Grade 3. Question writing examination.

1. What you know about millscale? Explain in detail.

- Millscale is formed during the rolling operation of steel sections e.g. RSC, RSA,
RSJ. The oxides of iron form very quickly at temperatures in excess of 580c. The
first oxide formed is FeO, iron oxide, the next is Fe3O4 and last of all Fe2O3.
Common names in order are Wustite, Magnetite and Haematite. These oxides are
compressed during the rolling operation to produce blue mill scale. The thickness
of mill scale varies from 25 to 100 um. Because mill scale is only produced during
rolling, when it has been removed by any surface preparation method, it will never
re-cur.
2. What you know about the anode in corrosion triangle? What happen to the
anode?
- ANODE is a positively charged area.
- ANODES will CORRODE. (The combination of elements ( oxidation) takes place
at the anode.)
3. What you understand a term THIXOTROPIC PAINT? And Its function in paint
formula?
- THIXOTROPIC PAINT are jelly( chất giống như thạch) paint, non drip, and if stirred
change into normal liquid consistence ( độ đặc),
- THIXOTROPIC PAINT aids to self life.
4. What in the related of Degree of Cleaness to the painting/ coating system life?
- If the products of the corrosion reactions, and other contaminants, were left on a
substrate and paint applied over them, the adhesion of the coating and thus the
coatings life would be far from satisfactory. Surface preparation involves removing
these contaminants, and in some instances increasing the area available for
adhesion by roughening up the substrate. A good surface preparation grade
(degree of cleanliness), along with a suitable surface profile, can give 10 years life
from a typical four coat paint system. The same system applied over a substrate
with little or no profile and contaminants remaining might give four to six years, or
even less.
5. During impinges ( va chạm) between abrasive to the substrate what happen to
the dry abrassive?
- If abrasive particle are mixed in with the air and travel at the same speed, they will
carry a lot of work energy. This energy is used chipping away millsacle and other
detritus from the substrate, with some abrasive part of the energy is used in
shattering into small pieces and with others all the energy is used in impinging into
the steel surface, roughening the surface and increasing the surface area to
increase adhesion properties.
6. Explant what you know about expandable and recycleable abrasive?
- Expandable abrsive : use once only, it shatters on impact, it is non metallic
( copper slag, nickel slag; Boiler glass; glass bead.
- Recycleable abrasive : Can be recyled. Must be cleaned before re used.(Steel grit;
steel shot; Grit and shot mix; garnet)
7. Name of pigment used in primer coat? List down?
- Rust inhibitive pigment. Anticorrosive.
- List down:
1. Red lead *
2. Calcium plumbate*
3. Coal tar *
4. Zinc chromate *
5. Zinc phosphate
6. Barium metaborate
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 7. Zinc phosphosilicate
8. What you know about an epoxy paint, properties of epoxy?
- Synthetic organic resins, generally provide good chemical, solvent, and water
resistance. Good exterior durability, but are prone to chalking. Epoxies come as
two pack (pack A - Base, park B-curing agent), single pack, solvent free and
solvent borne.
9. What you know about suspension and sulution?
- Sulution: The resultant liquid product by dissolving a solute in a solvent
- Suspension: fine particulate solids dispersed-(phân tán) within a liquid, no
solubility( tan được).
10. What you undersatnd a term of non-reversible and convertible?
- Convertible or Non-Reversible: Not allowing the polymer in a paint structure back
into solution.
- Reversible or Non-Convertible: Allowing the polymer in a paint structure back into
solution.
11. Explant on what you know about water bourne coating? Why we used this type of
paint in our inductries.
- Water bourne coating is use water as a solvent.
- Evironmental Protection Act
12. Equipment of measuring a viscosity of paint, list down and how its working?
- There are several types of equipment available for measuring viscosity but they
mainly fall into two categories.
× Rotational Viscometers
× Flow Viscometers
Rotational viscometers
Rotational viscometers rely on a paddle, disc or ball rotating in a liquid to measure the
viscosity. The rotation can be driven by an electric motor, which gives Dynamic
Viscosity measurements, or by falling weights which gives Kinematic Viscosity
measurements.
Flow viscometers (Flow cups)
A Ford Flow Cup No4.
A typical procedure for use would be:
 Ensure that the equipment and paint temperatures are at 20oc  0.5oc.
 Level off the equipment using the bubble level, and adjustable screw legs.
 Put the lid to one side when levelling is complete.
 Place a suitably sized receptacle under the orifice (greater than 100cc).
 Place a finger over the nozzle orifice and fill with the paint to be tested, up to the
brim, leaving a convex meniscus.
 Using a straight edge (a ruler) quickly scrape excess material into the overflow rim on
the top of the cup.
 Simultaneously start a stopwatch (or use sweep second hand) and remove finger
from the nozzle.
 The paint will run from the orifice in a continual stream. At the first distinctive break in
the stream i.e. when it drips, stop the watch. The time in seconds is recorded as the
viscosity, at the measured temperature.
13. Used of wet film thickness name eccentric wheel?
- To use the wheel it should be placed on the surface with the zero at the six o’clock
position, rolled through 180o in one direction, back to the zero and then 180o in the
opposite direction, back to zero. The concentric outer rims will be wet for the full
circumference, but the inner rim, the eccentric rim, will only be wet for part of the
circumference, having left and re-entered the film on two occasions. The wet film
thickness value is taken by transferring (mentally) the interface between wet and

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 dry on both sides of the eccentric rim into a value from the scale. The average of
the two values is the W.F.T of the paint film.

14. Method measuring DFT? List all instrument ?

There are four methods of detrmining the DFT of paint.
- Destructive test gauges : A.P.I.G
- Test panel
- Calculation
- Non destructive gauges
1. Electronic: Elcomer 345, Elcometer 456
2. Mangnetic : Cross section of tinsley pencil; magnetic horseshoe gauge.
Banana gauge.

- Procedure for calibration to BS 3900 PT C5 (now ISO 2808)

(BG Transco specify calibration on a prepared surface, therefore a plate with the
same substrate surface finish as that to which the paint is applied, should be
used).
It is extremely important to remember that should the gauge be calibrated on a flat
plate, the reading on a blasted surface would take from approximately ⅔ of the
depth of the profile, giving values of up to 50 um more than the actual 'over the
peak' value.
1. Select a plastic shim (magnetically insulated) as near as possible in
thickness to that of the paint to be measured.
2. Place the shim centrally on the calibration plate, as detailed above.
3. Locate the magnet in the gauge onto the shim, apply a light pressure to
ensure that the heel doesn't wobble or rock, and wind the scale wheel on
the gauge fully forward to release all tension on the spring allowing the
magnet to attach to the substrate.
4. Wind the wheel slowly back, clockwise, tensioning the spring until the
magnet detaches. At this point the movable cursor on the gauge is
adjusted so that the red line on top of the cursor is in line with the thickness
value of the shim as shown on the scale wheel.
15. What you understand a term of OPACITY, method to measure OPACITY?
- OPACITY : Inner particles with excellent light scattering properties in order to give
covering power,opacity and colour
- Method to measure OPACITY:
1. Trough type:
2. Black and white fused plates
3. Hiding power charts and micrometer adjustable film applicator

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GRADE 3 MULTI CHOICE QUESTION.

1. National grid Transco specification found in which PA?

- BSC PS PA10
2. Duration periods for short term protection in PA 10?
- Short term protection in PA 10 – Typicially two years to three year life.
3. Material use for remove oil, grease and salt prior to blast or paint?
- An appropriate Solvent following by washing with 2% solution of
detergent( Xylene)The surface shall then be washed with clean water and
thoroughly dried, abrasive cleaning shall then be repeated
4. Expandable abrasive can recycle againt or not?
- Can Not
5. Methodes use to measure blasting profile?
- By measuring
+ Surface profile needle gauge.
+ Dial micrometer and replica tape.
- By assessing
+ Using surface comparator
6. Paint can applied at which relative condition %?
- RH < 90 %
7. DFT/WFT can measure in which condition?
- WFT can measure when paint is wet ( immediately measure after application)
- DFT can measure when paint coating dry
8. Safety codes for blasting safety and PPE?
1EG SR 21 – code of practice for safety during blast cleaning operation.
9. Paint overlapping between new and old paint in mm unit?
- 100mm.sw
10. Over coating time can checked in which document?
- Data sheet of paint manufacture
11. Paint system for substrate in service temperature of 340 0C.
- Hot duty surface from 150 0C – 340oC.
Preparation for painting of new installation and maintenance painting
1. Mask
2. Remove surface contamination
3. Blast clean ( BS 7079 Sa quality,Maximum profile 75 micron)
4. Apply system as below.
System tobe chosen from the list of option below
a) Thermally sprayed aluminium ( In accordance with BS 2569: part 2 and /or
BS EN 22063)
b) Inorganic zinc silicate ( apply in accordance with manufactures’ instruction)
c) Polysiloxane inorganic coating( apply in accordance with manufactures’
instruction)
- Hot duty surface above 340oC.
Preparation for painting of new installation and maintenance painting
1. Mask
2. Remove surface contamination
3. Blast clean ( BS 7079 Sa quality,Maximum profile 75 micron)
4. Apply thermally sprayed aluminium
Alternative coating system to thermally sprayed aluminium are:
Option 1
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 1. Inoganic zinc silicate.( apply in accordance with manufactures’
instruction)
2. Apply sealer.( apply in accordance with manufactures’ instruction. Not
required for polysiloxane coating)
3. Apply haet to cure sealer (apply in accordance with manufactures’
instruction. Check plant operating condition)
Option 2
1. Polysiloxane inorganic coating (apply in accordance with manufactures’
instruction)
12. Method use for applying paint in Damp (sự ẩm ước) surface?
- Remove all surface contamination, etc.
- Blast clean ( Max 4 h, BS 7079 Sa 2.5 quality)
- Wash ( to remove all grit and dust)
- Remove droplets and standing water ( surface shall be not be wet)
- Apply system (inaccordance with manufactures’ instruction)- to be applied by
brushing.
Type of material which are known to perform satisfactorily on damp metal surface
are.Moisture curing polyurethane; High solids multi – component epoxy paint.
13. Electrolyte, anodes and cathodes, which one will corrode?
- Anodes will corrode.
14. Pressure at nozzel for blasting measure in which units and what is ideal (lý tưởng)
pressure used?
- Psi.
- 100 Psi.
15. Formular for density calculation?
- Density = Welght / Volume.
16. Function of barrier in paint system?
- The material forms a thick impermeable layer of a high electrical resistace, ex.
Urethane
17. Test name to determine presence of soluble salt?( soluble iron salts)
- Potassium ferricyanide, now called Potassium hexa-cyanoferrate
18. Site safety, who responsibility?
- Everbody reponsibility for safety

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GRADE 2, QUESTION WRITING EXAMINATION.

1. Function of electrolyte and where it come from?

- A substance which will conduct a current and be broken down by it.
- It com from water is most abundant electrolyte and also very efficient. Acids, alkalis
and salts in solution are also very efficient electrolytes.
2. What is millscale? What you know about millsale, explain?
- Mill scale is formed during the rolling operation of steel sections e.g. RSC, RSA,
RSJ. The oxides of iron form very quickly at temperatures in excess of 580c. The
first oxide formed is FeO, iron oxide, the next is Fe3O4 and last of all Fe2O3.
Common names in order are Wustite, Magnetite and Haematite. These oxides are
compressed during the rolling operation to produce blue mill scale. The thickness
of mill scale varies from 25 to 100 um. Because mill scale is only produced during
rolling, when it has been removed by any surface preparation method, it will never
re-cur.
3. What is relative humidity?
- The amount of water vapour in the air expressed as a percentage of the amount of
water vapour which could be in the air at the same temperrature.
4. Paint system for wheather galvanized steel? Surface preparation methode of
application? Paint used and dry film thickness?
- Surface preparation: Stiff bristle brushing ( weather surface provide its own key)
Group of Paint system
- Group 1-Water borne acrylic micaceous Iron oxide ( 65 micron, minimum).
- Group 2-Pigmented high build epoxy ( 65 micron,minimum).
- Group 3-Alkyd or modified alkyd ( 40 micron,minimum).
5. Visual inspection on hand and power tool cleaning? Appearance?
- St2 – Thorough hand and power tool cleaning. When viewed without magnification
the surface shall be free from visible oil, grease and dirt, and from poorly adhering
mill scale, rust, paint coating and foreign matter.
- St3 – Very thorough hand and power tool cleaning. As for St2 but the surface shall
be treated much more thoroughly, to give a metallic sheen arising from the metallic
substrate.
6. Name of paint additives and property of each additives?
- Anti-settling agents – aids to self life
- Plasticisers- Reduce brittleness( tính dòn dể vở) application and provide flexibility
- Driers – allow even through drying of oxidising films
- Anti- skinning agent- retard( làm chậm lại) the formation of surface skins.
7. Name of paint contains with lamina pigments, function of lamina pigment?
- M.I.O(micaceous iron oxide); Aluminium flake, glass flake,Mica and graphite.
- Lamina pigment provide impermeability ( tính không thầm nước).
8. What is dispersion and suspension?
- Dispersion: A solid or a liquid within another liquid, where there is no solubility.
- Suspension: Fine particulate solids dispersed-(phân tán) within a liquid, no
solubility( tan được).
9. Paint dry by chemical curing (Part A+B) what you understand about induction periods?
- “Induction periods”The length of time after mixing which the paint should stand
before used.
10. Preparation of procudure for recoating/ repainting on ditched pipeline?
- Make a barrier around the ditch.
- Install stair with handrail from the bottom of ditch to aboveground.
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 - All equipments that may be required for the satisfactory progess of the work and
safety of personnel.
- Damaged coating shall be removed and edge of the sound well-bonded coating
remaining shall beveled by means of sharp tools or by power drive rotary brushed
or sanding discs.
- The pipe shall thoroughly clean of mill scale, grease, oil, mud, moiture or orther
foreign matter.
- Coating material (Ex. Tape coating system, asphalt mastic coating…) shall be
applied in accordance with the manufactor recommendation.
- All recoating and repainting shall be final inspected by appropriate methode.

11. Duty of client inspector during final inspection?

Duty of Painting Inspector are, measuring, examining, testing, gauging one or more
charateristic of a product or service and comparing these with specified requirements
to determine conformity
i.e: Visual inspect paint finish, measure and report wet,dry bulb, dew point and relative
humidity.Control storage of paint and abrasives.Check surface condition before and
after surface preparation.Record weather condition and compliance with specification.
Duty of Painting Inspector are, measuring, examining, testing, gauging one or more
charateristic of a product or service and comparing these with specified requirements
to determine conformity.
12. Function of hot dip galvanizing in the steel substrate?
- The coating of components with zinc. Many components both for offshore and
onshore use, are galvanised. Galvanising can give protection to steelwork for
period of up to 60 years dependant on exposure condition. The components are
chemically cleaned ( Acid), washed and fluxed, then totally immersed in a vessel
containing molten ( nấu chảy) zinc at approximately at approximately 450 0C.
When drawn out, the zinc solidifies at an average thickness of approximately 100
microns.
13. Calculation for Ltr/M2.
14. Calcuation of paint density? Weight volume?
15. What you know about electrostatic spray application.
- Both liquid and powder paints can be electro-statically applied. For liquid paints a
small air driven turbine is mounted on the gun and supplies a current to the tip.
The current is usually on a thumb control for adjustment and operates in the region
of 85 kv. Powder paints in general are charged electro-statically by spraying the
powder through an area of ionised air.
- In either case the component to be coated is earthed into the same circuit and thus
becomes negatively charged. The coating material is positively charged and is
attracted to the component. As the coating thickness increases it has an insulation
effect and the coating material is then drawn to other charged areas. The voltage
can control the thickness, especially when using powder coatings. Wastage is
significantly reduced and it produces a more uniform coating.
- Electro-static application is widely used in industry for components such as kitchen
white goods, office cabinets and line pipe. (When powders are used the
components are either pre heated or post heated. Line pipe and other substantial
section components can be pre heated, but thin steel plate components will not
maintain sufficient heat and so are electro-statically coated and then post heated).

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GRADE 2 MULTI CHOICE QUESTION.

1. Dewpoint defination
- Dewpoint is the temperature at which water vapour in the air will condense.
2. Meant of “Engineers” for national grid Transco?
- The Engineer appointed from time to time by Transco and notified in writing to the
contractor to act as engineer for the purpose of the contract, or their permitted
assign.
3. What new galvanized surface have?
- A galvanized steel surface on which a cohesive oxide layer have not yet formed. It
will normally have a bright unweathered zinc surface.( Some steels(Ex. Silicon
killed steels) may exhibit a dark sur face.
4. Meant of “COMPLIANT” ?
- COMPLIANT is a term often used nowadays and refers to a material, which
complies with COSHH regulations and EPA requirement.
5. PH value for distilled water?
- This is alogarithmic scale and sevent is neutral, the pH value of distilled water is
07.
6. Code number of paint testing in british standard?
- BS 3900
7. DFT required for 2 prefered painting system in SPA1e PA10? ( water bourne and
solvent based)
- Complaint solvent based
a) High build epoxy aluminium primer ( Min DFT 75 microns)
b) Epoxy Micaceous iron oxide( Min DFT 75 microns)
c) High build epoxy undercoat ( Min DFT 75 microns)
d) Epoxy or polyester acrylic finish ( Min DFT 40 micron)
Total DFT: 265 microns
- Water borne acrylic
a) Primer (min DFT 50)
b) Micaceous iron oxide (min DFT 75 micron)
c) Undercoat ( Min DFT 50 micron)
d) Finish Coat ( min DFT 50)
Total DFT: 225 microns

8. Code number for colour coding of pipe in british standard?

- BS 4800
9. TSA and IZS should be use in which condition?
- TSA and IZS should be use for hot duty surface above 340 0C
- Requires the hightest grade of cleaning : profile 75 micon, Grade Sa 3 ( check for
mill sacle)
- IZS : Alternative to TSA.
10. Substrate which not dealt which SPA6 PA10?
- Ferrous surface.(Mild steel)
11. What material which cathode release into electrolyte during corrosion process?
- Hydrogen
12. Name of gases which contain in aerobic condition?
- Presence of oxygen
13. Pigments used for opacity in paint?
- Opaque pigment.
14. Name generic paint which contains with lamination pigment?
- M.I.O ( micaceours iron oxide).
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 - Glass flake
- Aluminium flake,
- Mica and graphine
15. Milling process in paint manufacture which NOT a direct charge mill?
Sand ; Pearl; Bead mill; Colloid mill, Single roll, Triple roll.
16. Name of equipment for paint testing which using glass bead (hạt, hột)?
Ballotini test
17. Function of rust inhibitive pigment in primer paint?
- Rust inhibitive pigment are added into primers to protect the steel substrate by
passivation.
18. Voltage setting for wet sponge pinhole detector on paint DFT 265?
- 9V
19. Why we used reversible tip for airless spray equipment?
- Most tip used for ailless spray equipment have a facility for reversing the follow of
paint through the tip, blockage can then cleared by turning the tip through 180
0C,triggering to ground or a container to clean the blockage, then rverse the tip
again to its original position.

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General standard:

1) BS 3900 – Method of test for paints.

Test identified by letter A-H
BS 3900 part C5: The measure of both wet and dry paint thickness

2) BS 4800 - is the specification for paint colour for building purposes.

3) BS 2842 – Measure of relative humidity and dew point shall be carry out using
whirling hygrometer.

4) BS 7079 - Preparation of steel substrate before application of paints and related

product

 BS 7079 group A, Visual assessment of surface cleanliness

- Part A1-Specifiacation for rust grade and preparation grades of
uncoated steel substrates and of steel substrates after overall
removal of previous coating.
 BS 7079 group B, Methode of assessment of sureface cleanliness
 BS 7079 group C, Surface roughness characteristics of blast cleaned
steel substrates.
 BS 7079 group D, Methods for surface preparation

5) BS 4800- schedule of paint colour’s for building purpose.

6) 1GE SR 21 – Code of practice for safety during blast cleaning operation.
7) BSC PS PA 10- New and mainternace painting at works and site for above
ground pipeline and plant installation.
8) BSC PS PA 9 – Paint properties amd perfoemance requirement.
9) BS 410 – Specification for test sieves
10)BS 2015 – Glossary of paints and related terms.

In a corrosion triangle, anode, cathode, anh electrolety, which on will corrode? Why?

C
A
The corrosion triangle
Shows electron circuit

Anode will corrode.

From the above we can see that no chemical reaction( combination of element) has
occurred at the cathode or in the electrolyte, the chemical reaction, the formation of
corrosion products only occurs at anode, the positive iron ions, F ++, receive the
returning hydroxyl ions and ionically bond together to form iron hydroxide, which is

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hydrous iron oxide, rust, and is shown by the formula: F ++ + 2O Fe(OH)2 it is now
apparent that corrosion only occurs at the anode, never at cathode.

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