2.

Literature review
Procrastination is independent variable, academic performance is dependent variable, social media
is moderator and time management is mediator. There is a significant relationship between
procrastination and academic performance because when students leave there tasks for last minute
of deadline they tend to face failure. There are two type of procrastination i.e. passive and active
procrastination. Active procrastination is the purposeful delay to do a task(Pinxten et al., 2019).
Active procrastination contributed to goal attainment within a two-week deadline, while passive
procrastination did not. Participants having high active procrastination have dependable
temperament, and well-developed character and higher emotional intelligence. Active
procrastination is planned, purposeful time-management and self-management strategy(Zohar,
Shimone, & Hen,2019). Passive procrastination is the voluntary delay to accomplish a task (Dobson,
2017).
Academic performance is our grades and achievements which we attain while studying. Academic
performance is the assessment of extent to which an individual has achieved an educational
goal(Vedel & Poropat, 2017). Academic performance is indirectly related to procrastination people
who tend to procrastinate less have better academic performance than ones who procrastinate
more. Active procrastinators achieve more academic goals than passive procrastinators.
Social media( WhatsApp, Facebook & Instagram) are commonly used by every individual nowadays
from children to old age people
Time management

2.1. Procrastination and academic performance.

The use of motivational regulation strategies overall and individually has significant, positive indirect
effect of student academic performance(Grunschel, Schwinger, Steinmayr, & Fries, 2016). Passive
procrastination is detrimental to students' GPA(Kim & Soe, 2015; Steel et al., 2001). When passive
procrastinators delay the course of action they except to be worse off due to that delay(Kim,
Fernandez,& Terrier, 2016). Higher procrastinators wants to have immediate rewards over delayed
or bigger rewards as compared to lower procrastinators (Wu et al., 2016). Higher procrastinators are
low on academic achievement and low achievement reduced academic performance (Wäschle et al.
2014)
2.2. Time management and academic performance
University grades are strongly influenced by time management and it is a special role in traditional
educational setting( Britton & Tesser, 1991; Trueman & Hartley, 1996). Managing time successfully
is directly related to academic performance (Balduf, 2009). There is an important relationship
between time management and academic performance of student( Cemaloglu & Filiz, 2010).
Students spend their time in social media and subsequently have lower CGPAs (Karpinski, 2009).
2.3. Time management and procrastination
One who does not manages time wisely tends to procrastinate (Noran, 2000). There is a positive
relationship between time management and procrastination (Eerde, 2015). Time management
predicts academic performance negatively (Shih, 2017). Even when a longer time period of a
deadline is given to accomplish a task, university students still procrastinate and have negative
effect on their assignments(Alfonso, Penaranda, Vicente , & Jimenez, 2018).
2.4. Social media and academic performance
Student use social media as a helping tool in studies but it socially affect their studies badly (Kausar
& Ghafoor, 2018). Social media remains a major distraction of current generation ( Karpinski &
Duberstein, 2009). Social media users of experience poor academic performance(Khan U, 2009).
There is no statistically significant relationship between social media and academic performance
(Doleck, Lajoie, & Baizlais, 2018).