Chapter 3

PERIODIC TRENDS
OF THE ELEMENTS
February 29, 2017

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 Chapter 3 Reading
• Periodic trends of the elements
[1]: chapter 9
[2]: chapter 8.1

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 Periodic trends
Contents and practice skills
• Elements
– VE configurations
– Atomic parameters • Be able to predict elements
– Occurrence and compounds’ properties
– Metallic character based on the elements
position in the periodic table
– Oxidation states
• Compounds
– Coordination numbers
– Binary compounds

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Elements

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 s, p, d, f elements

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Valence electron configuration

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 Periodic trends: Atomic radius
Atomic Radii for Selected Atoms
– Down a group
Increase n  size increases

– Across a row
(increase of Z effective)  size reduces

Same amount of core electrons

shielding from nucleus but different
amounts of protons pulling in the
electrons

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 Ionization Energy (IE)

• Energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion.

Mg → Mg+ + e– I1 = 735 kJ/mol (1st IE)

Mg+ → Mg2+ + e– I2 = 1445 kJ/mol (2nd IE)
Mg2+ → Mg3+ + e– I3 = 7730 kJ/mol (3rd IE)

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 IE trend
Opposite to atomic radius trend
• Increases up and to the right across
periodic table

• Would it take much more energy to take an Atomic Radii for Selected Atoms
electron out of a alkali metal or a halogen?

• Two factors
1) as you go down a group
Valence e are further from the nucleus

2) as you go across a period

 Elements tend to gain (not loose) e
toward the right side

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 The Values of First Ionization Energy
for the Elements in the First Six Periods

• Why the drop in I.E. from N to O or Be to B?

• Half-filled and fully filled orbitals are especially stable
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Successive Ionization Energies (KJ per Mole) for the Elements in
Period 3

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 Periodic trends:
Electron Affinity (EA)
• Energy change associated with the addition of an
electron to a gaseous atom.
X(g) + e– → X–(g)
• In general as we go up a row or across a period left
to right the E.A. becomes a larger negative value.

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 EXERCISE!
Arrange the elements nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, iodine
according to increasing:
– Ionization energy

– Atomic size

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 Electronegativity
• Electronegativity (EN): The ability of an atom in a molecule to
attract shared electrons to itself

– The greater the difference is in electronegativity between two atoms,

the more polar the resulting bond  the extreme: ionic bond
– Polarity of a bond # polarity of a molecule (consider the shape or
bonds arrangement)
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 Ionic Compounds and Ion Size

- Atom vs ion radius

- Cation: smaller than its atom
r (Na+) < r (Na)
- Anion: bigger than its atom
r (O2-) > r (O)

- Ion radius trend

- Down a group: increase
- Left to right in a row
(period): increase (not
continuous)
Isoelectric ions: ions that have the same number of electrons

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 Occurrence
• Atmophile elements: occur as free gas in nature
• Lithophile elements: exist more in silicate mineral forms (oxides)
• Chalcophile elements: exist more in sulfide forms
• Siderophile elements: exist more in metal forms
Most elements that are siderophile are usually also somewhat chalcophile and vice versa.

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 Metallic character
M – ne  Mn+ X + ne  Xn-

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 Oxidation state
The charge that an atom would have if the more electronegative
atom in a bond acquired the two electrons of the bond completely

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 Practice
• Determine the oxidation state of all atoms in
any chemical formula
– appears in this lecture
– you can think of

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Oxidation state trend

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Some trends

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 Coordination number
The coordination number depends very much on the
relative sizes of the central atom and the surrounding
atoms.
• Small atoms: Low coordination numbers
• Bigger atoms can have high coordination numbers
Examples:
• p block: NCl3, NH4+, whereas PCl3, PCl5, PCl6-(d orbitals)
(period 2) (period 3)
• d block: (larger radii) ScF63−, LaF96−, [Th(C2O4)4(OH2)2]4-
(3d) (4d) (5d)
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 Binary compounds
• Hydrides: RHx

• Molecular (covalent) hydrides: B2H6, CH4, NH3, H2O, HF,...

– Gases, except water (H bond).

• Saline hydrides: Group 1, 2 (except Be).

– Ionic solids with high melting points

• Nonstoichiometric metallic hydrides: are formed by all

the d-block metals of Groups 3, 4, and 5, and by the f-
block elements.

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Binary compounds
• Oxides: RaOb

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Binary compounds
• Halides:

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