Small Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Final Report ChE 0101 Group A-4 By. Aaron Guche, Caleb Heftight, Farhan Ahmed, Patrick Flaherty, Jean Fiore, Luke Barone, Tanner Boyle 12/5/2016Table of Contents Page Nomenclature 2 1.0 Introduction and Background 3 2.0 Experimental Methodology 6 2.1 Experiment and Apparatus 2.2 Experimental Procedures 3.0 Results 8 4.0 Analysis and Discussion of Results 12 5.0 Summary and Conclusion 14 6.0 Appendix 16 6.1 Steady State Data for All Trials 6.2 Sample Calculations 7.0 References 29Nomenclature Variable Definition Units M Mass flow rate of the system kg/min [on Specific heat capacity of water Meee aT ‘Temperature change that occurs °c within a single fluid Quse Measure of how much heat energy w has been lost within a system U Overall heat transfer coefficient Wim?eC ATs Average temperature change that °c occurs between two fluids F Correction Factor 96 Heat transfer surface area1.0 Introduction and Background Heat exchangers are a vital part of chemical engineering process designs, To illustrate, in prototype testing, an inventor discovers that his new device is prone to overheating, even though heat sinks are already installed to provide cooling to the system. To solve this problem, the that is engineer decides to install a heat exchanger into the system. A heat exchanger is a devis commonly used when heat sinks alone cannot prevent a device from overheating [1]. The most well-known application of heat exchangers are car raiiators. Radiators use antifreeze to transfer heat energy from the engine, to the air surrounding the car [1] ‘There are many different types of heat exchangers, each having various applications. Three examples include regenerative, plate, and shell and tube heat exchangers. Regenerative heat exchangers are a unique type of heat exchanger that are used to maintain atemperature, rather than vary it. In order to achieve this, initial thermal energy from a fluid is used to reheat that same uid asitloses its thermal energy throughout the process. Due to the nature of this heat exchanger, very little extemal energy is required to maintain the overall temperature of the heat exchanger Conversely, plate heat exchangers have many thin plates inside with small gaps between each plate, Altemating fluid then flows through each gap, causing the two fluids to exchange thermal energy. This type of heat exchanger can be used to either cool, orheat a uid, Plate heat exchangers are commonly used in household refrigerators [2]. Similar to a plate heat exchanger, a shell and tube heat exchanger utilizes two separate fluids to transfer thermal energy from one to the other To achieve this, one fluid is routed through a tube inside a hollow shell. The shell has the second uid flowing through it, allowing heat to transfer between the two Shell and tube heat exchangers are used widely in many different chemical processes because of their numerous advantages. Shell and tube heat exchangers are capable of having a large surface area for heat transfer to take place. This is because of their numerous tubes. This design also minimizes the necessary overall length [3]. Shell and tube heat exchangers also offer alot of versatility when it comes to operating pressure and temperature. Since there are limited pressure and temperature restrictions, small shell and tube heat exchangers can accommodate a higher heat duty. This is because additions can be made to neglect thermal expansion effects as well as variations to the thickness of the exchanger [4]. From a design perspective, the thickness4 is easily varied, making them very adaptable. The number of tubes and different types of baffles needed can be designed and implemented based off of specific operation conditions [4] One of the main concems with shell and tube heat exchangers is they are susceptible to vibration problems caused from the fluid flowing throughout the pipes. Although the bafiles within the system help hold these tubes in place to reduce vibrations, problems can still arise [3] ‘Another concem is the maintenance of the tubes, which can be difficult, Because of this, fouling can occur. Buildup can greatly affect the overall heat transfer coefficient and efficiency of the unit [3]. When assessing these issues, observations of the heat energy gained orlost by the system must be accomplished, For this experiment the equation used to determine this energy is (CpAT. @) Mis the mass flow rate of the water, and is a measure of the flow of water into the system. In order for proper calculations, datamust be collected when the system is at steady state, Cpis the speci heat capacity of the material, which is the amount of energy per unit mass required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree. ATis the change in temperature of the fluid throughout the system. This calculation is done for the cold and hot side of the heat exchanger to obtain Qou and Que To determine the efficiency of the unit, the equation Qhor= Qrota* Qoss Q) can be used to determine Quss. This quantity wil determine how much heat has been lost during the experiment, Since the shell-side is the hot side, some of the energy escapes through conduction to the outside environment, contributing to this value. For an efficient system, Quss should be minimized Another calculation used when analyzing heat exchange is calculating heat transfer between two elements, The equation used is Q=UAATHF. @)Uis the overall heat transfer coefficient. This heat transfer coefiicient is a function of the uid properties and material composition of the heat exchanger. U varies based on the design of the heat exchanger. Qin this equation is calculated from Equation 1, and is the energy gained or lost by the system. Fis a correction factor that must be used for this heat exchanger to accommodate for concurrent or parallel flow in the heat exchanger. In opposition, counter current flow occurs when the streams are flowing in opposite directions. This leads to a constant flow of heat at each point of contact and ahigher rate ofheat transfer. For this heat exchanger Fis 0.96. Ais the heat transfer surface area for the tubes which is 50 square inches. AT is the log mean temperature difference and can be calculated by using the equation (AT2-ATI)An(T2AT1) @) where ATI and AT? are AT2= T(hot, in) - T(cold,out), 6) and ATI = Thhot out) - T(cold,in) © ‘The log mean temperature difference is unlike the other AT’s calculated in previous equations. It is the temperature difference between two streams. In previous calculations, AT was simply the temperature change over each single stream analyzed. Since in the system, temperatures are constantly changing along a path, the log mean temperature difference is used to give an average temperature gradient ‘The two technical objectives of the experiment are to evaluate the effect of the tube-side flow rate and shell-side flow rate on the steady-state heat duty and the overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger. To accomplish this, flow rates were adjusted on one side, while keeping the other side constant. The data used from steady state was used to determine how a difference in flow rate affected the calculated values.2.0 Experimental Methodology 2.1 Experiment and Apparatus ‘The apparatus used in the experiment was a small shell and tube heat exchanger, as shown in Figure 1 Hot Flow Out Hot Flow In Ei a Figure 1. Diagram of a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (Cola Flow in Baffle In Figure 1, the arrows labeled hot flow in/out denote the direction the hot side fluid flowed throughout the shell of the apparatus. A bafile within the system influenced the flow of the uid through the shell to ensure that proper mixing occurred to maximize heat transfer. ‘The arrows labeled cold flow in/out depict the flow of the cold side fluid through a bundle of tubes that travelsin an s-shaped pattern before exiting the heat exchanger. Additionally, not depicted in Figure 1 but essential to the experiment is apump for both the hot and cold fluids, valves to control the flow rate of the fluid, a heater to heat the hot side fluid, and a chiller to cool the cold side fluid. Hot side flow control valve Pump for hot side fluid Computer for Tubes for computational hot side purposes flow Cold side flow contral valve Heater for Shell and hot side tube fluid Figure 2. Apparatus and computational equipment2.2 Experimental Procedures To begin experimentation with the small shell and tube heat exchanger, the proper apparatus was set up in accordance with the LabVIEW software provided. First, the chiller was set at 20 degrees Celsius and power to all components on the heat exchanger panel were tumed on, To complete the first technical objective, the tube-side flow was varied, Initially, the tube-side valve was set at 10% open and the shell-side valve was set at 50% open. After allowing the outlet temperatures of both the tube and shell-sides to stabilize and reach steady state, the tube-side valve setting was varied, allowing it to reach steady state again. Steady state was achieved when the data plots showed that the temperatures of the corresponding data plots were level and ceased to change. This was repeated two more times and the valve settings and temperature data are summarized in Table 1. To evaluate technical objective two, the shell and tube valves were initially set again. However, this time, the shell-side flow rate was varied, The procedure settings are displayed in Table 1 Table 1. Techni: Objectives 1 & 2 Settings and Variables (Respectively) Shell-side Valve | Tube-side Valve | Chiller Temperature (C) Setting Setting 50% 10% 20 50% 30% 20 50% 60% 20 50% 100% 20 Shell-side Valve | Tube-side Valve | Chiller Temperature ((C) Setting Setting 10% 50% 20 30% 50% 20 50% 50% 20 10% 50% 203.0 Results ‘Two separate trials were conducted in this experiment, one varying the tube-side (cold side) flow rate, and the other varying the shell-side (hot side) flow rate. In the first trial, the tube-side flow rate was gradually increased, and the results have been presented in Table 2 Table 2. Tabulated heat duties, log mean temperature differences, and heat transfer coefficients when varying the tube-side valve opening. RVave |aW | AW | QW) |] Aim | UW DC) open (ec) 10% 905 1653 748 18.98 1542.7 30% 926 1685 759 15.80 1895.3 60% 925 1668 743 14.12 2119.6 100% 929 1669 739 13.63 2206.5 One important observation made from the data in Table 2 was that the amount of heat lost from the system (Qz) was roughly constant no matter how much the flow rate was increased on the tube-side, Each time the valve opening was increased, the amount ofheat lost per minute stayed constant at about 745 W. Another interesting result can be found by examining the log-mean temperature difference, which represents the temperature differential between the two fluids in the system, As the valve opening on the tube-side increased, the temperature difference decreased representing an inverse relationship. This means that as the cold side flow rate increased, the two ids became closer in temperature. Finally, it was also noticed that as the tube-side flow rate was increased the overall heat transfer coefficient (U) increased significantly. This was because the surface area of the tubes and the correction factor were constant during each trial. Additionally, the heat duty of the cold side (Q.) was also relatively constant. Therefore, the only varying quantity in th to evaluate the effect of the tube-side flow rate on the heat transfer coefficient, these values were culation of the heat transfer coefficient was the log-mean temperature difference. In order plotted against each other in Figure 3. From Figure 3 it can be seen that a power curve is avery good fit for the data with an R? value of 0.99882500.0 2000.0 as00.0 000.0 U(kW/me*°C) 500.0 00 000 2000 y= 220.77x0271 R? = 0.9988 3000 4000 rh, (g/min) soon 6000 Figure 3. Overall heat transfer coefficient vs. tube-side flow rate. In the second trial, the tube-side flow rate (cold side) was held steady while the shell-side hot side) dow rate was varied. This trial yielded some results very similar to those found when varying the tube-side flow rate but also produced some new trends. The data for the shell-side trial is presented in Table 3 Table 3. Tabulated heat duties, log mean temperature differences, and heat transfer when varying the shell-side valve opening efficients %vave | aw) | Cw] QW) | Alm | UCWim DC) Open (ec) 10% 829 1452 624 18.27 1467.4 30% 894 1574 681 15.67 1844.8 50% 897 1640 744 14.25 2035.2 70% 902 1660 758 13.52 2157.6 After examining the data in Table 3 it was found that the heat duties for both the cold side and hot side were not similar as in the first trial. Instead the heat duties for both sides increased as the shell-side flow rate increase. In particular, the heat duty for the hot side increased more than10 that for the cold side. However, when looking at the log-mean temperature difference, very similar results were observed in both trials, After comparing the detain Table 2 and Table 3, it was noticed that the ATim values varied only within a few tenths of a degree Celsius between the two trials ‘This means that the temperature difference between the two fluids in each trial was about the same no matter whether the tube-side or shell-side flow was altered. Finally, the trend that the heat transfer coefficient increased as the shell-side flow rate increased was also seen in Table 3. This matches the trend found in the first trial, The interesting part ofthis result was that the overall heat transfer coefficients were slightly lower when increasing the shell-side flow rate rather than the tube-side flow rate. Figure 4 plots the heat transfer coefficient dependent on the shell-side flow rate. The data for this trial was best represented using alogarithmic relationship resulting in an R? value of 0.988. 2000 2000 So 2 ss000 « % y = 29.509In(x) - 121.26 £ 2 = S aoe R? = 0.988 5 soo oo er ee ee a a tin, (g/min) Figure 4. Overall heat transfer coefficient vs. shell-side flow rate A third and final trial wa: onducted, varying the shell-side flow rate again while keeping the tube-side flow rate steady, to see if the data could be repeated for accuracy. This trial produced very similar results to those found in trial two which was encouraging. The data for trial three has been presented in Table 4"1 Table 4. Tabulated heat duties, log mean temperature differences, and heat transfer coefficients when varying the shell-side valve opening for the second time %vave | &CW) | QW) | QW) ] Alm | UW PC) Open (ec) 10% 870 1511 641 18.90 1489.1 30% 874 1542 667 15.44 1831.8 50% 887 1607 TA 14.02 2045.9 70% 904 1670 766 13.56 2157.1 ‘After comparing the data in Table 3 and Table 4, it can be seen that the values are extremely close for each trial. The heat duties for the cold side were allitile bit closer in value, only varying within about +20 W of each other. The hot side heat duties were about the same as well, but with a slightly larger variance of +40 W of each other. It makes sense that the hot side heat duties were alittle more skewed because that is the flow rate that was varied in these trials. On the other hand, the log mean temperature differences between trials two and three were almost identical. Only a couple tenths of a degree Celsius separated the two trials which demonstrates the accuracy of the experiment, Finally, because the heat duties and log mean temperature differences were so similar, it follows suit that the overall heat transfer coefficients between these trials resembled each other as well. The variance here was about #15 W/(m"2*C) except for the when the valve was 70% open. When the valve was 70% open, the log mean temperature differences were only separated by 0.03 degrees Celsius and the heat duties by 10 W. This is why the overall heat transfer coefficients for this run were only 0.5 Wi(m”2*C) away from each other. Figure 4 plots the heat transfer coefficient versus the shell side flow rate for trial three, After examining Figure 4, it was noticed that the data more strongly resembled a logarithmic relationship in trial three than in trial two because the R? value here was 0.9913. By comparison of trials two and three, it can clearly be seen that the data had a very good accuracy.12 2000 be 2000.0 £ ason0 5 % y = 482.24In(x) - 1939.4 S$ R?= 0.9913 > sooo oo o sooo 2000 -=«3000==« aon =s00 0 tiny, (g/min) Figure. Overall heat transfer coefficient vs. shell-side flow rate for trial 3. 4.0 Analysis and Discussion of Results ‘The underlying theory behind the trends that will be discussed can be related back to the concept of heat transfer. Heat transfer is the exchange of thermal energy between two systems. In general, energy is transferred from a higher temperature to a colder temperature, There are 3 types of heat transfers: conduction, convection, and radiation. Each type of transfer occurs with a different form of medium, Conduction involves the movement from more energetic particles to less energetic particles. The specific medium of conduction is a solid structure. Convection can be defined as heat transfer due to the motion of fluid. The medium used in this form of heat transfer are fluids. Lastly, radiation is caused by a change in electron configuration, and occurs in a vacuum. In a given system, an increase in temperature causes the molecules to vibrate, becoming ed, The mol jes then begin to start moving faster and faster. This occurs due to molecular interactions between each individual molecule. In the case of the heat exchanger, two fluids with different volumetric flow rates and temperature come into contact. The heat from the hot fluid cited the molec jes in the cold fluid. Therefore, in this experiment, convection is the primary form of heat transfer Heat transfer through convection can be broken down into two types: forced and natural convection. Inthe case of forced, there is a“forced” motion, such as a pump, or a fan, that causes13, the movement of fluids. In natural convection, heat transfer and the movement of fluid is caused by differences in densities. The system in the experiment used pumps to create the flow of water through the heat exchanger. Since the pumps are forcing the fluids to flow, a heat exchanger utilizes forced convection to transfer the heat between the two fluids. The following will describe the different trends that the provided theories support. Between the trials, various trends can be noted. The primary trend deals with the log mean temperature difference. In each trial, the log mean temperature difference decreased. In trial one, it went from 18.98 °C with a 10% tube-side valve opening to 13.36 °C with a 100% tube-side valve opening. Similarly in trial two, the log mean temperature difference decreased from 18.27°C with a 10% shell-side valve opening to 13.52 °C with a70% shell-side valve opening. A third trial, that mimicked trial two found similar results. When trial three was performed it was found that the log mean temperature difference decreased from 18.90 °C with a 10% shell-side valve opening to 13,56 °C with a 70% shell-side valve opening. The reason for this decrease was because as the volumetric flow rate of the hot and cold sides approached each other, the temperature differential balanced equally. This trend was able to be observed in all trials because each trial was given enough time for the heat transfer to reach equilibrium ‘A second trend to be noted was with Qu. In trial one, the Qr remained constant at about 745 W. In trial two, the Qr continued to increase from 624 W to 758 W. Likewise, in trial three, the Qr continued to increase from 641 W to 766 W. The major reason for the difference in Qr was due to the surroundings, In trial one, the cold side valve opening was increasing variably from 10% to 100% as the hot side remained constant at 50% valve opening. As more cold water entered the system, there was more cold fluid to absorb the constant flow of heat, allowing less heat to escape to the environment. The reason for the variation of Qq in trial two was due to the changing ratio of cold to hot water in the heat exchanger. The cold side opening in trial two was fixed at 50% while se of this, the cold side had roughly five times more water flowing through the system than the hot side initially. This resulted in more heat the hot side opening increased from 10% to 70%. B being transferred to the cold water and less being lost into the environment. However, as the hot side valve opening increased, the ratio of cold to hot water decreased. This resulted in more heat within the system, with a fixed amount of cold water. As a result, more heat escaped into the environment, resulting in the rise of Qt. This heat loss can also be observed in the hot side heat duty of trials two and three. The hot side heat duty increased from 1452 W to 1660 W for trial two14 and 1511 W to 1670 W for trial three. The more hot water added to the system, the more heat lost to the environment, The final trend that can be noted in the experiment was with the heat transfer coefficient (U). The heat transfer coefficient is a quantitative characteristic of convective heat transfer between a fluid medium and the surface the fluid Sows over. U represents how well heat is conducted by amedium. In theory, these U values should be equal to each other because the system remained the same, According to the equation of the heat transfer coefficient, the heat duty for the cold side, correction factor, surface area, and log mean temperature difference were the factors that affected the coefficient Since correction factor and surface area were constant in this experiment, the heat duty for the cold side and log mean temperature difference were the only factors influencing the coefficient. In trial one, there was little variation in the heat duty for the cold side, meaning the log mean temperature significantly influenced U. However, in trials two and three, U was affected by both the heat duty and log mean temperature difference, since the heat duty for the cold side was observed changing. Thet is why the U observed throughout the trials were slightly different. For example, U was 1542.7 Wim"2*°C*min when the tube-side valve ‘was opened 10% in trial one, 1467.4 W/m*2*°C*min when the shell-side valve was opened 10% in trial two, and 1489.1 Wim”2*°C*min when the shell-side valve was opened 10% in trial three In finding that the data in trials one and two were adequate, trial three was performed just as an extrarun to “back up” the existing data This, “back-up,” correctly showed that the data taken was precise and accurate throughout the lab 5.0 Summary and Conclusion Ultimately, the goal of this experiment was to determine the effects of altering the flow rates of a small shell and tube heat exchanger. The two technical objectives of the experiment were to evaluate the effect of variations in flow of the cold, tube-side, and hot, shell-side of a shell and tube heat exchanger. These changes were observed through the steady-state heat duty and the overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger. From the results, it can be concluded that as the flow rate of a shell and tube heat exchanger is altered, an effect on the heat duties, log mean temperature difference, and the heat transfer coefficient can be observed. When the cold side flow rate was incremented, the resulting heat duties for the cold side and hot side increased proportionately, resulting in a constant Quss. When the hot side flow rate was15 incremented, both the heat duties of the cold side and hot side again increased, but the heat duty of the hot side increased at a faster rate. This resulted in more energy lost. These results were confirmed when trial three was run, Although, the slight increase of Quin trials two and three did not have a noticeable effect on the log mean temperature difference and the heat transfer coefficient trends. All three of the trials noticed a decrease of the log mean temperature difference and an increase of the heat transfer coefficient as the flow rate for the heat exchanger increased. This means that increasing flow allows for more heat to be transferred between the two fluids. ‘These results can be very important when it comes to maximizing the efficiency of a shell and tube heat exchanger. In order to achieve marimum efficiency, an engineer can take a desired temperature needed and design the heat exchanger. By taking into account the size and flow rate, the desired temperature can be reached while maximizing efficiency and reducing costs. Since altering the flow rate effects the heat transfer as proven by this experiment, flow rate is a vital part of the design in a shell and tube heat exchanger. Consequently, itis possible to increase efficiency of a heat exchanger by increasing flow rate while decreasing the temperature of the heating fluid in a case where aheat exchanger is used to increase the temperature of a cooler fluid. This means that less energy would be needed to reach the necessary temperature of \¢ fluid being heated. ‘Therefore, the results from this experiment lead to information that will help to optimize the shell and tube heat exchanger. Since heat exchangers are very common in industry, designing a maximum efficiency heat exchanger at minimal costs will have a vast impact in furthering the development of the industrial world6.0 Appendix 6.1 Steady State Data for All Trials Table 5. Cold side flow variable 10% Hotin(‘C) | Hotout | Coldin | Cold Out Fe) ec) fc) 47.66| 41.633| 20.601 [ 30.6 47746 41.671 | 20599 | 30.636 4776; 417i7|_20569| 30.619 47.63 | 41.644 | 20546 | 30.639 47.6 | 41.653] 2058 | 30.671 47.657 | 41.627 | 20554 | 30.618 47599| 41.657] 20579| 30.69 a7se1| 41.606 | 20552] 30.622 47.679 | 4156 | 20558] 30.621 47.691 | 41.634 | 20588 | 30.637 a76n| 4iei| 2055 | 305% 47.618 [41549 | 20538 30586 a77| 41578] 20556 | 30.601 47.793 [41.655 | 20553 | 30.052 4774; 4747 | 20591 | 30.685 a7.o | 41e2| 20577 | 30.628 476|__41.626| 20571 | 30.621 47.608 | 41.603] 20587 | 30.606 47.647 [41549 | 20576| 30589 47.684 | 41.65 | 20572 30591 47.689| 41.631] 20583] 30.62 16 Table 5 shows the steady state temperature data for varying the cold side flow rate at 10% of its max flow sate. The incoming and exiting temperatures for the hot and cold side uids are reportedTable 6. Cold side flow variable 30% Hotin(C) | Hot out | Coldin | Cold Out Fe) re) re) 419| 3.676| 20.65 | 3.271 41955 [35.711 | 20.677 | 5.289 4192 [3.711 | 20.642 [ 5.267 42003[ _35.701| 20.637| 3.276 4205 | 35.721 | 20.689 | 5.302 a1sv | .71| 20.6 | 5.297 a1ais[ 5.64] 2061| B22 42037 [35.636 | 20.662| 3.276 42003| 35.662] 20.668 | 5.281 41901 [35.781 | 20.667[ 5313 41a | 35.683| 20.61 | 5.276 ai7e1| 35.639] 20.611 | B27 418 | 5.63| 2068| 5.26 4193 [35.719 | 20.616 | 5.279 4187 7 | 262; 52 a17e | 5.672| 20.62; 525 418m .611| 20.672[ 5.296 41861; 5.65 | 20.66; 5.284 41839[ _35.69| 20.662, 5.28 aL7ei| 35.004 | 20.666| S271 aLe8[ 35.006| 20.64 5.266 7 Table 6 shows the steady state temperature data for varying the cold side flow rate at 30% of its max flow sate. The incoming and exiting temperatures for the hot and cold side uids are reportedTable 7. Cold side flow variable 60% Hotin(C) | Hot out | Coldin | Cold Out Fe) re) re) 39519| 33341 | 20.713| 23.836 39568| 33319| 20.788 | 23.869 39591 | 33333 | 20.737 | 23.855 395 | 33555 | 20.697 | 23.859 39.65 | 33408 20.752| 23.883 39.701 | 33.399 | 20.702 | 23.886 39.67| 33438 | 20.728 | 23.882 39563| 33423 | 20.733 | 23.885 39416 | _3339[ DB] 23.88 39456| _33317| 20.717 | 23.846 39519| 33323 | 20.726| 23.85 39506 | 33312 | 20.686 | 23.829 39561 | 33356| 2.7i7| 238% 39563| _33318| 20.715 | 23.852 39566| 33348 | 2711] 23.863 39526| 33343 | 20.683 | 23.839 39581 | 3351] 2.701| 23.84 39.613 | 33.389 | 20.687 | 23.867 39543| 3341 | 20.727 | 23914 39517 | __33336| 20.681 | 23.852 39505 | 33555 | 20.708 | 23.852 18 Table 7 shows the steady state temperature data for varying the cold side flow rate at 60% of its max flow sate. The incoming and exiting temperatures for the hot and cold side uids are reportedTable 8. Cold side flow variable 100% Hotin(C) | Hot out | Coldin | Cold Out Fe) re) re) 3B8I4 | 32658) 20.692| 23465 38.905 | __32.662| 20.73 | 23.485 38892 | 32711 | 2.7i7| 23477 38.901 | 32.698 | 20.681 | 23.452 39.013 32.697 | 20.705 | 23.496 39.092 | __32.736| 20.781 | 23509 3907| 32.817 | 20.697 | 2352 38.906 | _32.767| 2.7i4[ 23511 38.706 | 32.699 | 20.707 | 23.482 38828 | 32638 | 20.73 | 23477 3a912| _32667| 2071| 23.497 3895 32.67 | 20.724 | 23.472 38927 | _32697| 20.713| 23.499 38.799 | __32677 | 20.706| 23.474 3875 | 32678 20.735 | 23483 39.087 | 32.692 | 20.783 | 23522 3901 | 32.756 | 20.736| 23508 3B919 | 32.785 | 20.734 | 23509 38.816 | 32.704 | 20.702 | 23465 38818 | _32708| 20.733] 23538 38.807 | 32.666 | 20.726| 23516 19 Table 8 shows the steady state temperature data for varying the cold side flow rate at 100% ofits max flow sate. The incoming and exiting temperatures for the hot and cold side uids are reportedTable 9. Hot side flow variable 10% Hot in (™C) Hot out Cold tc) ‘out (°C) 9151; 32.956| 2059 | 23.606 49092 | _32.855| 2053| 23586 49.162 | _32.903| 20539 | 23551 49.243 | __32.863| 20561 | 23.605 49.274 | _32.851| 20526| 23579 49,299 | _32.939[ 2055 | 23597 49.301 | 32.877 20546 | 23592 49.307 | 32.866| 20546 | 23592 49.25 32.898 | 2052 | 23597 49.291 | __32813| 20521| 23.601 49.55 32.877 | 2055 | 2358 49,399 | __32877| 20544] 23.61 49.408 32.966| 20521 | 23597 49487 | __32989| 20541 | 23576 49.436 | _32902| 2052| 23576 49.476 | _32948| 2055 | 23561 49472 | __33032| 20499| 23584 49.453 | _33027| 20496| 23591 495 32.979 | 20528] 23583 4955 32.98| 20518] 23597 49559 | 32985 | 20527| 2358 Table 9 shows the steady state temperature data for varying the hot side flow rate at 10% of its max flow sate. The incoming and exiting temperatures for the hot and cold side uids are reportedTable 10. Hot side flow variable 30% Hot in (™C) Hot out Cold tc) Out (°C) 42774 | 33316] 20591 | 23.863 42773 | _ 33.315 | 20589 | 23.842 42915 | _33.297| 20.617 | 23.886 42872 | _33.298| 2058 | 23.855 42943 [33.274 | 20581 | 23.89 42979 | _ 33.285 | 20.607 | 23.866 42982 | _33.334| 20581 | 23.879 4293 | __33367[ 20597 | 23.887 42915 | __33.383| 20588| 23.871 42948 | _33.398| 20592 | 23.887 42903 | _33407| 20597 | 23.868 42901 | __33.333| 20.604 | 23.905 42852 33376| 20.6% | 23.889 42.898 3331 | 2059 | 23.884 azoa1 | _33.326| 20.623 | 23.901 42.876 | __33.373| 20.608 | 23.883 42948 [33.341 | 20.619 | 23.895 42.933 | 33.305 | 20.643| 23.908 42861 | 33.355 | 20.623 | 23.879 42946 | _33348| 20.61 | 23.868 azo14 | 33.368| 20.614 | 23.89% 24 Table 10 shows the steady state temperature data for varying the hot side flow rate at 30% of its max flow sate. The incoming and exiting temperatures for the hot and cold side uids are reportedTable 11. Hot side flow variable 50% Hot in (™C) Hot out Cold tc) Out (°C) 39.855 33.66 | 20.767 | 24.069 39.98 33.64 | 20.812 | 24.09 39.87 | __33.663| 20.785 | 24.078 39.881 | 33.618 | 20.797] 24.078 39.865 | 33.636 20.764 | 24.083 39.826 | __33.67| 20.801 | 24.098 39.791 | __33582| 20.784 | 24.07 39.87 | 33.607 | 20.786 | 24.074 39.818 | 33.637 | 20.836] 24.09 39.91 | 33.602 | 20.784 | 24.087 39.871 | 33.619 | 20.789 | 24.066 39.681 | __33.632| 20.761| 24.085 39.704 | 33572 | 20.796| 24.08 39.759 | 33559 | 20.784 | 24.066 39.881 | _33579| 20.798] 24.08 39.877 33.65 | 20.78 | 24.082 399| _33.688| 20.802| 28.08 39.93 33685 | 2s] 2.113 39.812 | 33.668 | 20.771 | 24.067 39.78 | _33617| 20.781] 24071 39.%52| _33.672| 20.793| 2407 22 Table 11 shows the steady state temperature data for varying the hot side flow rate at 50% of its max flow sate. The incoming and exiting temperatures for the hot and cold side uids are reportedTable 12. Hot side flow variable 70% Hot in (™C) Hot out Cold tc) Out (°C) 3858 | 33.600 | 2.754] 24.06 385 | 3359 | 20.766| 24.086 38.301 | __33.616| 20.766 | 24.091 3832 _33611| 20.743] 2406 38374 | __33.663| 20.759| 24.122 38.292 | 33.667 | 20.792| 24.118 38.52| _33.639| 20.749] 24.085 3833 33.66 | 20.799 | 24.102 38.52| _33.656| 20.746] 24.063 38189 | 33.631 | 20.742| 24.076 381m | 33568 | 20.745 | 24.051 38.29| _33.609| 20.775 | 24.066 3832[ _33619| 2075 | 240% 383 33.66 | 20.795 |_24.088 38.301 | __33.682| 20.777] 24.093 38.52| _33.622| 20.58] 24.074 387 3364 | 20.77 | 24.08 38.308 | 33.605 | 20.776] 24.102 38.306 | 33.653 | 20.778| 24.087 38.239 | 33.631 | 20.763] 24.083 38.206 | 33.647 | 20.803 | 24.069 23 Table 12 shows the steady state temperature data for varying the hot side flow rate at 70% of its max flow sate. The incoming and exiting temperatures for the hot and cold side uids are reportedTable 13. Hot side flow variable 10% Hot in (™C) Hot out Cold tc) ‘out (°C) 9151; 32.956| 2059 | 23.606 49092 | _32.855| 2053| 23586 49.162 | _32.903| 20539 | 23551 49.243 | __32.863| 20561 | 23.605 49.274 | _32.851| 20526| 23579 49,299 | _32.939[ 2055 | 23597 49.301 | 32.877 20546 | 23592 49.307 | 32.866| 20546 | 23592 49.275 | __32.898| 205% | 23597 9.291 | _32.813| 20521 | 23.601 49.55 | _32.877| 2055 | 2358 49,399 | 32.877 20544 | 23.61 49.408 | 32.966| 20521 | 23597 a9aa7 | _32.989| 20541 | 23576 49.436 | 32.902| 2052| 23576 49.476 | 32.988| 205% | 23561 49472 | __33032[ 20499 | 23588 49.453 | __33027| 20496| 23591 495 [__32979| 20528 | 23583 4955 32.98| 20518| 23597 49559| 32.985 | 20527| 2358 24 Table 13 shows the steady state temperature data for varying the hot side flow rate at 10% of its max flow sate. The incoming and exiting temperatures for the hot and cold side uids are reported. This is the data from a re-run of technical objective 2 and mimics that of Table 8Table 14. Hot side flow variable 30% Hot in (™C) Hot out Cold tc) Out (°C) 42774 | 33316] 20591 | 23.863 42773 | _ 33.315 | 20589 | 23.842 42915 | _33.297| 20.617 | 23.886 42872 | _33.298| 2058 | 23.855 42943 [33.274 | 20581 | 23.89 42979 | _ 33.285 | 20.607 | 23.866 42982 | _33.334| 20581 | 23.879 4293 | __33367[ 20597 | 23.887 42915 | __33.383| 20588| 23.871 42948 | _33.398| 20592 | 23.887 42903 | _33407| 20597 | 23.868 42901 | __33.333| 20.604 | 23.905 42852 33376| 20.6% | 23.889 42.898 3331 | 2059 | 23.884 azoa1 | _33.326| 20.623 | 23.901 42.876 | __33.373| 20.608 | 23.883 42948 [33.341 | 20.619 | 23.895 42.933 | 33.305 | 20.643| 23.908 42861 | 33.355 | 20.623 | 23.879 42946 | _33348| 20.61 | 23.868 azo14 | 33.368| 20.614 | 23.89% 25 Table 14 shows the steady state temperature data for varying the hot side flow rate at 30% of its max flow sate. The incoming and exiting temperatures for the hot and cold side uids are reported. This is the data from a re-run of technical objective 2 and mimics that of Table 9Table 15. Hot side flow variable 50% Hot in (™C) Hot out Cold tc) Out (°C) 39.855 33.66 | 20.767 | 24.069 39.98 33.64 | 20.812 | 24.09 39.87 | __33.663| 20.785 | 24.078 39.881 | 33.618 | 20.797] 24.078 39.865 | 33.636 20.764 | 24.083 39.826 | __33.67| 20.801 | 24.098 39.791 | __33582| 20.784 | 24.07 39.87 | 33.607 | 20.786 | 24.074 39.818 | 33.637 | 20.836] 24.09 39.91 | 33.602 | 20.784 | 24.087 39.871 | 33.619 | 20.789 | 24.066 39.681 | __33.632| 20.761| 24.085 39.704 | 33572 | 20.796| 24.08 39.759 | 33559 | 20.784 | 24.066 39.881 | _33579| 20.798] 24.08 39.877 33.65 | 20.78 | 24.082 399| _33.688| 20.802| 28.08 39.93 33685 | 2s] 2.113 39.812 | 33.668 | 20.771 | 24.067 39.78 | _33617| 20.781] 24071 39.%52| _33.672| 20.793| 2407 26 Table 15 shows the steady state temperature data for varying the hot side flow rate at 50% of its max flow sate. The incoming and exiting temperatures for the hot and cold side uids are reported, This is a data from a re-run of techni objective 2 and mimics that of Table 10Table 16. Hot side flow variable 70% Hot in (™C) Hot out Cold tc) Out (°C) 3858 | 33.600 | 2.754] 24.06 385 | 3359 | 20.766| 24.086 38.301 | __33.616| 20.766 | 24.091 3832 _33611| 20.743] 2406 38374 | __33.663| 20.759| 24.122 38.292 | 33.667 | 20.792| 24.118 38.52| _33.639| 20.749] 24.085 3833 33.66 | 20.799 | 24.102 38.52| _33.656| 20.746] 24.063 38189 | 33.631 | 20.742| 24.076 381m | 33568 | 20.745 | 24.051 38.29| _33.609| 20.775 | 24.066 3832[ _33619| 2075 | 240% 383 33.66 | 20.795 |_24.088 38.301 | __33.682| 20.777] 24.093 38.52| _33.622| 20.58] 24.074 387 3364 | 20.77 | 24.08 38.308 | 33.605 | 20.776] 24.102 38.306 | 33.653 | 20.778| 24.087 38.239 | 33.631 | 20.763] 24.083 38.206 | 33.647 | 20.803 | 24.069 a7 Table 16 shows the steady state temperature data for varying the hot side flow rate at 70% of its max flow sate. The incoming and exiting temperatures for the hot and cold side uids are reported. This is the data from are-run of technical objective 2 and mimics that of Table 1128 6.2 Sample Calculations Calculations for Variable Hot Flow Valve at 10% Op Qcoui = (tiicou)* (Cpmo)*(ATave) *AVG's from S.S. Data = (3892.761905 g/min)* (4.18 J/(g*®C)*(23.5879°C-20 5323°C) = 49720 Simin Quer = (Gitie)* (Cpen0)*(ATave) “AVG's from SS. Data = (1268.66 g/min)*(4.18 J/(g*®C)*(32.9211°C-49.3539°C) = 87143 Simin Quoss = Quoe - Qeola = (87143 J/min) — (49720 J/min) = 37423 Simin AT: =T six, ave.- T cot o,v6. “AVG's from SS. Data = 49.3538 °C) — (23.5879 °C) 25.7660°C AT =T six, o, ave. T cot,n, ave. “AVG's from SS. Data (32.9210°C) — (20.5323 °C) 12.3888 °C AT (AT: — AT:)/ In (ATa ATi) (25.7660 °C) — (12.3888 °C)] /In (25.7660 °C) / (12.3888 °C)) 8.27°C U=(Qcoua) / [ATin* A*F] = (49720 Simin) / [(18.27 °C)*(0.0322 m?)*(0.96)] = 88045.7 Ji(m**°C*min) => 88.05 KJ/(m?*°C*min)29 7.0 References [1]Lytron Total Thermal Solutions. (2016). “What is aheat exchanger?”. Lytron Total Thermal Solutions (online article) http /Avww lytron, com/Tools-and-Technical-Reference/ Application-Notes/ What-is-a-Heat- Exchanger [2] Thomasnet.com. (2016). “Types of Heat Exchangers”. Thomas Publishing Company. (online atticle) http //vww thomasnet com/articles/process-equipment/heat-exchanger-types [3]Mahans Thermal Products, (2015). “Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers: Pros and Cons” Mahns Thermal Products. (online article) https: /Iheatexchangerswthdougleschan wordpress. com/2014/1 2/28/types-of-heat-exchangers- and-their-pros-and-cons/ [4] H&C Heat Transfer Solutions. (2015). “Heat Exchanger Types and Selection.” H&C Heat Transfer Solutions. (online Article). hitp I/www hcheattransfer com/selection html