IC ApplicatiOns

Ci(w)
3- 50

C3(w)
Active Filters

---
JC APPiications 3 - 51

In frequency transformation, one L-C driving point function is converted into <:>tiler
L-C driving point function . ~ence the transformation equation must be L--C function
Active Filters

itself- Basically the equations of frequency transformation includes frequency

: \\ I I '..1 00 '/
,r
'J
r... r :.1
I' (!) denorrnalization factor as we are starting with normalized low pass filter. Then to get
final network elements magnitude or impedance scaling must be used.
Let us study how to transform low pass filter into other types of filter.

EitJI Low Pass Filter to High Pass Filter Transformation

Let Sn be the normalized low pass frequency variable. Lets be the regular frequency
variable for high pass frequency. Let <JJc be the cut-off frequency of high pass filter.
\ / 1 \ / ;dw ,, \ I \ Ii Ill
Consider low pass to high pass transformation equation given by

-1 S = We ... (3.15.1)
n=4
Sn
Fig. 3.14.1 Behaviour of Chebyshev polynomials for different values of n
Replacing S b y (jw), we get
Sorne important properties of Chebyshev polynomials useful in low-pass filter
approximation are as follows : . We .Wo
JW = (jwn) = -J Wn
1. From the plots of Chebyshev polynomials, it is clear that the zeros of the
polynomials are located in the intervaJ (JJ = - 1 tow= 1, that is, l(J) J. IS U}
We ... (3.15.2)
Wn
2 Within the interval from w = -1 to w= I, the magnitude of Chebyshev polynomial is
IC
always less than or equal to unity, that is, n (w) ! S l for jw l. IS Above equation is the equation to transform normalized loss pass filter to
3. Outside !wIs1, magnitude of Chebyshev polynomial rapidly increases with denormalized high pass filter. Due to the frequency transformation elements of the
increase interval
in oi .
nehvork are changed.
Basically Chebyshev approximation depends upon two variables namely E and n. For capacitor, the transformation is given by
n,,,, two ' "'"" can be d•t•<nuned directly from the speciJkatioru; gi•en foe the filter. l s ... (3.15.3)
The '"'"'of • S delennin,d &om ma>imum pemtis,;bJ, ripple. Oruc, the value of£ S - - = - - =(l_H)s
en S n Cnw,
fixed, value of n can be found from the required attenuation in stop band.
Ila Frequency Transformation For inductor, the transformation is given by

fr
In filter design frequency tr f
0
. . Ln Sn = Ln . w, =__1_ ... (3.15.4)
equcncy an d magnitude scalin s (C1-1) s
' _ ans rtnation 1s one of the . important concepts, similar to
in
technique it becomes very e t gd . some ways. Using frequency transformation From equations (3.15.3) and (3.15.4) it is observed that a capacitor changes into an
, asy o es1gn a filter . t f
to transform it to get other ty""" f ch . . m
erms O low-pass characteristics and inductor while an inductor changes into a capacitor. The element values of high pass
..-~~ o
band stop characteristics. In frequenc taractenstics. such as high pass, band pass and filter interrns of normalized low pass filter are given by
Y
pass filter which is also called as p t tyransfonnation
. we begin· Wt•th normalized low
. ro o pe filter and th h 1
normalized low pass filter are converted into the . en t e elements of prototype, LH
Wc·Cn
elements of other forms of filter.
and 1
CH
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' --- · -- - ----.~- .. .. - -iii

 IC Applica:fions

om Low Pass Filter to Band Pass Filter Transformation

Let sn, s be the normalized low pass frequency and regular frequency VariabI
3 - 52

--
Active Fi!te,a JC Applications
:-----
3-53

capao•tor of normalized low pass filter changes into parallel L-C network also knovvn ' as
parall
el tuned tank The element values of band pass filter in terms of normalized loiv
Active F ,l:ers

respectively. Let wq and w

0
be the lower and upper cut-off frequencies of band es pass filter are given b y
filter. - Pass Ln
Series arm elements, LBP1
Consider low pass to band pass transformation equation given by
BW

s
n
= r
~ ~ + Wo
BW LWo s-
l ... (3.15.S)
CBP 1
BW
(J)6 Ln
BW
Replacing s by ~ we get Shunt arm elements LBP 2
w6 Ln
jwn w0 l jw . w0 ]
BW (J)o 'jw en
CBP2
BW
. . Wo r -w_j
W Wo
JWn = J BW L(J)o
... (3.15.6) flt-fl Low Pass Filter to Band Stop Filter
Above equation is the equation Let s n , s be the normalized low pass filter frequency and regular frequency v ariables
denormalized band pass filter. to transform normalized low pass filter to
respectively. Let wCJ and wci be the lower and upper cut-off frequencies of band stop or
The bandwidth is given by, band elimination filter.
B Consider low pass to band stop transformation equation given b y
c2 CJ
w = C,J -w (3.15.7)
0 BW ... (3.15.11)
Let w be the geometric mean of two cut-off frequencies then, we can Write,
Wo = ✓ wCJ . w c2 Sn = w
( -s- r, CJJo )
0 Wo S

"'i • Wqc ,, ... (3.J5.8) Replacing s b y jw,

For inductor, the transformation is given by, BW
jwn
L _ l 0

n sn - BW s+IBW)s = lspl s +)l

<11~ ln ( )

CBP1
l

S
... (3.15.9)
Wo
l-jw+ -
Wo JW
BW
w.-
0 )

where l BPJ and C llP1 are the ser· jwn

.
JWo OJ -Wo
( - -)
. arm
For capaci tor, the transfo,_ t· ies . elements of Ban d p ass Filter.
. Wo OJ
""a Jon IS given by,
Cn Sn
-- Cn
-.::-.;_ Si-
C n (/)2O l ( wn
BW
... (3.1:j.12)
wo(oJo -~)
Note that eqUati on /3.
BW ~-s
.. .
= Csri) s + lr - (3.15.10) W Wo
15 LBP2) s
Fron, equatic,n (3 1- - -6/ is Wri tten in th e form of additi Above equation is the equation to transform normalize d low pass filter to
nd denormalized band stop filter.
pass fil ter chang . . · J .:,J a (3. J5.6J it is ob on of admittances.
es into !leries 1 0 served that a .
The band width of band stop filte r i s given b y
.........._____- .. ,." ""
ia... -----
,c <'1wo,k also kn <nducto, of nonnalized low
own as Berie
°
BW OJQ - (!)CJ ... (3.15.13)
- """"~' , PuaLlc11r10,-,s• ' hmed tank netwo,k. A Also,
- An Lip lltr"Dt for I< (1)0
no-..-1oa9e Jrnq · Wci

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IC Applications 3 • 54 Active /=/ft
~ JC Applications 3-55 Active Filters: -.
(J)% = Olq Wc2
... (3.15.14)
Solution : The given values are,
For inductor, the transformation is given by,
C = 0.01 µF and coH = 30 krad / s
1 1
Ln s = ( _ 1 - )
5
J-3_1,~=(Css1) s + - 1 ... (3.15.15) Now, mH = 2 1t fH
\ BW L11 l BWLn s (Lss1) 5 and fH =
1
2nR C
where L 851 and C es 1 are lhe series arm elements of band stop filter.
30 X }03 = 2 7t X - - -- -- -
For capacitor, the transforma tion is given by, 2 TC R x O.<) I x 10- 6

Cn 5n ::: (BW) Cn = - -- 1 . R = 3.33 kn

BW C s+ ~~- ·-
!>+ o,~ ( ~ ) ( _:._} . [ r,)~ ] l.
\s
i#fj,,j.j/jj For a low pas filter having cut:-off frequency of 1 kHz, the resistance required is
n BW -C 11 s 15.6 kn. Calculate the new value of resistance to convert low pass filter from 1 kHz cut-off
to 1.6 kHz cut-off frequency. Assume capacitor value cor,stant..
= (L13s 2 ) st _ !._ ...
(CBSi) s ... (3. 15.16) Solution : The technique of changing the cut-off frequency by varying the resistance is
called as frequency scaling.
Equation (3.15.6) IS represented in terms of admittance fun ction .
Now, for fH = 1 kHz, R = 15.9 kn
F,om equation (3.\5~) Md (3.15.b), it ;, obo,,ved that an ;nductor of normalized fil ter
, hang., into parnltel LC lank netwo, k who, a " Pacito, of nom,aJ;zed low pass ftlter and fH1 = 1.6 kHz R = R'
change, into S<ries LC tuned lank "'lwork. lhe element va lues of band s top filter
intenn.s of no,ma1;,_,. low P"-' fi ltc, •lemen~ "' given by following equations . fH = 2 7t R C
Elern cnL., of ~rics tuned lank arc,
!.!.!_ = __I _
L ~., I .. f T3~ k,, f111 21tR C
x 2 1t R' C
\ (Jl iJ )

R'
Co,1 T7, = 15.9
mw11_ ..
T h,, ,-k'lTlen t;i; o f f>(:nl.,, lu rwu tank are, R' = 9.94 kO

( I J I 1 This is the new value of the resistance required which can be adjus ted using the
L li<;2 .,. l BW . (' " C mw) C n potentio mete r.
and C 11s 2 uw2 )· ( n
1§.H::Htii Calculate the val",: of resistar,ce required in a second ord~ low pass Butt~ orflz·:,
\ . (l) u -Jilt-er having cut-off frequency of 15 krad I s willr 11 capacitor select-ed as 0.02 µF. _ ·-
Solution : Por a second o rckr filt e r,
Examplos with Solution•
I
■ For a low pa% Jillt r, a c
fl-f - ·--·- ·--,-;c~ ~- c-- _
r,rr/i 2 7t j
I{ 1 R 1 C' 1 C 2
i,_1:111"1 ' , - . 111 ~J req,,,'nc: · •
RI F Dr'l't?n1111,e th,: C11rr"$p cl ' Y /JI ,J() kr11c1 / f' . b ut R1 ::::: R2 = R and
i, 0.01 1' ' __ __ _
•rc,.,,,,,;,,1_ Pi,n
°'
'"g,.,,, ,{ "" , .. ' """ II" °'P,cUo, .s,h•cf<<
·-·--- ..._ _ - · ••. .• l!~tR/f.1 Nc,, ret/tt1.ret1. C I = C2 ::: C -= 0.02 11 F
'llC~r,o,,,n•_ A11 - -----•.. _
11/J ll 1111b1 fn, kr1f ,v.,1, ,11..
-~-----~--------------
-,·,·r-,
---- - ----· IN lf" lll ft / lfl/ If.I\ I IO N S ... . /\n till th rtr: I fm lt now loc~f)C
 "'I

3- 56
IC Applications
-----Active
-~
Fi/tera
IC Applications 3 - 57 Active Filters

fH = -- R = 1 7
2 nx 2x 10 3 x 0.01 x 10--6 = ·95
2 n R x 0.02 x l 6 o- kQ (Use a pot of 10 kQ)

Now, (J)H = 2 1t fH = 15 krad / s R

Step 4: AF=l=l+ - f
R1
15 X 103 = 2 7t X
R,
✓2n:R x 0.02 x 10 -6
~ = 0 -
10 kQ ::> • o V0
R1 R
R = 3.33 kQ Vin~
10 kQ
l-::-
'4fi,j.j/j1 Design a first ordL>r high pass filter at a cut-off frequency of 400 Hz and a
Select Rf = 0 Q and R 1 = 10 kQ pot
CI',~'
passband gain of 1. JNTU : Nov.-04
The designed circuit is shown in
Solution : the Fig. 2. -
Step 1 : Lower cut-off frequenc y is 400 Hz. Fig. 2

fl = 400 Hz
Step 2 : Choose C less than 1 µF . dfi,,j,j/jj Design and obtain the frequency response of a bandpass filter with h =400Hz
C = 0.02 µF and f H = 1 kHz with the pass band gain 1. ,rn,,•M@IU
Step 3: Solution : Design the low pass filter first.
fL = 27! RC
fH = 1 kHz
R =
19
2itx 400x 0.02 x10-6 = ·89 kQ (Use 20 k.Q) Let C = 0.01 µF
R = = 1 15.91 kQ (Use 20 kQ pot)
1 6
Step 4: Ar=1=1+&_ 2n fH C 2nx l x l0 3 x o.01 x 10-
R1

&_ = 0 Design the high pass filter with,

R1
- fl = 400 Hz
So choose Rr = 0 i.e. use unity :> • o V0
C = 0.05 µF
gain feedback.

Choose R 1 = 10 kQ R S.,20 kQ
l-::-
Let
R = -re
1 = 1
6
= 7.95 kQ (Use 10 kQ pot)
pot 2n L 21tx 400x0.05 x 10-
The designed circuit is shown
in the Fi~. 1. - Now Arr= A 1 A 2 =1
Rf
i Fig. 1
Let A 1 = A 2 = 1 = 1 + R1
o,s;gn , ffr, t "''" low"'" fi//e," th,,1 ;, hos cul-offfreq,,,ncy of 2 kH, and
,,.. . ""
Solution gain1 :,11f 1_1
Step = 2 kHz lllll'Gfi.iUI• 0 Rf
R1
= 0

Step 2 ·. Choose C = 0.Ql µF = 0 Q and

Use Rf
1 = 10 kQ for both the circuits.
Step 3 : fH = -
2n -
RC Choose R1

8
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A<;tlvt:J Fillo,$
---···- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- ~"'•C"-'t~
Tilt' dcSti,tm>c.i cirtuil ls show n h, the Fig. 1.
3- ~ A

--- -
JC Appticstions

The frequency rcspon!'lc is as shown in the Fig. 4.

3 • !59 --
..... ..-....----··---

Goin In dB

r=-
' R,

r
R_j
\N,\
lOkD --l R
0
- 3.6dB
---- - - -r- --- --
d61--------
- -- - - ---- -
-5 - --- -
~ -- r-- -----•-- -

. r r· - 10
v.,o--11
0 05
jlF ~ 7 95 kU
159 tk U
0.01 )lF IC - 15

- 20
B.W.
- 20 dB/t1ecodo

~ -:-
J_ - 25 - I '
I
I
I 'I
I
- 30 I
Frequoncy

Hlgh pass seclioo ' Low pass section - - - -- --

f I
LI i'•1 I • in H;,;
400 1000 10000
100
10
Fig. 3 Fig. 4
To obtain I.ht' fl'lc·' qurnc-y n.•sponse II&.',
Now fc = / i1 f 11 = / 400 x 1000 : 6,12.455 Hz

= 600 H z
l~ il =. --- -:~f:~-l-f~-f )
--c.- = :- - -1 00
f B.W. = f1-1 - f1. "" 1000 - 400
632.455
' "'
I \ I. r,tlrt· r-],lrL'+(i;])iJ ~ri+[ ~r J.-Jr •(,oon ]=J
f- ·
1
1

;; ;;.,;.;m A
Q :::
ic
fj:,-v:
= 6 0t°i' -
= 1.054

t-'t'Tfain nartow ba11d11ass Jifte; has bre11 1frsig11cd to mret tl1t' Jollo,;_,in,~
Now ~ lect the fn.--qu~ncies and t,,bufote the data specificati,m~ : .fc = 3 kHz, Q = 25 and Ar :::: 10. Wltnl modificatio,:s art' 11cn ~:iory in
tl1<' filter circuit to clumgt' t!zt' cmtrr f m ptc'11CY to 1 kHz, kct'ping l/11· Jilin ,111d tinr,dwi<l·tli
f In HJ: ! V0. II

---·- I V1n
l~ jin dB = 20 log /-½n'! 0-/
co,i.,;,fa11·t· ?

·------ 10
100
0.025 --~ - -

·------ - 32.04
I In
- .• .,..__ -- - ~ Soluti on : O,oosc C 1 = C2
= C = 0.02 ~lF
25
0.241 -
--~--
-- ·------ ---- -13..66
~- - ...
234
R
1
= Q
2nfc C AF
= - - --
3
------ = 6.631 kQ
2n:x3x l0 x 0.02 x 10-ti x lO

------
~ !~
------- -------
...,..,

---------~---
...__________ -
. ---.
O.n_'i(,
Q.7!3
Q6S(,
___
.
'
- ,..,
- 3.66
R2
= -- - --
Q
2 7t fc C(2 Q 2 -AF)
-- = ..- -- 3
~
- -6- --- 2-
2 rcx 3x 10 X 0.02 x 10·· >< [ 2X25 -
~
10]
.
= 53.48 !i

SQ)(, --- - - - - - - - - - - - .___ _

---.:....------ 0.195 _ 14.17 = - Q = - ~
-- 25- --- - ·· = 132.63 kQ
l~ ~ ------- - - - - -
R3 1tfc C n:x3xl0 ·1 x 0.02 x 10-{,

~
 IC Applications
..;..:..--
3· 60 --- ---
Active Filter«
/C.Applications
: - - - - - - - - - - - - --
Fo< the all pass filte<,
---- 3-61
Act;,,""'~
/Cl
The designed circuit is C qi = - 2 tan-1 (2 n f R C)
1
- 135 = - 2 tan- (2 1t f R C)
the 0.02 µF
it J R3 2 n f R C = tan (67.5)
de~
2.4142
132.63 kQ RC = - -- - =1.921 x 10-4
2 1t X 2 X 10 3
R1
C
C = 0.1 µF
Choose
or_ V;n ~ f 10 kQ
- M • '- 0.02 µF I ~ V0 R = 1.92 kD
R,
l-=-
fw 53.48Q ~ R2
R3 i 132.63 kQ
Let
Rf = R1 = 10 kD

Hence, the circuit for the all

io-
w
l pass filter is shown in
c 0.1µF
-=-
Fig. 5
Fig. 6.
-=- 1
Fig. 6
To get fc as 1 kHz, change R2 to R2 where
re 2 2 dbu•i1 1Design an active high pass filter to meet the following specifications.
i) 1
1
R'2 -
- R2
(
~f
fc
') =53.48x ( -1000
3000) =481.32 Q Butterworth response ii) Cut-off frequency = 4 kHz -iii) De~ay_, ·raf~- .in the
fn
stvp band = 40 dB/decade. . • .,-· .. . _:. · · . ,\
of .J fi::j,jiJ:, for the all pass filter, determine the pluise shift between input and output at
Solution: As decay rate in the stop band is + 40 dB / decade, it is second order high
pl f = 2 kHz. To obtain positive phase shift what modifications are necessary in the circuit ?
JNTU : Nov.-03, May-04, Nov.-04 pass filter.
:h
!i
. .• The phase shift ~ for all pass filter is,
Solution Choose C 2 = c 3 =C = 0.02 µF
ij 0 = - 2tan - 1 [21t fRC] and fl 4 kHz

Now 1
f = 2 kHz given but R and C are not given. fl = 21tRC
Assume
R = 15.9 kQ and C == 0.01 µF
R1
~
1
3
= -2tan - [2nx2xI0 x15.9xI0 3 x 0.0l xI0 -6 ] = -126.82°
: .4 x l0 3 = 1
2nRx 0.02 x l0-6
Thus output lags input by 126.82° but amplitude and frequency is same as input. R = 1.989 kQ == 2 kQ . Vo
-=
1-=
v,f
C2
tiiii#flij ,;, 8". po,;m, ,,,.., "'lft, po,;tw,, ef R and C m"5t b, fote,changed ;n th£ all
pass filter circuit R = R2
= R3 R_3
R2
..__outpu o,,,;g,,the,ucircuit
_ . Draw "".' diagram.
fi//,, w;th a pha,;,, "'lft of - 135" at a fre-cy of 2 kHz at th£ . ' = 2 kQ
-=
2 kHz ~ == - 1350
- Fig. 7 Second order _high pass Butterworth filter ·

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'
.
IC~ 3-62 ;cauons 3 • 63 Active Filters
,c Appl
~ n- ., • ....,."./'..,,, .. ti • ' ~ '.. ~ -. ¥' ....
~
------ ;!_ ' ¥ ,I ..

ICAJ
•UH'I' " uesign• a second order Butterworth 50 Hz -• ,.notch
• :iilfer for reiruwi;;.,:1/ne
J·~ • f •~~
~ <].l J \ r ! ,•.,~

For Butterworth respanse, I» Jram

. an ECG si-nl.
'o'~ ~ . \ . ' . . ' . ' .
_,__,.. __ _ «~ •.. .., •. ~~-'-•·""''-·•··· •·- ·•.~·-"-• ··,trnpnrfrrs r•
1 1
,
- 1.:x,,.,
:co.:.
=Rr
- .,.· 1
Af -
R1 solution : Given fN = 50 Hz
the
it ir Choose C less than 1 µF so let C = 0.l µF
Rf = 0.586 R1
desi 1
Rr = 10 kQ Now fN = 21tRC
aioose
R1 = 17 kQ 1
R = - - - - - = 31.83 kQ

or
Hence the designed circuit is,
i3 ij,...jllf Vesign a second ord~ multiple feedback bandpass filter usi~g one op-amp, -
lhret i
21txSO x O.l x l0-6

For stability AF must be less than 2.

. rtsis~ _cnui_ tmo capacitors With IAFI = 50. A centre frequency_ zs 16? Hz and 3 ~ R
fun t:a,uhoidth of 16 Hz. Assume C1 =Cz =C = 0.1 µF. Draw the designed circuit. •~ Let AF = 1.5 = 1 + _l.
R1
li~•••■MMJI
Solution : Given fc = 160 Hz, AF = 50, C = 0.1 µF, BW = 16 Hz :: = 0.5
wt
fc 160 R = 10 l<Q, ~ = 5 kQ
Q = -=-=10 Let 1
BW 16 1
Q = =1
Q _ 10 = 1.98 kQ And 2(2-A F)
R1
2nfc CAF - 2nx160x0.l x10-6x50
·e The designed circuit is shown in the Fig. 9.
Q 10 2C
R2 = 663.14 .Q
2n fc C(2Q 2 - A Fl 2nxl60x 0.l x 10-6 [2 x 100-50)
0.2 µF
Q 10 Ri
R3 = - - = - - - ---,- = 198.94 kQ
nfc C 1tx l60x O.l xlO-{i

The designed circuit is shown in the Fig. 8.

R

C -=- l
c~~
-=-
0.1 µF
R3 R :: 31 .83 kQ
C:: 0.1 fLF

-=-
Fig. 9
Vo
i#Ji::!MD ,;,Si.i,n D _,a ord;; JG1l4f iuft~fi1tei ,;,,h ihi fellowi•i i,,,iifi<"i""' ,.
R3
198.9 k.Q
l
-=-
f, • 5()0 Hz, s.ai• .~' resonance •
,11,,;,,,,,; _.,,.,.aOta.
c

· Eln'P!N•ll•il•Pi►t'iH!MNEI•
5 and .bonduridth e.SD fl;,,~" ,the ,;,,ai(sh;,,,f)
- - -::-
Fig, 8 TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS" · An up thrust for know/edge

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.J . O:J

Adive ~ ;catiOnS

J-64 · fil1"1' fer fN =8 lcH, m,d Q =10. o""'5< C e .500

.,..._.,.£f![ft,t_. Design • ,rotdi pF
·,11w•Ct&& !l 1

.' - ~ G ______--.
~ -
.i c 5 1ution : Use second order notch filter
~ I
0
1
f.N- == - -
2 1tRC
tl1 ~
1
;~ Rt 3 12
sx 10 == 21t Rx SOOx l0-
6
C1
R,
"> • -o Vo R == 39.788 kQ
t'r a---.,_,.,"i;_"r-
1
I Q == -2(2- A F)
R2j Now
1

L-f -=
Fig. 10
10 == -2(2-A F)

AF == l+ &_
R1
== 1.95

Solution : Choose C: = C1 = 10 nf Rf == 0.95 R 1

This is narrow bandpass filter for which,
__$- and BW = fc R t == 10 kQ
Choose
Rr \'! !(: C Q
Rf == 9.5 kQ
1 1
R1 c,(B\',-) C =
··
::.n
ro<.N X i
·ox lO --9 = 636.619 kQ The designed circuit is shown in the Fig. 11.
2c
Gain at resonance is,
R1 " 1ooopF==1nF
.-\ F = ?R = :J
- } Ri
_____,,,.,w.,--i
Rr = 63.6619 kQ 9.5kQ
R1
10
The resonance frequency is given by,
.. ~ '!o
fo = 1
2n C 4.Rt [R1 II R2]
39.78 kD
R
-= _l
500 l

2rrx10xl0-9 \ 636.619x10 3 (R1 II R2)

,.
JR; 1! R2 39.8942
B.:: 19.89 k Q
R1 II Rz 1591.5513 2
R1 R2
R1 + R2 159L55l3 and R1 == 63.6619 ~2 -=
-=- Fi~- 11
63661.9 R2 1591.5513 [63661.9 + R )
2
R2 1.6323 kQ TECHN ICA L puaucATIONS~ - An up tnrvst tor 1<no..tedge

rECHNICAL PUBI.JcA TI01>1s •• An up lhrus1 for knowleaor;

fdliiiilT
ct1Ve F11t&r1
IC~ 3 . 56 A . 1C APP11cal1ons 3- 67 Acl,ve F,rrers
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IC ,
lid·@-• 1/C\/S..,, J"" "".,.,.,th - " •-'" fil"' with a cut-offfr: The circuit is shown in the C

ff 4 wi:. AA.~ 1tl!CfS$ll1Y ti.ta. tiM•M Fig. \3. 0 02 µF

th1 To change fc to fc = l kHz,
Solution : For low pass VCVS filter,
it '
change R2 to R'2 as, ~ cJ
de ) 1 = Y, =sC and y._, = Y,• = _!.
R
R, Ri . lre 2

R] = R2 fc ) -100.73\
_ 12 )
1
2 8.2 kil
1 0 02 µF :> o o V0

--'IM
R, 100Q
l
01
Thus arcuit is,
Strp 1 : fH = -4 kHz
l = 402.92 Q (standard 390 Q ) -=- 1 7
-=-

fu
Strp 2 : OlOOS€ C = 0.01 µF

Step 3 : fH = 2r. RC Vn o--i

C
1----,-----;
C Ll ~v, Fig. 13
7

R wivHirl Design a wide band reject Jilta having !H = 200 Hz and fL = 1 kHz. Assi,me
',\
:. R = - : - = 3.978 kQ
2.: IP. C Rf suitable dilta.
JNTIJ : May-OS. Set · 3, Regular

Step 4 : For butterworth

Solution : fH =200 Hz and fl =1 kHz
~

respcn.<e Assume pass band gain A F = 2 for both the sections.

Fig. 12
re Rr 0.586 R1 For high pass section, fl = 1 kHz
fr Choose R1 10 kQ Choose, C 0.ol µF
Rr = 5.86 kQ _ 1_ . 1
o: Now fl 2 rt RC 1.e. R = 2 rt fl C = 15.91 k.Q
p l,.;se I() kQ pol for precise adjustment of R, .

tl
jJi.\11/.:ijj .A certain narrow band-fUSS filter has been designed to meet tlze following For low pass section, fH = 200 Hz

e
sptcijiaztions : fc = 2 kHz, Q = 20 and AF = 10. What modifications are necessary in Choose, C' 0.05 µF
fi the filter ciralit to change the ctnter frequency 'fc · to 1 kHz, keeping tlze gain and 1 i.e. R' = / r =15.91 kQ
band-width const1111t ? Now fH 2 rt H '
0 .IN1U : Nov.-03, 04, Dec.-05, May-05, Set - 1, Regular 2 rt R' C'
g Solution : fc = 2 kHz, Q = 20, AF = JO
IJ AF
= l + ~ =2 i.e. ~=1 i.e. Rr =R1
f1
Choose C1 = C2 =C =0.02 µF R1 R1

R1 = Q = 20 ) Choose, Rr = R 1 = 10 kQ
h fc CA F 21!/ 2x 10 3 _ = 7.957 kQ (standard 8.2 kil
· x 0.02x \0 6 x lQ For summing amplifier, let gain be 1.
R, = Q
· 2n fc c[ 2 Q2 _A F] = l00.73 Q (standard JOO Q) R2 = R 3 = R4 =10 kQ
r R, = -9__ _ 20 R 10 = 3.33 H !
And Rcomp 3= 3
, :,-0.0_2_x_JO__6 = 159-15 kQ (standard 150 kQ)
nfc C - ~ -; -HJ-c::3-

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-------- - - -- - rr:Ct lNll'/\L PURV\A rlONS An llfJ ,hru:I to, k l '1)\',;/1' di1\'
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 ~

3-68 /ications 3 - 69 Active Filters

IC App/ica/iOnS
..:----
Design a Butterworth filter for a given normalized polynamial •of s 2 + 1.4-14s +.i. .
The designed circuit is shown in the fig. 14.
R;
1.:•::..----
A5sume necessary data.
JNTl) : Dec.-04, Set-1, Sup. ; NovJDec.-05, Set-2 ; March-06, Set-3, Sup., Marks 8
10 Jill

Solution : The given polynominal is,

R4
s2 +1.414 s +1 = s
2
+.f2 s +1
R2 This indicates that order of the filter n = 2.
/1/V\r
R; 10kQ The pass band gain is A F = 1.586.
-=-
R3 Assuming low pass filter with cut-off frequency of 1 kHz, refer example 3 for the
.rv--J
10kQ Vo design.

1-=- HfhJ.i#JI Determine the order of the Butterworth low-pass filter so that at
Rcomp 3.33 kQ l w = 1.5 w Jdb, the magnitude response is dow n bi; at least 30 dB.
15.91 kQ
c'I o.os µF
7 JNfU : May-04, Set-1, Reg. ; May-04, Set-2. Sup. ; Marks 8

-=- Solution : According to Butterworth approximation, the amplitude function is given by,

,J"i::Hih v,,;gn ,
frequency of 12 kHz.
Fig. 14

,.,,,., <mla lw~ ,.., • • - filta usmg up~mp fo, a

fi¢ 111 ■•}\i§•k8§ffld=
'"'1 IT(iw)\ =
1

✓ l+ ( o% fn
Solution: Refer example 3 for the procedure and use fH = 12 kHz. Choose C = 0.01 µF,
R = 1.326 kQ and Rt = 5.86 kQ for Buttenvorth response. Where w0 = 3 dB frequency or cut-off frequency

.Jb,j.\ifii Draw the frequency responselbeJurowr of active LPF and HPF with order of filter And the loss in dB is given by,
<n>, increase up to n = 4. ti¢m@;;.pa,µ■Mtld=it a (dB) -20 Log 1o IT(iw)I
Solution : As the order of the fil ter increases, rate of change of magnitude in stop band (I) (I)
mcreases. The response of LPF is shown in the Fig. 15 (a) while. Given : 1.5 and loss 30 dB dm-vn.
w3dB Wo
The response of HPE is shown in the Fig. 15 (b).
Gain
Gain
30 -20 Log
✓1
1
+ (1.5)2n
= -20log ( J 1 + (1.S) 2n )-l
I"
Stop band
---
Pass band 30
Log ✓ 1 + (1.5)21' ... Log x- 1 =- Log x
20
Pass ' n = 2. - 40 dB/dee .-""> $S' n = 1 . + 20 dB/dee . 30
band__,I
I n = 3. - 60 dB/dee n = 2 . + 40 dB/dee
An tilog 20 ✓1 + (1.5)2n
n = 4 . - 80 dB/dee
n = 3, + 60 dB/dee

(a) LPF
Frequency n = 4 , + 80 dB/dee
31.6227 ✓1 + (1.5}2n
Frequency
(b) HPF 1000 1 + (1.5)2n i.e. (1.5) '.!n 999
Fig. 15
2n Log 10 1.5 Log 1o 999 i.e. 2n 17.0341
TECHNICAL PUBi..lCAno Ns ' • An up thrust for knowtecJge n 8.517 == 9 ... Order of the filter.
TECHNICAL PUBLICATION S- - A n up t/lrust forkno w!ecge
- ,c Applications
3- 70
Active Fft'~ I
c Applications 3- 71 Active Filters
"I'
. '

iJiHN1 o,,;,,, • fo•rlh "'" s,11,,,w,lh low P'S' flit" hnving upp,e, cut vff f r ~
1 x 10 3 -
1
1 kHz and"""~ ,,- bond gain of IO. . . fibi■d•i§§iM 8rft t~,
~ 2nRC

Solution : The 4th order Butterworth lowth pass filter 1s to be obtained by case act· IQ Choose C = 0 .1 µF
second order low pass fil ters. For 4 order, the two second order Bu m g two 1
polynomials are, tterworth R = 2nx l x 103 x O.l x l0 -6 = 1.591 kQ
2 ... R e f er Tab}
(s:+ 0.7653 s+ 1) (s + l.8477s + 1)
Th · fi - th f e 3.141 The designed fourth order low pass filter is shown in the Fig. 16.
us m rsl part ot e ourth order filter, the second order filt · ·
such that, er is to be designed
Section I Section II
R, = 1 .523 kQ
3 - AF 0.7653 R, =12 .34 kU

AF op-amp pass band gain = 3 - 0.7653 = 2.2347 R 1 =10 kU

R,
> -- - - t - --<> V o
The op-amp used is in non-inverting mode, -:-R R
10kU

AF = l -.-
Rt
R1
-::-R R

-VEE
l
-VEE
R,
R, 2 23-17 - 1 = 1.2347

~ = 1.2347 R1
C

'I
C
CI
AF = 1.1523
While such
designed for the second part
that, of the fourth order filter, the second order filter is to be C = 0.1 µF
AF= 2.2347
R = 1.59 kQ
3 - AF 1.8477 Fig. 16
AF 1.1523
The circuit gain is 2.2347 x 1.1523 = 2.575. To get the overall gain 10, Use the
Now A, R1 noninverting amplifier with gain 10/2.575 = 3.88 at the end of the filter.
1 +-
R1
R1 Review Questions
~ = 0-1 523

Ri 0.1523 RI 1. Define a filter . How filters are classified ?

Choose 2. Explain the various types of filters alongwith their frequency response.
1
R = 10 kQ for both the parts. 3. What is the meaning of stop band and pass band of a filter ?
So fo r first part, R1 = l . 234 7x l 0 = 12.34 k Q 4. What is a Butterworth response ?
And for second Part,Ri = 0.1523x 10 = l.523 kQ 5. Explain the operation of first order high pass buttem,ortlt filt,·r .
For both the 5ectionsJH = J kHz 6. Explain the operation of second order high pass butten vort/1 filter.
Now 7. Explain the operation of second order low pass Buttcm•orth filter_
f
fi -
-
2nRc
I
8. Write a no!P on 'Active Filters '.
9. What are tire advantages of active filter over passitJI! filt er ?
10. Explain the operation of first order low pass Butterworth filtC'r.
11 . What is bandpass filter ? Which are tlw two types of /Jand pass fi llpr,; ?

TECHNICAL PUBLI CATIONS" · An up thn,st for ~nowle dgB

 /C Applications
=====:__------------:-.-:-.,~-~L
~--~A
_"_n_c_c
12. Explain with neat diagram, the aper.ation of uride
3- 72

~f;~/l~P-Y _ _ _ _ _ __
uu11~ f'"J" J::."..
_
.
~
lC Applications
- -------:-- --::-:-:--::--~-----------....:.._
Wlzat is an all pass filter ? Draw the cirC11it of the filter.
3 - 73

__
Active Filters
--,
., I

· un·th nea t d;ngram

13. Exp Iam - , the ·r··
rmPTation
· of narrow band pass filter. Q.2

' .,,,
■.r.:iii;.,•
. il1
14. H{JUI the centre frequency of the narrow band pass filter can be changed ? 1 1
I ·••*Sii1M-!r.t:ij'l!IIW;,,!~'l. ~1'-'·"!,ri,1.·
r.:,$".;t"
·" ... - .,:,.:wlr.lII"'
~•.,I,":
1111
I
15. What is band elimination filter ? Draw its frequency response.
16. Explain the operation of wide band reject filter. Q.3 Define Butterworth, C/1ebyshev and Bessel filters and compare their frequency response.

17. Whal is a notch filter 7 Explain ifs operation with the help of a neat circuit diagram. i§MMl-tfii41iiWQtfiMSiMi•1ia·W?i#¼ii?1;4f 1SJ$d:t 1

AnS ..
• Refer section 3.15.
18. What is an all pass filter ? Explain its operation and application areas. • 'i
In a digital transmission system, the signal or information is transmitted in the
19. Derive the expression for the phase shift produced by an all pass filter.
form of pulses. In such system, the filters used introduce phase distortion which can
tif.
20. De.sign a low pass filter al a cut off frequency of 1 kHz with a pass band gain of 2.
21. Design a high pass jift,,r at a cut off frequency of 1 kHz with a pass band gain of 2. Plot its
not be ignored. Hence it is essential to introduce an approximation which takes care }r
of phase and the dealy characteristics of filter. Such an approximation is called Bessel ' !
frequency response. .!
22. Determine the /{JUI cut-off frequency fL of the filter shown in Fig 17 Draw ·1 fr
· • z s equency response.
approximation, which gives maximally flat time delay.
,/'
t
Loss Phase
Ri in dB in degrees
Bessel
of ~ 0
\
15.8 kQ \
'' \
-=- \
\
Bessel \

\
\
\
\ ' \

C2
/\
\

/',,,
\
i

r
v0 I
~ .
Butter ,
V,n
047
µF
0.0047
µF
R3 33 kQ
1- worth \
I
I
\
Butter
worth
',,
',,,
i,I
R2 33 k..Q \ I
- Frequency

'i./.
-=- Frequency

Fig. 18 tI
Fig. 17 r ·1
The amptitude and phase response of bessel and butterworth is shown in the
23. Design a wide bandpass filter with f L = 200 Hz and fH = 1 kHz and a pass band gain = 4. Draw Fig. 18. The phase response of Bessel is more linear while the amptitude response of
the frequency response and calculate its Q value. (Ans. : Q = 0. ) i; ~ ;.
56 Bessel is more gradual than the Butterworth response. : I
24. Design a multiple feedback narrow band pass filter with fc = 1 kHz, Q = 3 and AF= 10. I.
25. Design a wide band reject filter having f H = 200 Hz and fL = 1 kHz. Q.4 Derive the transfer Junction for a general second order sallen-key filter witlz suitable 'j
26. Design a no/ch filter to eliminate 50 Hz freqi1ency signal. circuit diagram.••t#H►i#§M·A4ti+►tff4?@:fin¥tfiSth.P3trt1d=i
27. For an al/ pass filter , the required phase shift is - 90° at a frequen0., of J kHz. Design the filter Q.5 Derive an expression for the quality factor 'Q' of a r,vin-T notch filter. Give the f
and draw the circuit diag ram .
suitable circuit diagram. ••tM•k►tifA.f:J§ffiiN=I·
28. Write notes on : i) VCVS configuration ii) lCMF configuratian Identify the given circuit and obtain frequency response of the same circuit. · ,i
Q.6
••tM•f ►ttf¥fr4:ltftd1 '
l!&MJM&•l 1Mii·i,6
r---- -
1
lf
\
I
1 Q. 1 w1,,, -
"' - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - -- -
th, ,dw,1,ges of",;,,, f;/1,,, """ p,s,;,,, ones ' • ·7 i
---
I ll)Jj,fsiii«l--i,
TFr,,. .u....... - ·
r

TECH,v,._"L PUBLICATIONs·. An up thrust for knowfodge TECHNICAL PUBLICA T/ONS·• - An up thrust for knOwledii•