BIOLOGY

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

TOPIC - DIABETES

Submitted by – G Sri Krishna Aditya

Class – XII B
Session - 2019-20
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that G SRI KRISHNA ADITYA of CLASS XII
of DAV PUBLIC SCHOOL successfully completed his
biology investigatory project on the topic “DIABETES
MELLITUS” under the guidance of “Mrs. Vijay Laxmi” and
“Mrs. Uma Maheshwari” during the year 2019-2020

_______________________ _________________________
(Signature of teacher) (Signature of invigilator)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to
my Biology teachers “Mrs. Vijay Laxmi” and “Mrs. Uma
Maheshwari for their able guidance which helped me
complete this project and make it a success, their
instructions have served as the major contribution
towards the completion of the project.
I would also like to extend my gratitude to my parents
and friends who have helped me with their valuable
suggestion and guidance.
I would also like to thank all the members of National
Institute of Nutrients (NIN) institute who helped me do
research on the projects they are working and helped me
gain knowledge on various topics.
 CONTENTS
1. AIM OF THE PROJECT.
2. INTRODUCTION.
3. TYPES OF DIABETES.
4. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS.
5. CAUSES.
6. DIAGNOSIS.
7. PREVENTION.
8. MANAGEMENT.
9. VISITING A DOCTOR.
10. YOGA CURES DIABETES.
11. CONCLUSION: CARE AND PREVENTION
12. BIBLOGRAPHY.
 Aim of the project
To study about DIABETES and
suggest ways to fight it.

BLUE RING
THE UNIVERSAL SYMBOL OF DIABETES.
THE FINDINGS PRESENTED IN THIS
PROJECT BELOW WERE DISCUSSED
WITH DR.VIJAYLAXMI DURING MY
VISIT TO NIN (NATIONAL
INSTITUTE OF NUTRITION)
 INTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes,
is a group of metabolic disorders in which there are high blood
sugar levels over a prolonged period.
Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination,
increased thirst, and increased hunger.
If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications .
Acute complications can include diabetic ketoacidosis,
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, or death.
Serious long-term complications include cardiovascular disease,
stroke, chronic kidney disease, foot ulcers, and damage to the
eyes.

Specialty - Endocrinology
Symptoms - Frequent urination, increased thirst, increased hunger
Complications - Diabetic ketoacidosis , nonketotic hyperosmolar
coma, heart
disease, stroke, chronic kidney failure, foot ulcers
Diagnostic method - High blood sugar
Treatment - Healthy diet, physical exercise
Medication - Insulin, metformin
Frequency - 415 million (8.5%)
Deaths - 1.5–5.0 million per year

TYPES OF DIABETES
Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough
insulin or the cells of the body not responding properly to the
insulin produced.

There are three main types of diabetes mellitus:

Type 1 DM results from the pancreas's failure to produce enough

insulin . This form was previously referred to as "insulin-
dependent diabetes mellitus" (IDDM) or "juvenile diabetes". The
cause is unknown.

Type 2 DM begins with insulin resistance, a condition in which

cells fail to respond to insulin properly. As the disease progresses
a lack of insulin may also develop. This form was previously
referred to as "non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus" (NIDDM)
or "adult-onset diabetes". The most common cause is excessive
body weight and not enough exercise.

Gestational diabetes is the third main form and occurs when

pregnant women without a previous history of diabetes develop
high blood sugar levels.
 Comparison of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes

Feature Type 1 diabetes Type 2 diabetes

Onset Sudden Gradual
Age at onset Mostly in children Mostly in adults
Body size Thin or normal Often obese
Ketoacidosis Common Rare
Autoantibodies Usually present Absent
Endogenous Low or absent Normal, decreased
Insulin Or increased
Concordance 50% 90%
In identical twins
Prevalence ~10% ~90%
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
The classic symptoms of untreated diabetes are weight
loss, polyuria (increased urination), polydipsia (increased thirst),
and polyphagia (increased hunger). Symptoms may develop rapidly
(weeks or months) in type 1 DM, while they usually develop much
more slowly and may be subtle or absent in type 2 DM.

Several other signs and symptoms can mark the onset of diabetes
although they are not specific to the disease. In addition to the
known ones above, they include blurry vision, headache, fatigue,
slow healing of cuts, and itchy skin. Prolonged high blood glucose can
cause glucose absorption in the lens of the eye, which leads to
changes in its shape, resulting in vision changes. A number of skin
rashes that can occur in diabetes are collectively known as diabetic
dermadromes.
CAUSES
Type 1
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by loss of the insulin-producing beta
cells of the pancreatic islets, leading to insulin deficiency. This type can be
further classified as immune-mediated or idiopathic. The majority of type 1
diabetes is of the immune-mediated nature, in which a T cellmediated
autoimmune attack leads to the loss of beta cells and thus insulin. It
causes approximately 10% of diabetes mellitus cases in North America and
Europe. Most affected people are otherwise healthy and of a healthy weight
when onset occurs. Sensitivity and responsiveness to insulin are usually
normal, especially in the early stages. Type 1 diabetes can affect children or
adults, but was traditionally termed "juvenile diabetes" because a majority of
these diabetes cases were in children.
Type 2
Type 2 DM is primarily due to lifestyle factors and genetics. A number of
lifestyle factors are known to be important to the development of type 2 DM,
including obesity (defined by a body mass index of greater than 30), lack of
physical activity, poor diet, stress, and urbanization. Excess body fat is
associated with 30% of cases in those of Chinese and Japanese descent, 60–
80% of cases in those of European and African descent, and 100% of Pima
Indians and Pacific Islanders. Even those who are not obese often have a
high waist–hip ratio.
Gestational diabetes
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) resembles type 2 DM in several respects,
involving a combination of relatively inadequate insulin secretion and
responsiveness. It occurs in about 2–10% of all pregnancies and may improve
or disappear after delivery.

DIAGNOSIS
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by recurrent or persistent high blood
sugar,and is diagnosed by demonstrating any one of the following:

 Fasting plasma glucose level ≥ 7.0 mmol/l (126 mg/dl)

 Plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/l (200 mg/dl) two hours after a 75 g
oral glucose load as in a glucose tolerance test
 Symptoms of high blood sugar and casual plasma glucose ≥ 11.1
mmol/l(200 mg/dl)
 Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) ≥ 48 mmol/mol (≥ 6.5 DCCT %).

A positive result, in the absence of unequivocal high blood sugar,

should be confirmed by a repeat of any of the above methods on a
different day. It is preferable to measure a fasting glucose level because
of the ease of measurement and the considerable time commitment of
formal glucose tolerance testing, which takes two hours to complete
and offers no prognostic advantage over the fasting test. According to
the current definition, two fasting glucose measurements above 126
mg/dl (7.0 mmol/l) is considered diagnostic for diabetes mellitus.

PREVENTION
There is no known preventive measure for type 1 diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes – which accounts for 85-90% of all cases –
can often be prevented or delayed by maintaining a normal
body weight, engaging in physical activity, and consuming a
healthful diet.
Higher levels of physical activity (more than 90
minutes per day) reduce the risk of diabetes by 28%.Dietary
changes known to be effective in helping to prevent diabetes
include maintaining a diet rich in whole grains and fiber, and
choosing good fats, such as the polyunsaturated fats found in
nuts, vegetable oils, and fish.
Limiting sugary beverages and eating less red meat and other
sources of saturated fat can also help prevent diabetes.
Tobacco smoking is also associated with an increased risk of
diabetes and its complications, so smoking cessation can be an
important preventive measure as well.

The relationship between type 2 diabetes and the main

modifiable risk factors (excess weight, unhealthy diet,
physical inactivity and tobacco use) is similar in all regions of
the world. There is growing evidence that the underlying
determinants of diabetes are a reflection of the major forces
driving social, economic and cultural change: globalization,
urbanization, population aging, and the general health
policy environment.

MANAGEMENT
LIFESTYLE
People with diabetes can benefit from education about the disease
and treatment, good nutrition to achieve a normal body weight, and
exercise, with the goal of keeping both short-term and long-term
blood glucose levels within acceptable bounds
MEDICATIONS
Medications used to treat diabetes do so by lowering blood sugar
levels. There are a number of different classes of anti-diabetic
medications. Some are available by mouth, such as metformin,
while others are only available by injection such as GLP-1 agonists.
Type 1 diabetes can only be treated with insulin, typically with a
combination of regular and NPH insulin, or synthetic insulin analogs.
 SURGERY
A pancreas transplant is occasionally considered for people with
type 1 diabetes who have severe complications of their disease,
including end stage kidney disease requiring kidney transplantation.
SUPPORT
In countries using a general practitioner system, such as the United
Kingdom, care may take place mainly outside hospitals, with
hospital-based specialist care used only in case of complications,
difficult blood sugar control, or research projects. In other
circumstances, general practitioners and specialists share care in a
team approach. Home telehealth support can be an effective
management technique.

YOGA CURES DIABETES

Yoga Asana useful for Diabetes cure are those which bring about a
stretch and twist in lower thoracic and upper lumbar region, where
pancreas is located. These yoga asana are believed to increase the
blood supply, massage the organs, activate its cells and thereby
cause an increase in secretion of insulin; reducing high blood sugar.
Yoga asana regenerates/rejuvenates pancreatic cells by abdominal
stretching; also by enhancing enzymatic process it may increase
utilization and metabolism of glucose in peripheral tissues.
Yoga Asana can cause muscular relaxation, enhance muscular
development and improve circulation to muscles; all of these
might enhance insulin receptor expression on muscles and causes
increase in glucose uptake by muscles and thus reducing blood
sugar.
 It has been seen that various yoga postures can improve
sensitivity of b-cells of the pancreas to glucose signal and also
improve insulin sensitivity. This can result in better glucose uptake
and reduction of blood sugar.
Certain Yoga Asana can directly stimulate pancreas by enhancing
circulation in the meridian of pancreas and rejuvenates its
capacity to produce insulin.
Evidence suggests that regular yoga practice can significant reduce
body weight, which is particularly important to keep diabetes
under check.
Symptoms of diabetes can be worsened by increase in blood
pressure. Yoga Asana like corpse pose, bridge pose child pose and
yoga nidra has been seen beneficial in controlling hypertension.

CONCLUSION: CARE AND PREVENTION

1. Plan what you eat and follow a balanced meal plan. See your
dietitian at least once a year.

2. Exercise at least five times a week for 30 minutes each session.

Talk to your doctor before starting any exercise program. Tell your
doctor what kind of exercise you want to do so adjustments can be
made to your medicine schedule or meal plan, if necessary.

3. Follow your medicine schedule as prescribed by your doctor.

4. Know what medicines (brand and generic names) you are taking
and how they work. Keep a list of your medicines with you at all
times.

5. Test your blood glucose regularly, as recommended by your health

care provider. Test your blood glucose more often when you're sick.

6. Try to continuously keep your blood glucose level at the

recommended range. If your blood glucose is less than 70 mg/dl and
you have more than one unexplained low blood glucose reaction a
week, call your doctor. If your blood glucose is greater than 160
mg/dl for more than a week or if you have two consecutive readings
greater than 300 mg/dl, call your doctor.

7. Contact your doctor when your blood glucose is over 300 mg/dl.
Test your urine for ketones if recommended by your doctor.

8. Record your blood glucose and urine ketone test results in a

record keeping log. Bring your log book with you to all of your
doctor's visits.

9. Keep your scheduled appointments with your health care

providers. See your doctor at least every three to four months for
regular check –ups if you are treated with insulin. See your doctor
every four to six months if you are treated with other diabetes
medicines or if you are managing diabetes with diet and exercise
alone.

More frequent visits might be necessary if your blood glucose is not

controlled or if complications of diabetes are progressing. Make sure
your health care provider checks your blood pressure and weight and
examines your feet and insulin injection sites.

10. Have a glycosylated hemoglobin test (HbA1c) at least two times a

year or more frequently as recommended by your doctor.

11. Have an eye exam (including a retinopathy screening test) and

urinalysis test once a year, or as recommended by your doctor. (Your
doctor might request that you have these tests more frequently.)

12. Have your cholesterol and triglyceride levels checked (lipid profile
test) once a year.

13. Have a dental exam every six months.

14. If you have any signs of infection, call your doctor or health care
provider.

15. DO NOT SMOKE.

BIBLOGRAPHY
N.C.E.R.T. CLASS XII – BIOLOGY textbook.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus
https://www.mokshamantra.com/yoga-fordiabetes-
high-blood-sugar
http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-
diabetesmellitus-
diabetic-high-blood-sugar-signs-andsymptoms-
stick-89511273.html
http://www.who.int/diabetes/en/
http://ndep.nih.gov