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LO4: Illustrates a probability distribution for discrete random variable and its properties.
Concept:
A discrete probability distribution is a list of probabilities for each of the possible values of an
experiment. It gives the probability for each of the possible value of a discrete random variable.
Organizing the given data in a discrete probability distribution will be helpful in determining probabilities
for a given experiment.
LO5: Constructs the probability mass function of a discrete random variable and its corresponding
histogram.
Concept:
Steps (Belecina et al, 2016)
1. Make a table to construct a probability mass function
2. First row for the number of values of an experiment and second row is for the probabilities.
3. In constructing histogram, plot the values of the random variable along the horizontal axis
4. Plot the probabilities along the vertical axis.
7.2: Illustrates the variance of a discrete random variable. (Belecina et al, 2016).
Formula for the Variance and Standard Deviation of a Discrete Probability Distribution.
The variance of a discrete probability is given by the formula:
𝜎 2 = ∑(𝑋 − µ)2 · 𝑃(𝑋)
The standard deviation of a discrete probability is given by the formula:
σ = √∑(𝑋 − µ)2 · 𝑃(𝑋)
Where:
X = value of the random variable.
P(X) = probability of the random variable X.
µ = mean of the probability distribution.
Concept:
8.1: Calculates the mean of a discrete random variable. (Belecina et al, 2016).
Steps in calculating the mean:
1. Construct the probability distribution for the random variable X representing the number of spots
that would appear.
2. Multiply the value of the random variable X by the corresponding probability.
3. Add the result obtained in step 2.
8.2: Calculates the variance of a discrete random variable. (Belecina et al, 2016).
Steps in calculating the variance:
1. Find the mean of the probability distribution using the formula 𝑥̅ =∑ 𝑥 × 𝑝(𝑥)
2. Subtract the mean from each value of the random variable X.
3. Square the result obtained in step 2.
4. Multiply the results obtained in step 3 by the corresponding probability.
5. Get the sum of the results in step 4
0.5
0
1 2 3 4
LOG10: Solves the problems involving mean and variance of probability distributions.
10.1: Solves the problems involving mean of probability distributions. (Belecina et al, 2016).
10.2: Solves the problems involving variance of probability distributions. (Belecina et al, 2016).
Concept:
10.1: Solves the problems involving mean of probability distributions. (Belecina et al, 2016).
Example: Consider rolling a die. What is the average number of spots that would appear?
Steps Solution
1. Construct the probability distribution for the No. of Spot X Probability P(X)
random variable X representing the number 1 1
6
of spots that would appear. 1
2
6
3 1
6
4 1
6
5 1
6
6 1
6
2. Multiply the value of the random variable X No. of Spot X Probability P(X) X·P(X)
by the corresponding probability. 1 1 1
6 6
2 1 2
6 6
3 1 3
6 6
4 1 4
6 6
5 1 5
6 6
6 1 6
6 6
3. Add the result obtained in step 2. No. of Spot X Probability P(X) X·P(X)
1 1 1
6 6
2 1 2
6 6
3 1 3
6 6
4 1 4
6 6
5 1 5
6 6
6 1 6
6 6
21
∑ 𝑥 · 𝑃(𝑋) = = 3.5
6
10.2: Solves the problems involving variance of probability distributions. (Belecina et al, 2016).
Example: When three coins are tossed, the probability distribution for the random variable X
representing the number of heads that occurs is given below.
1 3
8
2 6
8
3 1
8
Steps solution
1. Find the mean of the probability distribution No. of head X Probability P(X) X·P(X)
using the formula 𝑥̅ =∑ 𝑥 × 𝑝(𝑥) 0 1 0
8
1 3 3
8 8
2 3 6
8 8
3 1 3
8 8
12
∑ 𝑥 · 𝑃(𝑋) = = 1.5
8
2. Multiply the square of the value of the No. of head Probability X·P(X) X2·P(X)
random variable by its corresponding X P(X)
probability. 0 1 0 1
8
02 - 8=0
1 3 3 3 3
8 8
12 - 8=8
2 3 6 3 12
8 8
22 - 8= 8
3 1 3 1 9
8 8
32 - 8=8
3. Get the sum of the results of obtained in No. of head Probability X·P(X) X2·P(X)
step 2. X P(X)
0 1 0 1
8
02 - 8=0
1 3 3 3 3
12 - =
8 8 8 8
2 3 6 3 12
8 8
22 - 8= 8
3 1 3 1 9
8 8
32 - 8=8
24
∑ 𝑥 · 𝑃(𝑋) = =3
8
4. Subtract the square of the mean from the The variance is given by;
result obtained in step 3 to get the variance 𝜎 2 = ∑ 𝑥 2 · 𝑃(𝑋) − µ2
of a probability distribution is given by 𝜎 2 = 3 − (1.5)2
𝜎 2 = ∑ 𝑥 2 · 𝑃(𝑋) − µ2 𝜎 2 = 0.75
The standard deviation is the square root of The standard deviation is;
the variance. σ= √0.75
σ= √∑ 𝑥 2 · 𝑃(𝑋) − µ2 σ= 0.87
µ
1. The distribution curve is bell-shaped.
2. The curve is symmetrical about its center.
3. The mean, median and the mode coincide at the center.
4. The width of the curve is determined by the standard deviation of distribution.
5. The tails of the curve flatten out indefinitely along the horizontal axis, always approaching the
axis but never touching it. That is, the curve is asymptotic to the base line.
6. The area under the curve is 1. Thus, it represents the probability or proportion or the percentage
associated with specific sets of measurements values. (Belecina, 2016).
The equation that describes a normal curve is: (Belecina, 2016).
1 𝑋−µ 2
𝑒 ( )
2 𝜎
Y=
𝜎√2𝜋
Where:
Y = height of the curve particularly values of X
X = any score in the distribution
σ = standard deviation of the population
µ = mean of the population
π = 3.1416
e = 2.7183
LOG12: Constructs a normal curve.
Concept:
NORMAL CURVE
0.9974
0.6826
0.9544
-3 -2 -1 µ=0 1 2 3
LOG13: Identifies regions under the normal curve corresponding to different standard normal values.
Concept:
AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE
As an Empirical Rule, we should remember the following: (Banghonoy et al, 2017)
LOG14: Converts a normal random variable to a standard normal variable and vice versa.
Concept:
To transform a normal random variable X to a standard normal random variable Z, use the
following equation:
(𝑥−𝑥̅ )
Z= 𝜎
, where mean (𝑥̅ ) and σ are the mean of X standard deviation of X respectively. To
convert the standard normal random variable Z to a normal random variable X with specified mean µ
standard deviation s, use the following equation:
X=µ+zσ for computing of a raw score above the mean and X=µ+(-z)σ for computing a raw score
below the mean. (Belecina et al, 2016)
LOG15: Computes probabilities and percentile using the standard normal table.
Concept:
Steps to compute probabilities:
Illustrative example: The weighs of 1,000 children average 50 kg and the standard deviation is 5 kg.
How many children weigh between 40 kg and 55 kg?
1. Draw a normal curve with six z score.
2. Use the formula µ±(z)(σ) to determine the six raw score that correspond to the six z-scores.
3. Place the raw score under the corresponding raw scores.
4. What z-score corresponds to 40?
5. What z-score correspond to 55?
6. Find the total area between the z-values that correspond to 40 and 50.
7. Multiply the total area by 1,000 (the total number of children). Round up to the nearest whole
number.
8. Make a concluding statement.
Illustrative example: Find the 95th percentile of a normal curve.
1. Draw the appropriate normal curve.
2. Express the given percentage as probability.
3. Split 0.9500 into 0.5000 and 0.4500.
4. Shade 0.5000 of the sketch of the normal curve in step 1.
5. Refer to the table of areas under the normal curve. Locate the area 0.4500 in the body of the
table.
6. Find the z-score that correspond to 0.4500 on the leftmost column.
7. Find the z – value that corresponds to 0.4505.
8. Find the z – value that corresponds to 0.4495.
9. Find the average of the two z–values.
10. Locate z = 1.645 under the curve in step 1 and make a statement.
11. Draw a line through under the curve in step 1.
12. Shade the region to the left of z=1.645
13. Describe the shaded region.
Reference:
Belecina., R., Baccay. E., and Mateo., E. (2016). Statistics and Probability (First edition).
865 Nicanor Reyes Sr. St., Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Book Store Inc.
Melosantos., L. A., Antonio., J. Robles., S., and Bruce., R. (2016). Math Connections in
the Digital Age: Statistics and Probability. Quezon City: Sibs Publishing House, Inc.