EFFECTIVENESS OF CURFEW HOURS IN BRGY SUMACAB ESTE

CABANATUAN CITY

____________________________________________________

An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to

The faculty of College of the Criminal Justice

Education

NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Cabanatuan City

___________________________________

In partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements of the Degree

of Bachelor of Science in Criminology

By:

Lopez , Reinier Q.

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 Chapter 1

The Problem And Its Related Literature

Introduction

Crime is an act or omission that violates the law and is punishable upon conviction. It

includes Criminal Code offences against a person or property, drug offences, motor vehicle

offences and other provincial or federal statute offences. Crime typically occurs when three things

happen at the same time and in the same space: a motivated offender is present, a suitable target

is available, there is either something or someone present which encourages the crime, or nothing

or no-one to discourage it. a slightly different way to look at this is to say that crime is about

people, places and situations. Crime prevention strategies try to work on all these elements , Does

security measures like curfew hours, prevent crime? Making changes to environmental conditions

and operational practices to discourage crime has become a well established part of conventional

crime prevention wisdom

Nowadays, People had an experience with curfews. It is an order specifying a time during

which certain regulations apply. But in legal terms, curfews are more than just house rules that

can result in a firm if violated. Curfews are also laws that effectively prohibit or limit the right to

be out in public at certain times, or in some cases, require businesses to close their doors during

certain hours. There are three main types of curfew laws; namely, juvenile curfew laws, emergency

curfew laws, and business curfew laws. These are laws that commonly used by different country

across the globe to protect their people and have a safe community on their respective places. It is

common among citizens to ask on the services delivered by the government and assess the

effectiveness as well as the benefits of the programs, projects and even proposed bill that will

directly affect the community. The country has the responsibility of preserving the welfare of its

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people. It is by practicing and performing what the law stated to protect the community and the

country for the common good of everyone. People should also understand that the government has

the right to impose what do they think is good for many vice versa, the government should hear

his people of the effects of their actions toward the mainstream of their decisions.

For the past administrations in the Philippines, there are different curfews imposed by the

legislative and even local ordinance which promotes anti-hazards, anti-crimes and anti-violence

program. It is indeed an ideal proposition of providing a safe and sound environment among

Filipinos who are weak on the disadvantageous effects of changing generations from a more

liberated one. In connection to crimes, adult are not just prone of it even children. The

manifestations of curfew in the country were based on rampant news of killings which involves

minors. Another indexes of it is the habitual activities of Filipinos that causes disturbance in the

community such as singing using Karaoke until dawn, drinking or having party on the streets and

gang-war participated by different fraternities or street children. In the advent of changing society,

people are vulnerable of adapting on changes. However, in proper guidance of the state, it is

possible that people acquire what is due to surpass endeavors. It is the utmost purpose of the study

to evaluate the deterrent effects of curfew among chosen community of Sumacab Este , that

imposed various local ordinances for curfews on habitual activities, minor welfare, safety and

security measures to empower the law of the country. It is the role of the researchers to gather

appropriate data of responses from the respondents and deliver public information on the

perceptions of local government officials and concern citizens with regards to the effectiveness on

the imposed curfews in the community.

The present study is going to be tackled by the researchers, they want to identify whether

this security measure like curfew hours can really help the authorities to prevent or even just to

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have some reductions and deterrence crimes although the present studies does not compromise to

the offenders of the effectiveness of this implementation of curfew hours adopted to control the

different crimes might be happened in the place.

The researchers wondering into the subject whether these measures really effective.

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Conceptual Framework

The study deals with the Effectiveness Of, implementation of curfew hours is often

assumed to reduce crime without question. However, there is a growing body of evidence

indicating that these measures lead to no change in crime levels, or even an increase in crime.

To further discuss the conceptual framework in this study Figure 1 present the paradigm

, the independent variables deals with the demographic Profile of the respondents in terms of :Age

Gender Educational Attainment Civil status, number of siblings ,Years of residency,

effectiveness of curfew hours in the prevention of crimes, problems encountered y the residents

dependent variables deals with the Effectiveness of Implementation of curfew hours

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INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLES

1 The demographic
Profile of the
respondents
2 Effectiveness of
curfew hours In
Effectiveness of
prevention/reduction Implementation
of crimes of curfew hours
3. problems
encountered BY Brgy.
residents with
regards to
implementation of
curfew hours

Figure 1

Paradigm of the Study

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Statement Of The Problem

This study entitled, “Effectiveness of Curfew Hours in Brgy sumacab Este Cabanatuan

City

Specifically the present study seeks answers the following questions.

1. How may the profile of the respondents be described with respect to:

a. gender;

b. age;

c. civil status;

d. Educational Attainment ;

e. number of siblings ,

f. Years of residency,

2. What is the level of effectiveness of curfew hours in the prevention of crimes?

3. What are the problems encountered by the residents with regards to curfew hours?

4. . What is the implication of the study to peace and order to the research locale?

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Scope and Delimitation

This study focuses to the Effectiveness of Curfew Hours in Brgy sumacab Este Cabanatuan

City , the respondents of the present study are the residents of Brgy. Sumacab Este Cabanatuan

City ,selected through quota sampling .This study covers the period from November 2019 to

March 2020.

Significance of The Study

To the Respondents - this study will provide baseline information if really curfew hours

can reduce crimes or not in this regards , they can have the enough knowledge for providing an

adopted measures regarding the issues.

To the community - This study will also benefit the public who will be receiving utmost

care/ services from the implemented curfew hours. Especially barangay officials , through the

output of the study they may encourage to carry out a comprehensive review of the policy. The

outcome will be a decision to adopt a new strategy which placed strong emphasis on the use of

quality security measures like what is mentioned in the study to create safer and more secure

communities like Brgy. Sumacab Este Cabanatuan City

The Researchers(Criminology Students)- This study will motivate the future police

officers to consider the importance of security measures like curfew hours to visualize if ever

there is unfavorable events/circumstances in the place they will be assigned in the future.

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Definition of Terms

Terms are defined operationally in order to give a clear and better understanding the study.

Preventing - To keep from happening; make impossible by prior action; deterring

Crime Deterrence- To deter someone from doing something means to make them not want

to do it or continue doing it

Monitoring - is the regular observation and recording of activities taking place in a project

or programmed. It is a process of routinely gathering information on all aspects of the project,

supervising activities in progress to ensure they are on-course and on-schedule in meeting the

objectives and performance targets.

Surveillance – The observation of person, place or things, generally, but not necessary, in

unobtrusive manner. Although the word surveillance literally means (in French) "to watch from

above" (i.e. a Gods-eye view looking down from on-high) the term is often used for all forms of

observation, not just visual observation.

Security System/measures - a system that enforces boundaries between computer net

works. It is an electrical devise that sets off an alarm when someone tries to break in IP Network

Monitor - a device that displays images or symbols generated by computers.

Enforcement Officer - is any public-sector employee or agent whose duties involve the

enforcement of laws.

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 Theft - is the illegal taking of another persons property without that persons freely-given

consent. The word is also used as an informal shorthand term for some crimes against property,

such as burglary,15 embezzlement, larceny, looting, robbery, shoplifting, fraud and sometimes

criminal conversion. Digital

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 Chapter 2

Review to Related literature

Foreign Literature

According to the study of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs as cited by Villarica (2011), the

most immediate concern of people is physical safety from violence. Even after the bulk of fighting

is over, physical insecurity is often pervasive throughout society from politically motivated

violence, rampant gunfire, and retaliation by former enemies, gender-based violence, landmines,

and emerging armed criminal elements. State authority and security institutions, meanwhile, are

likely to be politicized, part of the problem, and severely impaired or nonexistent, creating a

security vacuum that insurgents, terrorists, extremists, or criminals will seek to fill. The security

threats in ransitional environments call for a dual capability to subdue large-scale threats to

the peace process while also maintaining public order. This concept provides the researcher to

profoundly study the relevance of safety among communities and the level of their understanding

on the functions of National security on their places. It is a common endeavor of every Filipinos

to be a victim of crimes and disturbance or scandals which according to Maslow people needs a

safe and comfortable environment which free of hazards and they can live freely according to their

will. This entails that A country’s recovery from violent conflict depends first and foremost on the

establishment of security. Without security, parties to the conflict will not lay down their arms,

and a country will never progress beyond a state of siege and will remain stagnant in its economic,

political, and social development. People will refrain from resuming normal activities that are

fundamental to a healthy and vibrant society, like sending their children to school, opening shops

for business, or traveling to the market. Civilian agencies will be unable to begin laying the critical

foundation for promoting the rule of law, good governance, economic growth, and healthy social

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development. The enacting of teenage curfew laws in American cities such as Dallas, Texas is a

good idea. Such laws can decrease the juvenile crime rate and provide an opportunity for teens

who are at risk to become delinquents to receive needed help. Over the past several years, concerns

about juvenile crime and teenager safety have led to many American Cities to enact teenager

curfew laws. I agree with the enacting of these laws. One reason I believe that teenager curfew

laws should be effective in many communities is because of the high rate of juvenile crime. If there

are fewer teens in the street there will be fewer crimes will be committed by and against juveniles.

Although a nationwide study has never been conducted on curfews' effectiveness in reducing

juvenile crime, cities that enforced them have reported a decline in the rate of juvenile crime rates.

In Dallas, Texas where a curfew for youths under age 17 took effect in May 1994, police reports

show violent crime by juveniles has decreased by 30.3% and overall juvenile crime has decreased

by 20.7% (Teen Curfews). In December of 1997, according to the timeline Milestones in teen

curfews in the United States, the National Council of Mayors concluded that cities that impose

youth curfews experienced a significant decrease in juvenile crimes. Another reason I believe it

will be beneficial to have a curfew is because these curfews provide an opportunity for teens who

are at risk for becoming delinquents to get needed help. Gregory Bodenhamer says curfew laws

are "one of the most dependable, least intrusive methods to identify and help children neglectful

and chaotic families that produce most of the nation's young criminals. "Law-enforcement officials

say this about curfew laws; they are a straight forward practice and enforceable way to fight

juvenile crime. They also say that any infringements on juvenile liberty will be outweighed by the

safety benefits of curfews will bring. These are just several reasons I believe enacting a curfew

will be very beneficial for youth Americans. We can use cities such as Dallas, Texas as an example

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of how when a youth curfew is applied, it can decrease the juvenile crime rate and make better

communities all across America.

https://www.scribd.com/doc/31337943/The-Benefits-of-Teenage-Curfew-Laws

Youth curfews have become a popular tool for combating juvenile delinquency. A survey

by Rue.e and Reynolds (1996a) found that 146 of the 200 American cities with

Population above 100,000 had curfew laws on the books, with 110 having enacted or

revised their ordinances between 1990 and 1995.A subsequent study by the U.S.

Conference of Mayors (1997) found that 80% of the 347 cities with population over 30,000

had youth curfews.

Despite their popularity with local governments, existing studies and little evidence to

support the notion that curfews are effective at reducing crime (Males and Macallair, 1999;

McDowell et al., 2000; Reynolds et al., 2000).1 This paper reassesses this conclusion, extending

the literature by combining newly collected data on local ordinances with an event study research

design comparing the arrest behavior of various age-groups within a city before and after curfew

enactment. A key contributions the separate assessment of the impact of curfew ordinances, which

normally only apply to youth under the age of 16 or 17, on arrests of youth subject to the curfew

Law and those above the cities statutory maximum curfew age. Analyzing both sets of impacts is

important because curfew policies can be thought of as constituting two treatments, each applying

to a different set of age groups. The rest treatment, the statutory treatment, is that of being subject

to a curfew citation, .ne, temporary detention, or whatever punishment is statutorily prescribed for

curfew violations by minors. This treatment only affects those youth under the statutory curfew

age. The second treatment, the statistical discrimination treatment, is that of being subject to lower

standards of probable cause as a result of ones perceived youth. Police are unlikely to be able to

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distinguish ex-ante between young people just above and below the curfew age. Thus, for adjacent

age-groups curfews should raise the probability of being stopped or searched by an amount that

depends very little on one’s actual age. The possibility of this second effect is frequently cited by

the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) as an argument for reversing such ordinances on the

grounds that they constitute violations of fundamental civil liberties. Constitutional issues aside,

both treatments should be of interest to economists.

The statutory treatment represents the deterrent e¤ect of the curfews statutory sanctions.

Identifying this effect tells us how much crime could be reduced by raising penalties or

increasing enforcement of curfew ordinances.2 It also implicitly provides an estimate of an

important margin in the economics of crime: the substitutability of criminal activity across time.3

Indeed, if, as in basic economic models (Becker,1968), crime is a purposive activity, then curfews

should only reduce delinquency if the technology used to produce this behavior is imperfectly

substitutable between curfew and non-curfew hours.

The statistical discrimination treatment tells us the impact of weakening Fourth

Amendment protections against unreasonable search and seizure. Estimates of this margin are

important not only for those interested in evaluating the costs and benefits of the age discrimination

implicit in youth curfews, but those involved in recent debates over racial prolong and national

security. Furthermore, these estimates are closely tied to the elasticity of criminal behavior with

respect to the probability of detection, a key parameter in Becker’s classic model.

Under the assumption that police cannot distinguish between adjacent ages extant,

comparisons of the response of age-groups just below the curfew age to those just above will

estimate the statutory treatment effect. Similarly, statistical discrimination effects can be estimated

by comparing the response of age-groups just above the curfew age to those several years older.

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The presence of non-trivial statutory or statistical discrimination effects may also induce a second

order effect on the crime rates of adults due to cross-age interactions. These effects on adults may

be identified provided curfew laws are not enacted in response to trends in adult crime, a condition

which appears to be satisfied in the data. To preview the results and strong evidence of persistent

statutory treatment effects on criminal behavior. Arrests for offenses appear to fall by around 10%

in the three years following curfew enactment. Though the results are imprecise, there do appear

to be spillover e¤ects on young adults and adults over age 25, with both groups exhibiting roughly

equivalent declines in arrests in response to enactment. Hence, the data are less supportive of

statistical discrimination effects than the hypothesis that criminal propensity is positively

dependent across age groups.

Local Literature

In most of the Barangays in the Philippines, effects of the observance of competency

measures of Barangay officials are monitored rarely and in some cases it is measured subjectively

thru intuition and feelings. This method does not provide effective measures of competency of

elected local government officials. The proponent thought of a way to assess the competency

measure of Barangay council in San Jose, Sto. Tomas, Batangas to propose a policy that will

provide an instrument of evaluation that will strongly monitor and control the performance and

competence of the Sangguniang Barangay. In this study, the proponent assessed the competency

measures of Barangay Council in San Jose, Sto. Tomas, Batangas. Based on the findings, the

Sangguniang Barangay (Punong Barangay and Sangguniang Barangay Members) strongly believe

that they are competent in performing their duties and functions. On the other hand, the selected

respondents are uncertain of their performances. The Punong Barangay strongly believes that he

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is performing his job well. However, the selected respondents are uncertain of the competence of

their Punong Barangay. During the document review, it was found out that no policy was enacted

related to competency measures. In addition, most of the enacted policies lie on the provision of

basic services and facilities that must be offered by the barangay with respect to Local Government

Code of 1991. These statements justify the need of assessing competency measures of Barangay

Council in San Jose, Sto. Tomas, Batangas. Three policy alternatives were developed as possible

solutions to address the problem, namely: 1.) Formalize and institutionalize the existing method

of competency measurement, 2.) Revise competency measures based on Local Government Code

of 1991, and 3.) Propose competency measures based on Best Practices.

Key Words: competency measures; barangay council; policy study; local government code of

1991; policy evaluation and alternatives

As prescribed in 1987 Constitution of the Philippines (Article XI) Accountability of Public

Officers, Section 1. Public Office is a public trust and in Republic Act No. 6713. Code of Conduct

and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees, we must be serious in effective and

efficient measurement and monitoring of the competency of Local Government Officials.

The 1991 Local Government Code (LGC) stresses the democratization of power as a mode of

decentralization. The LGC mandates the BDC (Barangay Development Council) primarily to

prepare, implement, monitor and evaluate development programs and projects. Hence the

formulation of the Barangay Development Plan (BDP) is mandated under the provisions of the

Local Government Code of 1991.

` Based on a survey conducted by the DILG (May 2007), less than 50% of the barangay

development councils are active and less than 70% of the barangays prepare a comprehensive

barangay development plan. Major reason for this inactiveness is the lack of the capacity of the

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BDC to perform its mandated task. For this reason, most BDCs are in need of technical assistance

in formulating the barangay development plan, and to ensure that the planning processes involve

broader participation.

`The basic political unit in the Philippines is Barangay. It serves as the primary planning

and implementing unit of government policies, plans, programs, projects, and activities in the

community. The most powerful government officials in the Barangay are the Punong Barangay

and the Sangguniang Barangay Members. Every barangay has a Punong Barangay, Seven

Sangguniang Barangay Members, Sangguniang Kabataan Chairperson, Barangay Secretary and

Barangay Treasurer. They are meant to exercise executive and legislative powers. In accordance

with Local Government Code of 1991, the chief executive of the Barangay is given with executive

power for efficient, effective and economical governance, the purpose of which is the general

welfare of the Barangay and its inhabitants. On the other hand, the Sangguniang Barangay

Members shall enact ordinances as may be necessary to discharge the responsibilities conferred

upon it by law or ordinance and to promote the general welfare of the inhabitants therein.

http://www.dlsu.edu.ph/conferences/dlsu_research_congress/2015/proceedings/LCCS/011LCS_

Caldo_RB.pdf

Various crimes happen in every society. Crimes can be considered petty such as theft or it

can be heinous such as kidnap and murder. Therefore in order to minimize the occurrence of

crimes, maintaining peace and order is essential. This is where the role of the police and military

comes in. These organizations are the hands of the government in handling the maintenance of

overall peace and order in the country.

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 In the barangay level, the maintenance of peace and order is administered by the peace and

order committee headed by the Barangay Captain. This study aims to describe how peace and order

is maintained in the barangay. In addition, this research will compare the processes and strategies

and describe the capacity of peace and order committee of the subject barangays namely, Barangay

Teacher’s Village East, UP Village, and Pansol. Further this research will identify some of the

major challenges that the peace and order committee faces. Hence this study may give insights to

policy makers for the improvement on the administration of peace and order in the barangays. The

motivation for this study is out of the concern for students I know who failed to avail dormitories

in UP Diliman. So another goal of this research is to provide useful information that will help UPD

students in the selection of boarding houses in the vicinity of the campus in terms of security

https://camilleannedt.wordpress.com/2014/12/18/peace-and-order-keeping-for-security-

barangay-level/

According to Angelo Reyes (2011) , the late Secretary of the Department of Energy on

that time his message before he signed the document, about the Roadway Lighting Guidelines,

addresses the need to provide guidelines to design, construct and manage safe and energy-efficient

road lighting systems in the Philippines Reyes(2010) said that Much of our roadway lighting

systems today are lamentably poorly designed. Excessively illuminated places, improperly

installed lighting fixtures, inefficiently used lamps, and the absence of lighting, when necessary,

are the perennial cause of social problems such as unpaid electric bills by the local government

units, increased crime rate, and vehicular accidents, due to the improperly lighted roadways.

The social cost of inefficient roadway lighting will produce environmental cost. Inefficient

lighting will waste energy. When energy is inefficiently used, it simply add greenhouse gas

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emissions (GHGs) to the atmosphere. GHGs are pinpointed to be the main culprit for climate

change. It is high time for us to be conscious of our environment, and I laud our professionals for

recognizing this phenomenon.

(http://www.undp.org.ph/Downloads/knowledge_products/20110524%20-

NV%20KPs/Roadway_Lighting_Guidelines_%28v._2008%29.)

The Philippine National Police is committed to ensuring public safety and reducing the fear

and the incidence of crime in the community. But there are many things each and every community

member can do to reduce his or her chances of becoming a victim or prevent the incidence of crime

from happening. There are crime prevention tips for the home, business, yourself and the family.

The PNP urge to familiarize everybody with the information contained in this literature and to

make crime prevention, awareness and education a part of everyday life. The PNP gave the Crime

Prevention Tips such as the following: (Get to know your neighbors and all those residing in your

street. They will be your partners in watching the activities in your block.; Organize a Street Watch

composed of neighbors as members. Be concerned and cooperate in watching activities on the

block and reporting unusual or suspicious behavior to the police and the Street Watch Officer.;

Exchange names, home and work telephone numbers among members. Prepare diagram of the

block or neighborhood where you belong for easy identification of households in case an

emergency or crime incident occurs. The diagram should contain the house number, telephone

numbers and occupants' names. The emergency and police department telephone numbers should

be included in the diagram; Look after you neighbor’s house when he is away and ask him to look

after yours. This includes collecting your mail, newspapers and other deliveries which would

indicate at a glance that no one is home ;Attend meetings called by your Street Watch Officer.

Find out about the crime situation in your area and what you can do about them. Share information

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and experiences with your neighbors; Get to know your police chief and members of the police

station in your area. Write down the station’s emergency hotline number in a place you can easily

see in case you will need police advise or assistance. Use your police force – they are ready, willing

and able to keep you, your family and your neighborhood safe and sound.(http://pnp

pro7.org/crimeprevention.html,2012)

The economic model of crime developed by Becker(1968) is used as a theoretical basis for

this study. InThis model, individuals are characterised as beingTG; rational decision makers who

maximize their utilities by responding to opportunities, both legitimate andIllegitimate. The

rational individual decides which activities to undertake by examining the expected returns from

all opportunities. If a legitimate activity 80 for an individual has a greater return, then the

individual. Takes advantage of that opportunity. If, however, an illegal activity has a greater return.

The individual commits the criminal act. With regards to the impact of a curfew on utility, it is

reasonable to assume 85 that a curfew would have a negative impact on a teenager’s utility because

the curfew would reduce the amount of time that a teenager has to engage in activities, both benign

and criminal.

2 municipalities in the country has its own Katarungang Pambarangay. The municipality of Siniloan, Laguna has

twenty (20) barangays that implement the Katarungang Pambarangay in their own locality. It is an interesting subject

of study how the Katarungang Pambarangay in Siniloan, Laguna is being implemented by the different barangays.

AN ORIDINACE SETING”CURFEW HOURS” FOR MINORS TO ROAM,OR PLAY ON

STREETS ,ROADS,PLAZA,PARKS OR OTHER PUBLIC PLACE OR ESTABLISHMETS IN

THE CITY AND PROVIDING FOR OHTER

Be it enacted by the Sangguniang Barangay of BROOKSIDE BARANGAY assembled:

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- No minors shall roam, loaf in the street or public places during curfew hour from 9:00 P.M. to

5:00 A.M.

- During curfew hours no minors shall be allowed in the streets, commercial establishments,

recreation centers, or any other areas outside the immediate vicinity of their residence except:

· College and/or high school students under the age of 16 shall be exempted from the coverage

of this Ordinance: Provided, That they can show valid certification from their respective deans and

principals that their class schedules do not permit them to go home before the curfew period

established or that a special school undertaking requires them to stay within the curfew period; and

Provided, further, That the concerned children can show proofs of identification and enrolment.

· Those accompanied by their parents, family members of legal age, or guardian upon proper

verification

· Those running lawful errands such as buying of medicines, using of telecommunication

facilities for emergency purposes and the like;· Students of night school and those who by

virtue of their employment are required to stay in the streets or outside their residence after ten

o’clock in the evening (10:00 pm);

· Those working at night, provided that minors falling under these categories shall secure a

certification from their Punong Barangay exempting them from the coverage of this ordinance, or

present a document or identification proving their qualification under such category.

· Church members below 16 years of age who are involved in church or other religious

activities shall be exempted from the coverage; provided that they can show valid certification

from the head or leader of the religious organizations or denominations stating that the said

scheduled activities do not permit them to go home before the curfew period established.

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1 Existence of curfew in Valenzuela City In relations to the city ordinance of Valenzuela city

mentioned by Caina (2011), The Valenzuela City Government strictly implements the

Sangguniang Panlungsod Ordinance No. 13, series of 211, and otherwise known as,

“The Internet Ordinance of Valenzuela City,” beginning with a massive poster and tarpaulin

campaign around the city. The campaign aims to inform the public that in Valenzuela City, minors,

or any person below 18 years old, are allowed at internet cafés, and computer rental and gaming

shops from 4:00 p.m. to 9:30 p.m. only. Tarpaulins were installed at conspicuous areas around the

city and posters are being placed at internet cafés, and computer rental and gaming shops, to

spread awareness among the owners and operators of such establishments that a new local law to

regulate their operation is in force. The simply designed poster, featuring clear-cut text and a sketch

of a school-age girl in front of a personal computer stamped with a red caution symbol, is one of

the series of posters and tarpaulins released by the Office of the City Mayor, through the Public

Information Office (PIO), along with the posters/tarpaulins against selling of liquor and tobacco

products to minors, and posters/tarpaulins on the prohibited hours of selling liquor and alcoholic

products in the city. The concept of this literature provides empirical evidence among researchers

that there are existing ordinances or law in place of study. It is the utmost reason why

the proponents pursue the study and to assess the effectiveness of the implementation of different

curfews in the city. The City of Valenzuela are rigidly employed the law and they followed what

is due for the community. The study will

2.1.2

Curfew and its classifications

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According to the community issues and social retribution by Knowles (2011), there are certain

types of curfews implemented by different places which apply according to the demographic

location as needed by the community. It is defined according to the following classifications:

Juvenile Curfews Law

It is set by state and local governments, juvenile curfew laws are intended to restrict the hours

during which minors are allowed to be out in public. After the designated time, anyone under 18

years of age is prohibited from being on the streets or patronizing a business. The purpose of

juvenile curfew laws is to prevent criminal activity and protect the health and welfare of minors.

Emergency curfew

During times of crisis, catastrophe, or natural disaster, the government may choose to enact

emergency curfews that set restrictions for all citizens. Some historical reasons for emergency

curfews have included hurricanes, blizzards, wildfires, public riots, and dangerous fugitives. When

an emergency curfew is put into place, the local government typically specifies certain conditions.

For instance, citizens may still be permitted to travel to and from critical job duties or for

emergency reasons.

Business curfew

In some cities, business curfew laws restrict the operating hours of certain public establishments,

such as grocery stores, restaurants, and liquor stores. These laws are typically enacted in areas with

high levels of crime, loitering, and otherwise disorderly conduct. Local governments can choose

to activate business curfews for selected time periods in response to criminal activity and large

crowd size

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The following classifications indicated by knowles in his study will be the basis of the curfews

that will be assess by the proponents. It is the utmost purpose of the study to assess the following

curfews that Valenzuela city has.

2.2.3 Curfew as tools for eliminating crimes

According to the study of crime prevention of Alonzo (2011), Cities across the country have used

youth curfews to address growing public concern about juvenile crime and violence. By reducing

the number of youth on the street during certain hours, curfews are assumed to lower the risk

factors associated with youth crime. In addition to preventing crime, the curfews are also argued

to protect youth from dangerous situations. Curfews have been widely cited by policy makers as

an effective tool for reducing crime while academic research shows mixed results. A multi-layered

approach is suggested to reduce juvenile crime, including graffiti removal and prevention, after

school and evening programs, employment programs, mentorship, and early childhood

intervention. Although these tools may not completely eradicate the issue, it may provide a starting

point in crime prevention. This also recommend that an evidence-based process carried out by a

select group of professionals, experts, and key stakeholders be used to determine how and what

tools and strategies best will work for Columbia The emerging impact of curfew in the Philippines

defines how important to assess the evident result of the law implementation. This premise will

support how the respondents will deal to the evaluation that they will conduct in the city of

Valenzuela.

2.2.4 Graffiti offenders: Juvenile case issue

According to gang war cases study by Allen (2010), Cities have used a variety of approaches to

counter the prevalence of graffiti, especially gang related graffiti. There are two overarching

strategies that can be taken when dealing with graffiti: remove it and prevent it. Most cities attack

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graffiti with both strategies. Graffiti reporting hotlines, neighborhood volunteer groups, and

dedicated graffiti removal staff are the most

common tools used for the removal graffiti. Graffiti abatement or prevention can be approached

by going after graffiti artist or taggers themselves or by creating physical surfaces that are difficult

or less desirable to deface. Arresting graffiti offenders can be difficult as it is hard to link one

person to multiple incidences of graffiti in an area. A far more effective approach is to provide

programs that keep youth from ever becoming involved in graffiti or gangs in the first place.

Landscaping, outdoor lighting, rough surfaces, and public art are used to make areas more difficult

and less desirable to vandalize. This issue mentioned by Allen is an example of issues that the

proponents would like to know if it was solve by the implementation of the law. Not only gan-war

and but habitual disturbances in community will be assess by the proponents utilizing responses

according to the respondents’ perception

2.2.5 Environmental hazards: Curfew as safety precautionary measures

As cited in Advancing social Science Journal (2015), The Philippines is particularly vulnerable to

typhoons, floods, earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions. These disasters can

easily set back development and economic gains and can cause disruptions in communication and

transportation. Some 15 typhoons

impacted the Philippines’ area of responsibility in 2015. On November 8, 2013,

Typhoon Haiyan hit with record-breaking sustained winds of over 195 miles per hour and sea level

storm surges of over 13 feet. Over 16 million people were affected by the storm, including at least

6,000 deaths and over 27,000 injuries. In 2013, USAID provided over US$50 million in disaster

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assistance for Typhoon Haiyan. These issues were address by the government on zero-casualties

by providing precautionary measure in all parts of the country. The local government will provide

curfews during disaster like typhoons and floods to ensure the safety of the locals. This article will

support the ideas of the researchers to assess the precautionary measures efficiency of the

Valenzuela city in connection to environmental curfew that they imposed specifically during

typhoon or disaster.

2.2.6 House bill 1035

Karaoke curfew

As cited in Philippine Star (2016), the anti-videoke bill has been filed by Quezon Representative

Angelina Tan, the bill prohibits use of loud musical instruments, and other sound-amplifying

equipment past 10 p.m. Anyone who violates the law will be punished with a fine of one thousand

pesos, or worse, may face imprisonment of not more than six months. The license of businesses

that violate may also be revoked. This law is one of the examples of business curfew that is

nationwide implemented in the country to avoid noise disturbance in the community. It is part of

the research to evaluate if this was currently followed by the community.

2.2.7 Safe Neighborhood

According to study of safe neighborhood by Sampson (2010), Neighborhoods with high levels of

crime are often densely populated, mixed use (businesses and residences in the same area) areas,

with concentrated poverty, a transient population, a high proportion of single-parent households,

and dilapidated buildings. Children and adolescents living in neighborhoods characterized by

crime or disorganization are more likely to become victims of violent crime and to perpetrate acts

of violence. Children who witness crime and violence are more likely to experience social and

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emotional problems such as aggression, stress, and withdrawal, as well as delinquency and low

school achievement. This concept entails of the importance of safe and sound environment for

children and members of the family. It is important that people should consider the progress of the

children to ensure that they will develop as better individual by acquiring positive environment

and ideal attitude. The researcher will assess how ideal their community with the help of curfew

as an instrument to a safe environment.

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Jun T. CASTRO (2006) Associate ProfessorSchool of Urban and Regional PlanningUniversity
of the Philippines E. Jacinto St. Diliman, Quezon City 1101
Philippines

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