Certificate

This is to certify that this project is submitted

by HARSH GARG student of class XII A in the
academic year 2019-20 of CH. CHHABIL
DASS PUBLIC SCHOOL and given
satisfactory account of it under the guidance
of Ms. Sandeepa Tyagi (Chemistry Teacher).

Sign. Of external examiner Sign. Of Chemistry Teacher

 Index
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
 INTRODUCTION
 CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING USING CEMENT
 APPARATUS REQUIRED
THEORY
 EFFECT OF QUALITY OF SAND ON MORTAR
 EFFECT OF TIME ON SETTING OF CEMENT
MORTAR
 PROCEDURE
OBSERVATIONS
 CONCLUSION
 PRECAUTIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Acknowledgement
This project was very innovative and exciting for me. I could
bring it out successfully and so I am thankful to a couple of
people.

First of all I am highly obliged to my Chemistry teacher

Ms. Sandeepa Tyagi, who approved me for this topic i.e.

“SETTING OF CEMENT” and guided me throughout. I am
also grateful to my school library for providing me with the
necessary books that I required for the project. I am thankful

to my school laboratory and lab assistant Mr.Vikas who

helped me to successfully carry out titrations and taught me

how to handle the chemicals carefully. I would also like to
thank my friends and family, for supporting me morally. Last
but not the least, I would like to thank my school for allowing
me to do this project and for providing me with all the
necessary chemicals that were required .It is all due to the
support and concern of the above people and institution that
I could complete my investigatory project satisfactorily.
 Aim of the Project
To study the setting of “Mixture of
cement with sand, lime and fly ash”
with respect to time and strength.
 Introduction
In the most general sense, CEMENT is a binder a
substance used for construction that sets, hardens, and
adheres to
other materials to
bind them together.

Cement is
essentially a finely ground mixture of calcium silicates
(3Cao. SiO2) and aluminates (3Cao. Al2O3) which sets
to a hard mass treated with water. This property
makes cement capable of joining rigid masses like
bricks, stones, tiles etc. into coherent structures.
Cements used in construction are usually inorganic;
often lime or calcium silicate based, and can be
characterized as either hydraulic or non-hydraulic,
depending on the ability of the cement to set in the
presence of water.
 PORTLAND
CEMENT
Portland cement is by far the
most common type of
cement in general use around the world. This cement is
made by heating limestone with other materials (such
as clay) to 1,450 °C in a kiln, in a process known
as calcination that liberates a molecule of carbon
dioxide from the calcium carbonate to form calcium
oxide, or quicklime, which then chemically combines
with the other materials in the mix to form calcium
silicates and other cementitious compounds.
Components of Cement:
Comparison of Chemical and Physical Characteristics
Property Portland Siliceous[b] fly Calcareous[c] fly Slag Silica
cement ash ash cement fume
Content SiO2 21.9 52 35 35 85–97
(%)
Al2O3 6.9 23 18 12 —
Fe2O3 3 11 6 1 —
CaO 63 5 21 40 <1
MgO 2.5 — — — —
SO3 1.7 — — — —
Specific 370 420 420 400 15,000–
surface[d] 30,000
(m2/kg)
General use in Primary Cement Cement Cement Property
concrete binder replacement replacement replacement enhancer
CONSTRUCTION OF
BUILDING USING CEMENT
Cement used in construction is characterised as
hydraulic or non-hydraulic. Hydraulic cements harden
because of hydration chemical reactions that occur
independently of the mixture’s water content. Non
hydraulic cements must be kept dry in order to retain
their strength.
When cement is
used for
construction
purposes, it is
always mixed with
sand and little
water to make a
pasty material called mortar. Here cement or lime
forms the binding material and function of sand is to
prevent shrinking and cracking and to increase the
bulk, thereby reducing the cost of the mortar. When
cement is used as the binding material it is called
cement mortar and when lime is used as the binder it
is called lime-mortar.
Apparatus Required

Beaker Glass Rod

Match Box Weight Box

 Lime stone Fly Ash

River Sand Cement

 Theory
 Effect of quality of sand on
Mortar
Sand obtained from different sources has
different qualities. For example, sea sand
obtained from sea contains some
unwanted salts and retards the setting of
cement and is unsuitable for making
mortar. River sand obtained from river
bed is considered excellent for preparing
mortar and concrete.
 Effect of time on setting of
cement mortar
Time has an important role on the
strength developed by cement mortar.
When a cement sand paste in the ratio
1:3 in water is allowed to dry, the
strength of the solid mass keeps on
increasing with increase in the time
given for setting. It acquires nearly full
strength in 28 days.
 Procedure
1. Prepare the sets of mixtures of various
compositions as given in the observation table.

2. Take each of the mixtures in different beakers

and prepare their pastes by adding minimum
quantity of water.

3. Take nine cases of empty match boxes and mark

them from 1 to 9.
4. Fill the three cases with the paste of each
composition.
5. Spray the water from time to time over the paste,
so that they remain moist all the time.
6. After the three days, take out slab of each
composition and test their strengths.
7. Similiarly, take out a set of three slabs after 7 days
& after 30 days and test their strengths.
 Observations

S.no Composition of Minimum weight to break

Mixture Or The slab after
ratio
3 7 10
Days Days
Days
1. CEMENT:RIVER SAND 18 20 30
(1:3) Gram Gram Gram
2. CEMENT:RIVER 16 18 26
SAND:FLY ASH (2:9:1) Gram Gram Gram
3. CEMENT:RIVER 10 15 20
SAND:LIME (1:3:1) Gram Gram Gram
 CONCLUSION

The strength of slab increases with the

increase in setting time allowed.
 Precautions

1. Handle the glass wares safely.

2. Allow the time required to setting the

mixture of cement.

3. Spray only required amount of water

 Bibliography

 www.google.com

 www.scribd.com

 www.wikipedia.com

 Practical lab manual