CRYSTALLOGRAPHY  Front, side, and basal pinacoids

 Various pinacoids an a pedion to the

Crystal Systems
lower right – kyanite and rhodomite
Forms in Isometric System
Classification of Minerals
 Cube – halite (NaCl) pyrite (FeS2)
Non Silicates
 Octahedron – diamond (C), magnetite
(Fe3O4)  Native Elements
 Dodecahedron – sphalerite (ZnS),  Carbon – Native Iron:
garnet Meteorites
 Tetrahedron – sphalerite  Platinum – Iron (Fe), Nickel
 Pyritohedron – pyrite (Ni), Cobalt (Co), Ruthenium
(Ru), Rhodium (Rh)
Forms in Tetragonal System
 Coinage Metals – Copper (Cu),
 Tetragonal prism w/ pinacoid – zircon Gold (Au), Silver (Ag)
(ZrSiO4) amethyst  Nonmetals – Carbon
 Tetragonal dipyramid – cassiterite [Graphite (low pressure),
(SnO2) Diamond (high pressure)],
 Tetragonal in combination with a Sulfur (fumaroles)
ditetragonal prism – Wulferite  Halides – minerals with halogen ions
(PbMoO4) [fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), iodine (I)]
 Halite (NaCl), Fluorite (CaF2),
Forms in Hexagonal System
Sylvite (KCl), Cryolite (Na3AlF2)
 Hexagonal prism w/ pinacoid – quartz  Sulfides – anion mostly covalent;
(SiO2) exhibit metallic luster, formed by
 Hexagonal Dipyramid – zincite (ZnO) hydrothermal vents
 Pyrite (FeS2), Sphalerite (ZnS),
Forms in Rhombohedral/Trigonal System
Galena (PbS)
 Rhomohedron – dolomite  Oxides and Hydroxides – oxides
(CaMg(CO3)2) Calcite (CaCO3) anion is O; hydroxides anion is OH
 Trigonal dipyramid – tourmaline  Simple oxides:
 Trigonal scalenohedron – calcite  Hemi-oxides – Cuprite
(CaCO3) (Cu2O), Ice (H2O)
 Monoxides – Periclase
Forms in Orthorhombic System (MgO), Lime (CaO),
 Rhombic dipyramid –witherite Zincite (ZnO)
(BaCO3)  Sesquioxides –
 Front, side, and basal pinacoid – Corrundum (Al2O3),
Barite (BaSO4) Hematite (Fe2O3),
 Rhombic prism – stibnite (Sb2S3) Manganese (III) Oxide
(Mn2O3)
Forms in Monoclinic System  Dioxide – Rutile (TiO2),
 Front, side, and basal pinacoids Cassiterite (SnO2),
 2 monoclinic and a side pinacoid – Pyrolusite (MnO2)
mica, gypsum

Forms in Triclinic System

  Complex Oxides – 2 or more high press.], Kyanite [high
different cations; high pressure temp]
silicate analogous  Sorosilicates [sharing 2 oxygens; 2
 Spinel Group silica tetrahedral share 1 oxygen,
 Ilmenite Group (2:7)] – similar to brucite; dissilicate;
 Pseudobrookite Group (Si2O7)- 6 – common ion
 Perovskite Group  Hemimorphite – Zn4(Si4O7)
 Hydroxide: Brucite (Mg(OH)2), (OH7)2H2O
Gibbsite (Al(OH)2), Limonite  Epidote [Ca2Al2FeSi3O12(OH)] –
(Fe(OH)2), Diaspose [Bauxite] epidotite, clinozoisite,
(AlOOH) allanite, greemshist,
 Carbonates – more stable compound epidotite-amphibole facies
atoms  Cyclosilicate – triangular, square, and
 Calcite Group – Calcite (CaCO3), hexagonal ring structures and
Magnetite (MgCO3), Siderite hexagonal net (Si3O9) (1:3)
(FeCO3), Rhodochrosite  Benitoite (BaTiSi3O9)
(MnCO3), Smithsonite  Axinite (Ca, Fe, Mn)3Al2(BO3,
(ZnCO3) Si4O12) (OH)
 Aragonite (CaCO3) – Witherite  Beryl Be3Al2Si6O18
(BaCO3), Cerusite (PbCO3)  Inoslicates/Chain Silicates (Single
 Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) – Chain) – silicates in which silica
Ankenite (CaFe(CO3)2) tetrahedral are linked together
 Others – Malachite (Cu2(CO3) through shared oxygen ions into one
(OH)2), Azurite (Cu3(CO3) direction chains of long-range extent
(OH)2), Basthasite (CeCo3F)  Single-chained:
 Sulfates – Gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O)/  Pyroxene Group (Si2O6) [most
Anhydrite (CaSO4), Barite Group abundant], general formula
(BaSO4)[Pb, Sr, Ba], Alunite (Al, K) XY(Si2O6), (1:3)
 Phosphates, Tungstates, and  Pyroxenoids: Wallastonite
Vanadates (Ca3Si2O9), rhodomite
5+
 Phosphates are based on P O4 (Mn5Si3O15)
-> Apatite  Double-chained:
 Tungstates and Vanadates are  Amphibole Group (Si8O22)
based on W6+O4 and V5+O4 -> (1:2.75); gen. formula:
Scheelite, Wolframite X2Y5(Si8O22) (OH2)
 Sheet Silicates: Phyllosilicates –
Silicate [(SiO4)-4, O-2] multiple chains of silica tetrahedral
are linked through shared oxygen
 Nesosilicates/Orthosilicates (not
ions in a direction at a large angle to
linked) – ratio between silicon and
the chain axis (2:5)
oxygen (1:4)
 Serpentine – composed of
 Olivine Group [(Mg,Fe)2 SiO4]
Brucite layer (2 layer structure)
 Garnet Group [A3B2 (SiO4)3]
 Tetrahedral layer (Si2O5)-2
 Aluminosilicates (Al2SiO4) –
 Brucite Layer (Mg,Fe)3(Si2O5)
Andalusite [low pressure],
(OH)4
Sillimanite [high temp and
  Talc – 3 layers; brucite layer is - Crystalline – solid material
being sandwich between with whose constituents are
tetrahedral layer arranged in a highly ordered
 Talc: Mg3(Si4O10) (OH)2 structure
 Pyrophyllite: [Al2(Si4O10) - Amorphous – lacking a clear
(OH)2] structure or focus; without
 Chlorite – 4 layers (2 brucite); clear defined shape or form
(Mg,Fe)3(OH)6(Mg, Fe, Al)3(Si,  Euhedral – when faces on minerals
Al)4O10(OH)2 are flat an fully developed
 Mica (geometric shape i.e. quartz and
 Biotite [K(Mg, tourmaline)
Fe)3(AlSi3O10(OH)2]  Anhedral – no crystal faces visible
 Phlogopite  Subhedral – mineral that lies
[K(Mg3(AlSi3O10(OH)2] between anhedral and subhedral
 Muscovite  Motif – smallest part unit of pattern
[KAl3Si3O10(OH)2]  Node – point use to represent motif
 Lepidolite
[K(Li,Al)3AlSi3O10(OH,F) Symmetry of Operation – repetition of
2
crystal pattern by a set of rules
 Clay – minerals commonly occur as
 Symmetry – refers to certain
microscopic crystals
pattern or arrangement
 Kandite: Kaolinite:
 Translation – periodic repetition of a
Al2Si2O15 – possess
motif across a length or through an
serpentine (2 layers);
area or volume
Illite group:
 Rotation – motion through an angle
KAl3AlSi3O10(OH)2
about an axis
 Smectite:
 Order of symmetry – number of
montmorillonite –
position in which the object looks
expanisve clay (Ca,Na)
exactly the same
(Mg,Fe,Al)3AlSi3O10(OH)
 1-fol rotation axis, 2-fold, 3-fold
2nH2O; can absorb and
(2π/120), 4-fold (2π/90), 6-fold
release the same amount
(2π/60)
of water
 The external shape of mineral is
 Framework: Tectosilicates (1:2)
based on geometric arrangement of
- Silica – polymorphs
atoms. If 5-fold... are combined
 Coecite
they do not fill completely the space
 Stishovite
and therefore they’re not
 Triclymite
compatible with crystals
 Cristobalite
 Reflection – mirror image of an
- Other groups under silica (not
object across the mirror plane or
polymorphs): Chert group
reflection plane [Hermann-Manguin
Chalcedony group
symbol: m-reflection] in 3
Crystals – solid compound having an ordered, dimensional object -> plane symmetry
repetitive atomic structure  Enantiomorphous – reflection that
converts objects from right to left
  Inversion – every line drawn through  Crystal system – space lattice points
the center of the crystals will in a crystal occupied by atoms
connect two identical features on  Bravais lattices – lattice parameter
opposite sides of the crystal [i] a, b, and c are based on length
 Rotoinversion – compound symmetry equality or inequality and their
operation which is produced by orientation
rotation followed by inversion
 Screw rotation – rotation couples Crystal Possible Face Axial
with displacement parallel to the axis Structure Variations Length Angles
 Hermann-Manguin symbol: NM; N
Cubic Primitive a=b=c α=β=γ=90°
expresses the rotational component
and the fraction M/N is the Body-
displacement component of the centered

transition vector
Face-
 Glide reflection – can occur if centered
translation symmetry is present
Tetragonal Primitive a=b≠c α=β=γ=90°
parallel to the plane. At the plane,
reflection are performed, but every Body-
reflection is coupled with an centered
immediate displacement parallel to
orthorhombic Primitive a≠b≠c α=β=γ=90°
the plane
Body-
Crystal Structure – manner in which atoms, centered
ions, or molecules are spatially arranged
Face-
centered
 Face-centered cubic – atoms are
located at each of the corners and End-
the centers of all the cube faces centered
[copper, aluminum, silver, gold]
Hexagonal Primitive a=b≠c α=β=90°,
- Cube edge length a and the γ=120°
atomic radius R are related
through a=2R√2 Trigonal Primitive a=b=c α=β=γ≠90°

 Body-centered cubic – atoms are

Monoclinic Primitive a≠b≠c α=γ=90°,
located at all eight corners and a β≠90°,
single atom at the cube center End-
centered
[tungsten, iron, chromium]
- a = 4R/√3 Triclinic primitive a≠b≠c a≠β≠γ≠90°
 hexagonal clos-packed – top and
bottom faces of the unit cell consists
of six atoms that form regular
hexagons and surround a single atom
in the center
 Lattice – network of points in space
 Unit cell – smallest unit of building
block that can describe the crystal
structure
Name Chemical Hematite Fe2O3 Anhydrite CaSO4 Gypsum CaSO4·2
Formula
H2O
Halite NaCl Periclase MgO

Pyrite FeS2 Lime CaO Garnet A3B2(SiO4)3 Olivine (Mg,Fe)2

Diamond C Corundum Al2O3 SiO4

Magnetite Fe3O4 Manganese Mn2O3

(III) Oxide Benitoite BaTiSi3O9 Hemimorphite Zn4(Si4O

7)
Sphalerite ZnS Rutile TiO2

(OH7)2H2
Zircon ZrSiO4 Cassiterite SnO2

O
Cassiterite SnO2 Pyrolusite MnO2

Wulferite PbMoO4 Brucite Mg(OH)2

Axirite (Ca,Fe,Mn)3 Epidote Ca2Al2Fe
Al2(BO3,Si4
Quartz SiO2 Gibbsite Al(OH)3 O12) (OH) Si3O12(O

Zincite ZnO Limonite Fe(OH)3 H)

Dolomite CaMg(CO3) Bauxite AlOOH

Beryl Be3Al2Si6O18 Pyroxene Si2O6
2
(Mg,Fe)3
Calcite CaCO3 Chlorite (OH)6(M
g,Fe, Amphibole Si8O22 Wallastonite Ca3Si2O9

Aragonite Al)3(Si,A
l)4
O10(OH)2 Talc Mg3(Si4O10) Rhodomite Mn5Si5O1
(OH)2
Witherite BaCO3 Magnesite MgCO3 5

Barite BaSO4 Siderite FeCO3 Al2(Si4O1

Biotite K(Mg,Fe)3(Al Pyrophyllite
Si3O10(OH)2 0) (OH)2
Stibnite Sb2S3 Rhodochrosite MnCO3

Sylvite KCl Smithsonite ZnCO3

Phlogopite K(Mg3) Lepidolite K(Li,Al)3
(AlSi3O10(O
Fluorite CaF2 Cerusite PbCO3
H)2 AlSi3O10(

Cryolite Na3AlF6 Dolomite CaMg(C OH,f)2

O3)2

Galena PbS Ankerite CaFe(CO Muscovite KAl3AlSi3O10 Kaolinite Al2Si2O15

3)2 (OH)2

Cuprite Cu2o Malachite Cu2(CO3) Illite KAl3AlSi3O10 Tetrahedral (Si2O5)-2

(OH)2 Layer
(OH)2 Montmorilli (Ca,Na)
te (Mg,Fe,Al)3 Brucite Layer (Mg,Fe)3
AlSi3O10(OH
Basthasite CeCO3F Azurite Cu3(CO3) )2 (Si2O5)
2(OH)2

(OH)4