College of Engineering

Vision for the future

Lathe Manual
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

1. Wearing watches, ring during machining is not permitted.

2. Should wear lab coat and shoe.
3. Need to be utmost care during fixing the work piece, tools and other parts.
4. Attention required to avoid touching the revolving parts of the machine
during operation.
5. Necessarily make use of hand glove and wire brush for handling chips.
6. Do not try to remove chips when machine is in operation.
7. Choice of selecting depth of cut, speed and feed rate should be appropriate
when needed.
8. Use of coolants are important to reduce the temperature during machining.
9. Avoid sharp corners of the tools.

1.0 Introduction

Understand the fundamental of machining practices. Understand the component

drawings. Recognize, choose and utilize marking, measuring, work holding,
striking, tools for cutting and machine tools. Work with various machine,
equipment and understand their control functions. Check the work piece for
dimensional accuracy. Produce parts according to the required dimensions.
Follow safety precautions while handling different machine and equipment.

The oldest of the machine is Lathe. Turning is considered to the basic machining
process. The job is rotated in a work holding device during machining. The
cutting tool is traversed in perpendicular depiction of the job axis. The metal
removal operations carried in the lathe are straight turning, taper turning, and
chamfering, facing, knurling, grooving, thread cutting, taper turning are carried

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 College of Engineering
Vision for the future

out. The operations above operations can also be automated in an automatic

lathe. The various parts of lathe are shown in the figure below.

1.1 Working principle of lathe

The job is clamped in a rotating chuck in its axis by means of an electric motor. A
single point tool in fixed in tool post. The rotation the motor is transferred
through the spindle to the head chuck, then job is rotated sue to the rotation of
the spindle. The tool moved perpendicular to the axis of rotation for generate flat
surface. The tool moved parallel to the axis to generate round shapes on the work
piece. The chips are formed during the process of material removal. The material
removal depends on the choice of depth of cut, speed and feed rate to produce
work piece to the required shape.

Bed

Lathe bed is the base of the machine tool. All the rotating and rotating parts are
connected in the manner on the bed. From the left the headstock, the middle is
the carriage and onto the right of the bed is the tailstock. The bed is a casted
Fall 2019-20 ENGR 110 |
 College of Engineering
Vision for the future

structure and casted with cast iron, alloyed with nickel, chromium. The cast iron
is used to absorb shock and vibration produce by the forces during machining.
The bed has an inverted V and flat guide ways to guide the tool during machining.

Headstock
The headstock is assembled on the left of the bed. The head stock carries the
main spindle assembly. The spindle is also called as live center since the work
piece continuous rotates during machining. The threaded nose of spindle houses
either the head or the face plates to hold the work piece The rotating mechanism
of headstock are;
1. Back geared mechanism
2. Belt driven mechanism
Tailstock
The tailstock is mounted on the right end of the lathe bed. The spindle of the
tailstock is known as dead centre since that houses non rotating cutting tools. The
tools normally used for the operation are twist drill, reamers and other hole
making tools. The tailstock moves over the entire length of the bed on the guide
ways and can carry various length of jobs.
Carriage
The cutting tolls are manual or automatically fed from the carriage by changing
the depth of cut and feed rate. A saddle is attached in the carriage to carry the
tools post.
Saddle
Saddle is H casted frame shaped moves along the guide ways of the bed. The
cross slide, compound rest and a tool post or mounted on the saddle.

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 College of Engineering
Vision for the future

Cross slide
On top of the saddle the cross slide is mounted. The traverse direction movement
is made by a hand wheel or by automatic feed. The graduated micrometer dial
with a least count of 50 m is fixed for precise positioning in cross slide.
Compound Rest
Compound rest attached on the cross slide. This is mainly used for producing
tapered surface on the work piece. The traverse direction and precise positioning
is achieved by the micrometer.
Tool post

The cutting tool is clamped over the tool post in order to remove the metal chips
during lathe operation. It is fixed over the compound rest. There are four types
of tool post:

1. Single screw tool post

2. Open side tool post
3. Four bolt tool post
4. Four-way tool post

Apron

Saddle carries the apron and hang facing the operator on the bed. Apron
comprises of gears, levers, clutches for automatic feed of the carriage. A split nut
is mounted to engage and disengage the carriage during automatic feeding from
the lead screw. The purpose is mainly for thread cutting.
Lead Screw
The long standard ACME square threaded rod used for power transmission for
automatic feeding of cutting tools.
Feed rod
A long shaft used to translate the carriage along the axis of bed. Mainly used for
turning, facing and boring operations.
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 College of Engineering
Vision for the future

1.2 Common lathe operations

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