CHAPTER-1

RESONANCE CIRCUITS
Define resonance:
It is a property or a characteristic of a RLC circuits.
Resonance circuit (RLC circuit):
It is an AC circuit which contains the passive elements like resistors, inductors and
capacitors at a particular frequency we get maximum response from this RLC circuit.
That maximum response may be maximum current (Imax) or maximum voltage
(Vmax).That particular frequency is called as resonant frequency. Resonance circuit is also
called as tuner.
TYPES:
1) Series resonant circuit.
2) Parallel resonant circuit.
APPLICATIONS:
*used for tuning the channel in communication devices like radio, TV, etc.
*It is used for induction heating.
*it is used in communication equipment like radar, telemetry.
A.CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Series resonant circuit:

From the series RLC circuit at a series resonant frequency we get the maximum current
response Imax and minimum voltage response Vmin.
B.phasor diagram

C.characteristics curves of series resonant circuit

D.series resonance curve

List the characteristics of series resonant circuit

*at the series resonant frequency from the series resonant or RLC we get maximum
current response i.e. Imax.
*resistance (R) offered by the resistor is constant with respective to variation in
frequency. That way it is represented by straight line parallel to the frequency axis.
*inductive reactance(xl)offered by the inductor get increases linearly with respect to the
increase in frequency that’s way it represented by straight line which passes to origin.
*capacitive reactance (xc) offered by capacitor is inversely proportional to frequency
hence its graph is like rectangular hyperbola.
*the net reactance or total reactance (xt) is given by xt=xl-xc.
*the total opposition offered to flow of current by series RLC circuit is called as
impedance (z).
It is given by z=√R2+ (XL-XC) 2
At the lower frequencies Z is again large because XL is large.
At the higher frequency Z is again large because XL is large.
*at the series resonant frequency the series RLC circuit allows the maximum flow of
current that’s way RLC circuit is also called as acceptor circuit.
*At resonance the higher voltage drops takes places across the L and c individually that’s
way it is called voltage resonance.
Formula for series resonant:
The inductive reactance
i.e. XL=WL
XL=2πfl
The capacitance reactance
XC=1/WC
XC=1/2πfc
*fsr=1/2π√LC
*current
I=V/Z=V/√R2+ (XL-XC) 2
At series resonance
Imax=V/R
Voltage
In series RLC circuit
1.VR=IR
2.VL=IXL
3.VC=IXC
V=VR+VL+VC
Power factor
Pf=R/Z
Quality factor
If we consider inductive reactance
Q=2πfl/R
If we consider the capacitive reactance
Q=1/2πfC.R
Power
PMAX=1/2(Imax2.r)
Q-factor in terms of RLC
Q=1/R (√L/C)
PARALLEL RESONANCE
a serially connected resistor and inductor is in parallel with the capacitor is called
parallel resonant circuit. At a particular frequency from the parallel resonant circuit we
get maximum voltage response VMAX and minimum current response IMIN .That particular
frequency is called as parallel resonant frequency FPR.
A. circuit diagram

B. phasor diagram

C. characteristics curves

D. parallel resonant curve

List the characteristics of parallel resonance curve

*at the parallel resonant frequency FPR we get maximum voltage VMAX and minimum
current IMIN response.
*it is a parallel AC circuit better we can analyze by using term admittance(Y) instead of
impedance (Z).
*conductance (G) offered by the resistor is constant with respect to variation in
frequency so we get straight line parallel to the frequency axis.
*the capacitive substance (βc) offered by the capacitor directly proportional to the
frequency so we get the straight line which is passing through origin.
Βc=1/XC=1/ (1/WC) =WC=2πfc
*the inductance substance (βl) offered by the inductor is inversely proportional to
frequency so we get rectangular hyperbola.
Βl=1/XL=1/WL=1/2πfl
*the total substance (βt) offered by RLC circuit is given by βt=βc-βl
*the admittance of a RLC circuit is Y=G+JβT
Where j=√-1
*the current circulator in the two branches is very much greater that the current drawn
from the source that way it is called as current resonance.
*during the parallel resonance the flow of current is minimum so this is called as
rejecter circuit.
*at the lower frequency the admittance is very larger because βl is large.
At the higher frequencies once again admittance is high because βc is large.
Formulas:
FPR = 1/2π [√1/LC-R2/L2]
FPR = 1/2π√LC
Impedance
ZP = L/CR
Voltage
VLR = VC= V
Current
I = V/Z
At parallel resonance
IMIN= V/ZP = V/L/CR
Q-factor
q=WL/R = 2πfl/R
q=1/R√L/C
Q=fpr/BW

Difference between series and parallel Resonance

PARAMETERS SERIES PARALLEL
Maximum current(IMAX) Minimum voltage (VMIN)
Response at fr
Minimum voltage(VMIN) Minimum current(IMIN)
Resonant frequency fr Fsr=1/2π√LC Fpr=1/2π[√1/LC-R2/L2]
Dynamic impedance ZP=R ZP=1/CR
Impedance at resonance Minimum Maximum
Current at fr IMAX=V/R IMIN=VCR/L
Power PSR=1/2(IMAX2.R) PPR=1/2(IMIN2.R)
Power factor Unity Unity

q-factor Q=1/R[√L/C] Q=1/R[√L/C]

Another names Voltage resonance Current resonance

Acceptor circuit Rejecter circuit
Parallel resonant frequency
Series resonant frequency dependent leakage
Resistance
is independent of resistor resistance which is in series
with inductor.