally submerged.
Low Noise Pollution
Sound levels transmitted are very low
High Predictability
Tides predicted years in advance, unlike wind
High Power Density
Much smaller turbines than wind turbines for the same power
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http://ee4.swan.ac.uk/egormeja/index.htm
DISADVANTAGES OF TIDAL TURBINES
High maintenance costs
High power distribution costs
Somewhat limited upside capacity
Intermittent power generation

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2. TIDAL BARRAGE SCHEMES
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DEFINITIONS
Barrage
 An artificial dam to increase the depth of water for use in irrigation or navigation, or in this case,
generating electricity.

Flood
 The rise of the tide toward land (rising tide)

Ebb
 The return of the tide to the sea (falling tide)

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POTENTIAL TIDAL BARRAGE SITES

Only about 20 sites in the world have been identified as possible tidal barrage stations

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
SCHEMATIC OF TIDAL BARRAGE

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
CROSS SECTION OF A TIDAL BARRAGE

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http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy_transport/atlas/htmlu/tidal.html
TIDAL BARRAGE BULB TURBINE

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
LA RANCE TIDAL POWER BARRAGE

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http://www.stacey.peak-media.co.uk/Brittany2003/Rance/Rance.htm
CROSS SECTION OF LA RANCE BARRAGE

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http://www.calpoly.edu/~cm/studpage/nsmallco/clapper.htm
LA RANCE TURBINE EXHIBIT

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ADVANTAGES OF TIDAL BARRAGES
High predictability
 Tides predicted years in advance, unlike wind
Similar to low-head dams
 Known technology
Protection against floods
Benefits for transportation (bridge)
Some environmental benefits

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http://ee4.swan.ac.uk/egormeja/index.htm
DISADVANTAGES OF TIDAL TURBINES
High capital costs
Few attractive tidal power sites worldwide
Intermittent power generation
Silt accumulation behind barrage
 Accumulation of pollutants in mud
Changes to estuary ecosystem

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WAVE ENERGY
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WAVE STRUCTURE

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
WAVE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
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WAVE CONCENTRATION EFFECTS

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
TAPERED CHANNEL (TAPCHAN)

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http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/ocean.html
OSCILLATING WATER COLUMN (OWC)

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http://www.oceansatlas.com/unatlas/uses/EnergyResources/Background/Wave/W2.html
OSCILLATING COLUMN CROSS-SECTION

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
LIMPET OSCILLATING WATER COLUMN
Completed 2000
Scottish Isles
Two counter-rotating Wells
turbines
Two generators
500 kW max power

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
“MIGHTY WHALE” DESIGN – JAPAN

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http://www.jamstec.go.jp/jamstec/MTD/Whale/
TURBINES FOR WAVE ENERGY

Turbine used in Mighty Whale

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004) http://www.jamstec.go.jp/jamstec/MTD/Whale/
OCEAN WAVE CONVERSION SYSTEM

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http://www.sara.com/energy/WEC.html
WAVE ENERGY POWER DISTRIBUTION

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
 WAVE ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
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WAVE ENERGY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Little chemical pollution
Little visual impact
Some hazard to shipping
No problem for migrating fish, marine life
Extract small fraction of overall wave energy
 Little impact on coastlines

Release little CO2, SO2, and NOx

 11g, 0.03g, and 0.05g / kWh respectively

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
FIGURE 7.12 A CLOSED-CYCLE OTEC PROCESS BASED ON THE RANKINE CYCLE
Warm Surface Working Turbine
Fluid (Vapour)
Seawater
Evaporator Generator

P
Pump Condenser

P
Pump

Working
Fluid (Liquid)
P
Pump
Cold Deep
Seawater

Source: Khan and Bhuyan (2009, Ocean Energy: Global Technology Development and Status,
IEA-OES Document T0104 )
 WORLD OCEANIC ENERGY POTENTIALS (GW)
Source Potential (est) Practical (est)
Tides 2,500 GW  20 GW
Waves 2,7003  500
Currents 5,000  50
OTEC1 200,000  40
Salinity 1,000,000  NPA4
World electric2  2,800
World hydro 4,000  550
1 Temperature gradients 3 Along coastlines 4 Not presently available
2 As of 1998

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Tester et al., Sustainable Energy, MIT Press, 2005