Automatic RTO Symbol Detection Using Image Processing

Automatic RTO Symbol Detection System Year 2017-18
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
1.1Background:-
Automatic RTO Symbol detection system:-
Road safety is the major issue faced by the number of vehicle owners across the world. In
recent years, a lot of research work has been carried out in detection of traffic signs
automatically. Traffic sign provide essential information for warning, guiding people to make
their movements easier, Safer and more convenient. Traffic signs are detected by the feature
extraction, having ability of detection and identification of traffic signs. The proposed project
deals with the automatic recognition of traffic signs using MATLAB and Image Processing
techniques. The proposed concept deals with concept of recognition of traffic signs and then
displaying them on a LCD screen. The system is to detect traffic signs correctly so that
drivers can be alerted and react properly to the encountered traffic situations. We have used
feature based method for traffic sign detection. In this method the image of the traffic sign
was cropped and matched with the original image, identifying the key points in both the
images, and match between those points to find similarity.
Keywords: Mat lab, LCD, Feature Extraction, Pattern matching, Traffic sign etc.
Automatic traffic sign recognition has long been an interesting research area in image
processing, one specific area with practical importance is automatic traffic sign recognition.
A robust traffic sign detection algorithm is an essential part of applications like automatic
vehicle control, navigation, etc. Many researchers have been done on this topic and have
shown promising. Traffic Sign detection System is a computer vision application and it
supports drivers to follow the restrictions and obey the regulations via utilization of image
processing techniques. The system recognizes the traffic signs and warns the driver about the
sign. Traffic Signs having standard in shapes and colors that are defined by the governments
and they remain unchanged within the country. Drivers easily recognize them because colors
and shapes of the signs are very different from the natural environment. The dominant color
in urban environments is green whereas the used colors are blue and red in the traffic signs.
The shapes of the signs are triangle, circle or rectangle, which are difficult to see in the
nature. According to modern requirements intended for vehicle safety there must be noted
that effective driving can often be more dependent on computer systems that vehicles include
rather than the actual driver . Nowadays, one of the most crucial concerns of the automobile
manufacturers is to boost safety. As the volume of vehicles increases the actual probability of
site visitor’s accident also boosts. There are many reasons to occur traffic accident. The over-
speed is one of the main issues. To stop the accident, there are different prohibitory
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indications are displayed with the side of the street. These are designed to show rule or warn
in order to avoid accidents. Unfortunately, sometimes on account of lack of concentration or
lack of knowledge about the actual prohibitory signs the driver doesn’t obey the basics and
drive the vehicles according to their own want, leaving these signs or fulfills his want the
driver put himself in to a very danger situation and turn a participant in accident. If there is
really a system which can enforce to follow these prohibitory indications may avoid these
sorts of accidents. In the last few decades automobile industry computer vision has also
improved fast at the same time, as a reaction to this some systems developed on obstacle
detection and path detection as be a support to driver. However, traffic sign detection is really
a wide research place which still must be worked on.
Driving is entirely based on visual information processing with this process; traffic signs
play an important role on determining the road conditions and scenarios. It provides the
driver every piece of information necessary for a safe drive. Signs guide clear the driver
doing inappropriate actions for instance driving above speed limit, going with wrong
direction, passing by way of a passing forbidden zone etc. Further, traffic signs are ideal for
direction finding and also guidance. Although targeted traffic signals usually are noticeable
and have absolutely a number of clear features, a number of situations may well avoid driver
perceiving them. For instance, in the evening or maybe throughout poor lighting situation
people usually are more unlikely to see the actual targeted traffic signals. Several distracting
functions upon road may well cause a bypass involving signals. Additionally, from time to
time simply the actual driver her/himself is not able to spot the signals due to not enough
focus. In this fashion, some sort of driver aiding programs will definitely boost basic safety in
such situation which will help prevent a number of accidents to occur. The main advantage of
traffic signs detection is to reduce the risk imposed on the driver of the vehicle while driving,
as well as increasing the information content. This method is expected to be implemented in
vehicles as an integrated system. The user of this system will be the driver who will have to
get visual warning when the traffic sign is on the path of the vehicle. Traffic sign detection
allows us to reduce the amount of time necessary for appreciating the situation of movement
and actions of the driver for any manipulation. Traffic sign detection is a wide research area
which still needs to be worked on.
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1.2Motivation
The sign which is placed at the side of roads to impart information to road users is
known as road signs or traffic signs. There are four types of traffic signs that are
shown in the traffic code: a) warning; b) prohibition; c) obligation; and d)
informative. Depending on the form and the color, the warning signs are equilateral
triangles with one vertex upwards. They have a white background and are surrounded
by a red border. Prohibition signs are circles with a white or blue background and a
red border. Both warning signs and prohibition signs have a yellow background if
they are located in an area where there are public works. To indicate obligation, the
signs are circles with a blue background. Informative signs have the same color.
Finally, there are two exceptions: a) the yield sign, an inverted triangle; and the stop
sign, a hexagon. To detect the position of the sign in the image, we must know the
two properties i.e., color and shape. The applications and the difficulty of road sign
detection make road sign detection an interesting problem. In terms of applications,
road sign detection is quite important for the road sign recognition problem, since it is
the most important step for a road sign recognition system. So far, the researchers
have mainly focused on the road sign recognition problem, in which the task of
finding road sign in an arbitrary background is usually avoided by either manual
segmentation of the input image, or by capturing faces against a known uniform
background. In the last decade, road sign detection has attracted great attention, as
road sign recognition system requires automatic road sign detection as a first step,
especially for images with cluttered background. Road sign detection also has
potential applications in human computer interface and surveillance systems. Road
sign detection is difficult due to three main reasons. First, there is a large component
of non-rigidity and textural differences among road sign. Second, road sign detection
is also made difficult because of additional features, such as dust, which can either be
present or totally absent from a road sign. All these additional features increase the
variability of the road sign patterns that a road sign detection system should handle.
Third, the presence of unpredictable imaging conditions in an unconstrained
environment increases the difficulty of the task. A change in light source distribution
can cause a significant change in the appearance of the road sign image. All these
things should be taken into consideration when designing a road sign detection
system.
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1.3GENERIC APPROACHES (PRESENT STATUS)

Along with the urbanization, the violently increasing of the volume of automobile
brings some problems such as traffic jams and traffic accidents, etc. The driving aided
system based on computer vision is one important measure to solve these problems.
The traffic indication sign recognition is essential to the IT’S (Intelligent Transport
System). Every year 1.3 million people worldwide are killed on roads and between 20
and 50 million are injured. A good solution to this problem would be to develop
machines, which take into account the environment. That is why today, safe auto
driving is becoming a popular topic in many fields, from small projects to large car
factories. However this topic also raises many questions and problems. There is a
need to define the width of the edges of the road, recognize road signs, traffic lights,
pedestrians, and other objects which contribute the driving safely. There are many
methods for solving these tasks. Recognition of traffic signs has been addressed by a
large amount of classification techniques: from simple template matching (e.g. cross-
correlation similarity), to sophisticated Machine learning techniques (e.g. support
vector machines, boosting , random forest, etc), are among strong candidates to assure
straightforward outcome necessary for a real end-user system. Moreover, extending
the traffic sign analysis from isolated frames to videos can allow to significantly
reduce the number of false alarm ratio as well as to increase the precision and the
accuracy of the detection and recognition process. Research groups have focused on
other aspects, related more with the development of an automatic pilot to detect road
borders or obstacles in the vehicle’s path such as other vehicles or pedestrians.
Accidents can occur, for example, because drivers do not notice a sign in time or by
lack of attention at a critical moment. In bad weather conditions such as heavy rain
showers, fog, or snow fall, drivers pay less attention to traffic signs and concentrate
on driving. In night driving, visibility is affected by the headlights of traffic oncoming
and drivers could easily be blinded. The research on traffic signs recognition
generally includes two modules, detection and classification. Color or shape are
usually used to detect the region may contain the traffic sign. Classification is further
to identify the meaning of traffic signs.
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1.4 Objective:-
The main objectives of the project are

 To apply image processing techniques to automatically detect the traffic signs using
MATLAB
 To implement algorithms to make the developed system efficient
 To Interface Arduino to MATLAB so that the detected sign can be send to arduino
 To interface LCD to arduino and write and arduino program to communicate with the
MATLAB to Display the sign recognized.
1.4Organization of project work:-
The complete project is divided into three sections that are software design, PCB
making, & programming. In the first section we design our complete circuit diagram in
proteus software and make component list. In second section we design PCB layout on ARIS
and make PCB in our college innovation center.
In third section according to the functional specifications for requirement of electronic
data acquisition of Krystal to make impact testing machines we complete our programming.
Operation Classification
1. Open loop systems

Functional Requirements:
Capture the image and process that image and generate the final result.
Input Data:
1. Image of RTO symbol.
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Processing:
Detect the color value present in the image reduce the noise from image according the color
value generate result. A particular value assigned for particular RTO symbol according to it a
signal sent towards Arduino board, it will generate final result and displayed it on LCD
display
Output Data:
Output result is value. According the final value the signal sends toward circuit. Identified
symbol name displayed on LCD display.
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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
In this project to detect the traffic sign, HIS color model followed by circle detection is used.
The regions detected by color detection cannot be determined to the exact sign region. In this
method the edge of interested regions is traced to get their contours after morphologic
operations. Then to find the target region, Hough circle transform is applied. The object have
been detected and extracted after the previous two steps. We next recognize the symbol in the
destination area. The image is preprocessed to remove noise. To obtain a clear silhouette
boundary of the traffic indication symbol Edge detection and segmentation are used
specifically to the image. Shape context is based on the contour of the object.
This project points to deal with real-time traffic sign recognition, i.e. localizing what type of
traffic sign appears in which area of an input image at a fast processing time. To achieve this
objective, a two-module framework (detection module and classification module) is
proposed. In detection module, the input color image is transformed to probability maps by
using color probability model. Then the road sign proposals are extracted by finding
maximally stable external regions on these maps.
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CHAPTER 3 SYSTEM DESIGN

3.1 Methodology:-
In this system we are using arduino, webcam, pc & LCD display.
Fig 3.1
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The arduino connection is made up with above circuit.
Fig 3.2
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The actual working of system.
Fig 3.3
As we see the captured image is processed in MATLAB software. The noise from captured
image is removed and then its color value measured.
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MATLAB OUTPUT:-
The final output is displayed in command window.
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Final result is on LCD displayed.
FIG 3.4
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3.2 Hardware design
3.2.1 Block Diagram:-
Fig 3.2.1
Power supply
A regulated power supply is an embedded circuit; it converts unregulated AC into a
constant DC. With the help of a rectifier it converts AC supply into DC. Its function is to
supply a stable voltage (or less often current), to a circuit or device that must be operated
within certain power supply limits.
The output from the regulated power supply may be alternating or unidirectional, but is
nearly always DC.
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Webcam
Webcam used in this system for capturing the image. Webcam used is Logitech webcam pro
9000. It has 2 MP CMOS Zeiss lens.
Fig 3.2.2
A webcam is a video camera that feeds or streams its image in real time to or through
a computer to a computer network. When "captured" by the computer, the video stream may
be saved, viewed or sent on to other networks via systems such as the internet, and emailed as
an attachment. When sent to a remote location, the video stream may be saved, viewed or on
sent there. Unlike an IP camera (which connects using Ethernet or Wi-Fi), a webcam is
generally connected by a USB cable, or similar cable, or built into computer hardware, such
as laptops.
The term "webcam" (a clipped compound) may also be used in its original sense of a video
camera connected to the Web continuously for an indefinite time, rather than for a particular
session, generally supplying a view for anyone who visits its web page over the Internet.
Some of them, for example, those used as online traffic cameras, are expensive,
rugged professional video cameras.
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Arduino.
Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P (datasheet). It has 14

digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16
MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer
with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.. You can
tinker with your UNO without warring too much about doing something wrong, worst case
scenario you can replace the chip for a few dollars and start over again.
"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software (IDE)
1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference versions of
Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB
Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for an extensive list of
current, past or outdated boards see the Arduino index of boards.
Fig 3.2.3
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MATLAB
MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates

computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems
and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses include:
 Math and computation
 Algorithm development
 Modeling, simulation, and prototyping
 Data analysis, exploration, and visualization
 Scientific and engineering graphics
 Application development, including Graphical User Interface building
MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not require
dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing problems, especially those
with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to write a program
in a scalar no interactive language such as C or FORTRAN.
The name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory. MATLAB was originally written to
provide easy access to matrix software developed by the LINPACK and EISPACK projects,
which together represent the state-of-the-art in software for matrix computation.
MATLAB has evolved over a period of years with input from many users. In university
environments, it is the standard instructional tool for introductory and advanced courses in
mathematics, engineering, and science. In industry, MATLAB is the tool of choice for high-
productivity research, development, and analysis.
MATLAB features a family of application-specific solutions called toolboxes. Very
important to most users of MATLAB, toolboxes allow you to learn and apply specialized
technology. Toolboxes are comprehensive collections of MATLAB functions (M-files) that
extend the MATLAB environment to solve particular classes of problems. Areas in which
toolboxes are available include signal processing, control systems, neural networks, fuzzy
logic, wavelets, simulation, and many others.
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LCD
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of
applications. A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such
lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two
registers, namely, Command and Data. The command register stores the command
instructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined
task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc.
The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of
the character to be displayed on the LCD. Click to learn more about internal structure of a
LCD.
Table 3.1 LCD Commands
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3.2.2 Circuit diagram
Fig3.2.4
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Power supply
Fig3.2.5
PCB layout
Fig3.2.6
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3.2.3 Experimental set up:-
Fig 3.2.7
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3.2.4 Component List:-
Item Part value Quantity

1 C1 0.01µf 2
2 C2, 470µf/25v 1
3 Bridge W10m 1
4 IC 7805 5v 1
5 R1,R2 1kΩ 2
6 LED 3v 1
7 POT 10KΩ 1
8 MALE CONNECTORS 6
9 16 PIN CONNECTORS 1
10 6PIN CONNECTORS 1
11 LCD 5V RG1602A 1
12 USB CABLE 1
13 Arduino 1
14 Transformer 9V 1
Table 3.2
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3.3 Software design
Flowchart
Image Acquisition
Pre Processing
Feature Detection
Feature Extraction
Feature Matching
Display String
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 To conduct the project with minimum errors it is very much necessary to carry out
project in different steps. The Brief methodology to carry out the project is given
below.

 Image Capturing: The first step is to capture the image using MATLAB for
preprocessing and processing operations.
 Preprocessing: In this phase image processing techniques are used to used to enhance
the properties of the captured image for further operations
 Feature point detection: In this image processing algorithms are used to detect the
features. The features can be anything such a edge color etc.
 Feature Extraction: In this phase feature extraction descriptors are used at each key
point.
 Feature Matching: In this phase the Extracted features are matched with the existing
ones to recognize the sign.
 Control Signal: Once the sign is detected it is converted to text and a proper display
string is generated to be sent and displayed using arduino
 The Arduino Control: The control signal is then sent over to Arduino using MATLAB
Arduino Package and displayed onto the LCD interfaced with arduino
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3.4 Detailed specification
Power Supply
5V
230V AC Rectifier Filter Voltage
DC
Transformer (Bridge) Capacitor Regulator
Fig 3.4.1 POWER SUPPLY
Circuit Diagram
Fig 3.4.2
Working: -
The power supply gives +5v and +12v supply to the circuit. The power supply
consists of four stages namely transformer, rectifier, filter, and regulator. Transformer is a
step-down transformer taking input of 230v AC and giving output of 15v at the secondary.
This 15v AC is rectified by bridge rectifier consisting of four diodes, which converts the AC
wave into fully rectified wave. The next stage is the filter stage consisting of capacitor, which
converts the fully rectified wave into the DC wave with some ripple. Last stage is the
regulator stage. Regulator removes the entire ripple and gives pure DC. The LED is
connected to indicate that power supply is ON.
The 230 AC mains supply is given to the transformer primary to get the required
voltage at the secondary. Then it is applied to the bridge rectifier, which converts the
sinusoidal input into full wave rectified output. The output of the rectifier contains some
ripple voltage. To remove this voltage filter circuit is used. A ripple voltage is nothing but a
small value of AC over DC signal. Then a pure DC is given to the regulator. The function of
the regulator is to give the constant or stable output DC in spite of changes in the load
current.
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The reasons for choosing IC regulator is that they are versatile in operation and
relatively inexpensive with features like programmable output, current/voltage boosting,
internal short circuit current limiting, thermal shutdown. The 78XX are popularly known for
regulation has been used. The 78XX series is a 3-terminal positive voltage regulator and
79XX series is a 3-terminal negative voltage regulator. As name suggests it transforms the
voltage level from one level to another. Transformer used is the step down transformer to step
230 V to +9 V. It provides isolation too from the mains.
Arduino (ATmega328)
Fig 3.4.3
Overview The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable
or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno differs from all preceding
boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2
(Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter. Revision 2 of the Uno
board has a resistor pulling the 8U2 HWB line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.
Revision 3 of the board has the following new features: 1.0 pin out: added SDA and SCL pins that
are near to the AREF pin and two other new pins placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow
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the shields to adapt to the voltage provided from the board. In future, shields will be compatible both
with the board that use the AVR, which operate with 5V and with the Arduino Due that operate with
3.3V. The second one is a not connected pin that is reserved for future purposes. Stronger RESET
circuit. At mega 16U2 replace the 8U2. "Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the
upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino,
moving forward.
Specification
 Microcontroller ATmega328
 Operating Voltage 5V
 Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
 Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
 Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
 Analog Input Pins 6 DC
 Current per I/O Pin 40 mA DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
 Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by boot loader
 SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)
 EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)
 Clock Speed 16 MHz
Power
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply.
The power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB) power can come either from
an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a
2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted
in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector. The board can operate on an
external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may
supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage
regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts. The
power pins are as follows: VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an
external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated
power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the
power jack, access it through this pin. 5V.This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator
on the board. The board can be supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V),
the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V
or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage your board. We don't advise it. 3V3. A
3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA.
GND. Ground pins.
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Memory The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the boot loader). It also has 2 KB
of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).
Input and Output Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output,
using pin Mode (), digital Write (), and digital Read() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each
pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor
(disconnected by default) of 20-50 k Ohms. In addition, some pins have specialized
functions:
 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data.
These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL
Serial chip.
 External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a
low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attach Interrupt ()
function for details.
 PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analog Write()
function.
 SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI
communication using the SPI library.
 LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH
value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
Communication
The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on
the board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to
software on the computer. The '16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no
external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .in file is required. The Arduino software
includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino
board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the
USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on
pins 0 and 1). A Software Serial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's
digital pins. The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino
software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for
details. For SPI communication, use the SPI library.
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Automatic (Software) Reset
Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino Uno
is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer.
One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the ATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the
reset line of the ATmega328 via a 100 nano farad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken
low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this
capability to allow you to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino
environment. This means that the boot loader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of
DTR can be well-coordinated with the start of the upload. This setup has other implications.
When the Uno is connected to either a computer running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each
time a connection is made to it from software (via USB). For the following half second or so,
the boot loader is running on the Uno. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e.
anything besides an upload of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to
the board after a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the board receives one-time
configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure that the software with which it
communicates waits a second after opening the connection and before sending this data. The
Uno contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either side of the
trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN". You may also be able
to disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line; see this
forum thread for details.
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WEBCAM
Fig 3.4.4
 Device Type web camera

 Connectivity Technology Wired
 Manufacturer Logitech
 CAMERA Type Color - fixed, Color
 Max Digital Video Resolution1600 x 1200
 Video Capture 1600 x 1200 @ 30 fps, 640 x 480 @ 30 fps
 Features:- 720p HD movie recording, Right Light 2 technology, Right Sound
technology, motion sensor, Skype compatible, automatic face tracking technology,
USB 2.0 compatibility
IMAGE SENSOR TYPE
 1.9 MP, 2 MP CMOS, 2 MP

 LENS CONSTRUCTION
 Focal Length 3.7 mm
 Lens Iris F/2.0
 Focus Adjustment automatic
 Min Focus Range 3.9 in
 SOFTWARE / SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
Peripheral / Interface Devices
 CD-ROM, graphics card, Internet connection, sound card, USB port, speakers
VIDEO INPUT
 Camera Mechanical Design fixed

 Color or B&W color
 Audio Support Yes
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 Audio Support Features built-in microphone

 Still Image Capture Resolution 1600 x 1200
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
 OS Required
 Linux, Microsoft Windows Vista / XP, Microsoft Windows 7, Microsoft Windows
Vista, Microsoft Windows XP SP2 or later
INTERFACES
 Computer Interface USB 2.0
INTERFACE REQUIRED
 Connector Type 4 pin USB Type A
LENS SYSTEM
 Lens Aperture f/2.0

 Min Focal Length 3.7 mm
 Min Focus Distance 3.9 in
 Focus Adjustment automatic
OPTICAL SENSOR
 Optical Sensor Type CMOS

 Total Pixels 1920000 pixels, 2000000 pixels
VIDEO CAPTURE
 Image Resolution 1600 x 1200, 640 x 480

 Frame Rate 30 frames per second
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LCD
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of
applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in
various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other
multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have
no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments),
animations and so on.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this
LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely,
Command and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an
instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting
the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed
on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD. Click
to learn more about internal structure of a LCD.
Pin Diagram:
Fig.3.4.5 pin diagram of LCD
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Pin No Function Name

1 Ground (0V) Ground
2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc
3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor VEE
Selects command register when low; and data register Register
4
when high Select
5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/write
6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable
7 DB0
8 DB1
9 DB2
10 DB3
8-bit data pins
11 DB4
12 DB5
13 DB6
14 DB7
15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+
16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-
Table 3.3
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CHAPTER 4 TESTING
PCB Checking:
 All the tracks of PCB are checked.

 We checked continuity of all tracks.
 High voltage was applied between two independent tracks to check any hair size short
or air gap.
Visual Testing:
 Polarities of all the components like capacitors, connectors etc are checked.
 It is seen that all the IC sockets are soldered properly.
Multi meter Testing:
 All the IC sockets and power supply are soldered and continuity is checked
 Also VCC and GND voltage are checked.
 Voltages at all the pins of the microcontroller are checked with respect to ground.
 Values of all possible components are checked on multimeter.
Testing Of webcam:
 We tested the webcam working properly.

 We tested the images taken by the webcam.
 We ensured the webcam working properly.
PCB testing:
 The PCB was tested, by tracing the tracks from the net list & the artwork of the PCB.
The errors in the artwork were eliminated while testing & after that it was given for
PCB manufacturing.
 The PCB was tested using the DMM & the continuity of the tracks was tested using
the DMM, in the diode mode. The positive terminal was connected to the terminals of
the other IC’s to show the negligible resistance, if the track is continuous.
Software testing:
 While designing the software for our project, we considered the following points:
 Firstly in the software we test MATLAB working properly and it installed correctly.
Then we run code on software and checked the final output.
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CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS & REFERENCES
5.1 APPLICATIONS
 Can be used to assist drivers in to detect and alert signs automatically.
 Can be used to help visually impaired people to detect road signs with some
modification.
 Detect all RTO signs.
 It can be used in smart vehicles.
5.2 CONCLUSION
In automatic traffic sign detection system we are going to detect the various RTO signs by
using image detection technique with MATLAB software. So we can able to detect RTO
signs and it will assist the driver for safe driving. This system is helpful for reducing the
accident happens by avoiding the RTO signs.
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5.3FUTURE SCOPE
 By some modification in this project we can control various parameters of

automobile.
 It also used in smart vehicles.
 By adding different sensors it will control the speed of vehicles.
 This project is also useful for driverless smart vehicles.
 Automatic Signboard Recognition using Neural Network All colors Signboard
Recognition and Text and symbol recognition and Automatic speed warning.
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5.4 REFERENCES
International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 120 – No.24, June 2015
IEEE Transactions on intelligent transportation system, vol.13, no.4, December2012.
ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetric, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume II-5, 2014
ISPRS Technical Commission V Symposium, 23 – 25 June 2014, Riva del Garda, Italy.
 www.electronicsforyou.com
 www.google.com
 www.datasheets.com
 www.wikipedia.com
5.5 ACHIVEMENTS
Successfully present paper in “National conference on recent trend in

engineering” at SIT COE yadrav, ichalkaranji on 24TH march 2018
Abstract
This paper discusses the problem of road safety that is biggest problem faced by the drivers.
There are lot of things are carried out for increasing the level of the road safety. The road
safety sign on road are for guiding the people for proper driving and maintaining traffic
safety. For this reason we are making system which will be guide the vehicle driver on road
while driving. The main goal of this system is to provide the information of road sign’s
present on road side. In this system RTO symbol get identified by the help of the image
processing carried out by MATLAB image processing tools. The proposed system will
capture images of road sign with help of the camera, by doing image processing the captured
image get compared with original image. The final result will display on the LCD display.
This system will alert the driver about various road sign present on the road. This system will
helpful for increasing the road safety level.
Keywords: Camera, MATLAB, Image Processing, Image matching, LCD.
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Automatic RTO Symbol Detection Using Image Processing

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Automatic RTO Symbol Detection System Year 2017-18

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1.3GENERIC APPROACHES (PRESENT STATUS)

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The main objectives of the project are

1.4Organization of project work:-

1. Open loop systems

1. Image of RTO symbol.

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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

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CHAPTER 3 SYSTEM DESIGN

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The arduino connection is made up with above circuit.

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The actual working of system.

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The final output is displayed in command window.

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Final result is on LCD displayed.

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3.2 Hardware design

3.2.1 Block Diagram:-

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Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P (datasheet). It has 14

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MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates

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3.2.2 Circuit diagram

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3.2.3 Experimental set up:-

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3.2.4 Component List:-

Item Part value Quantity

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3.3 Software design

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3.4 Detailed specification

Fig 3.4.1 POWER SUPPLY

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Automatic (Software) Reset

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 Device Type web camera

IMAGE SENSOR TYPE

 1.9 MP, 2 MP CMOS, 2 MP

Peripheral / Interface Devices

 Camera Mechanical Design fixed

 Audio Support Features built-in microphone

 Computer Interface USB 2.0

 Connector Type 4 pin USB Type A

 Lens Aperture f/2.0

 Optical Sensor Type CMOS

 Image Resolution 1600 x 1200, 640 x 480