Laptop Questions

Laptops in the market
What is a Laptop? What is the difference between a Laptop and a Note Book?
A mid range HP Laptop
A laptop computer or simply laptop, also called a notebook computer or sometimes a

notebook, is a small personal computer designed for portability. Usually all of the
interface hardware needed to operate the laptop, such as parallel and serial ports, graphics
card, sound channel, etc., are built in to a single unit. Laptops contain high capacity
batteries that can power the device for extensive periods of time, enhancing portability.
Once the battery charge is depleted, it will have to be recharged through a power outlet.
In the interest of saving power, weight and space, they usually share RAM with the video
channel, slowing their performance compared to an equivalent desktop machine.
One main drawback of the laptop is that, due to the size and configuration of
components, relatively little can be done to upgrade the overall computer from its original
design. Some devices can be attached externally through ports (including via USB),
however internal upgrades are not recommended or in some cases impossible, making the
desktop PC more modular.
A subtype of notebooks, called subnotebooks, are computers with most of the features of
a standard laptop computer but smaller. They are larger than hand-held computers, and
usually run full versions of desktop/laptop operating systems. Ultra-Mobile PCs (UMPC)
are usually considered subnotebooks, or more specifically, subnotebook Tablet PCs (see
below).
Netbooks are sometimes considered in this category, though they are sometimes
separated in a category of their own (see below).
Desktop replacements, meanwhile, are large laptops meant to replace a desktop computer
while keeping the mobility of a laptop.
Netbook
An HP netbook
Netbooks (also called mini notebooks or subnotebooks) are a rapidly evolving[16]

category of small, light and inexpensive laptop computers suited for general computing
and accessing web-based applications; they are often marketed as "companion devices,"
that is, to augment a user's other computer access.These are also called a "relatively new
category of small, light, minimalist and cheap laptops."
What are the different latest laptop brands & Models in the market?
HP (Hewlett Packard) Compaq Notebook, Dell, Apple Mac Book, Lenovo, Sony,
Toshiba, Asus, Acer etc.
Latest Models of HP:
Latest Models of Dell:
What is the difference between TFT (Thin Film Transistor) and LCD (Liquid
Crystal Display) Screen?
TFT is a modern type of LCD Screen for better color display.
How is the size of the Laptop / Computer Screen measured?
The right way of measuring LCD screen size is diagonal measure from bottom left corner
to top right corner.
For example, a 17 inches LCD monitor means, if you measure from the bottom left
corner of the viewable area up to the top right corner, it should be 17 inches.
Interestingly, the way in which the screen size is measured for CRT and LCD monitors is
different. For CRT monitors, screen size is measured diagonally from outside edges of the
display casing. In other words, the exterior casing is included in the measurement as seen
below.
CRT screen size
For LCD monitors, screen size is measured diagonally from the inside of the beveled
edge. The measurement does not include the casing as indicated in the image below.
LCD screen size
Because of the differences in how CRT and LCD monitors are measured, a 17-inch LCD
display is comparable to a 19-inch CRT display. For a more accurate representation of a
CRT's size, find out its viewable screen size. This is the measurement of a CRT display
without its outside casing.
Popular screen sizes are 15, 17, 19 and 21 inches. Notebook screen sizes are smaller,
typically ranging from 12 to 17 inches.
Laptop Specifications
What specifications are necessary to know before purchasing a laptop?
Where are these specifications written on the Laptop?
How are these checked from the operating system?
How can we check Hardware Details of a Laptop from its Setup?
Laptop Parts
What is a motherboard?
A motherboard is the central printed circuit board (PCB) in many modern computers
and holds many of the crucial components of the system, while providing connectors for
other peripherals.
Integrated peripherals
Block diagram of a modern motherboard, which supports many on-board peripheral

functions as well as several expansion slots.
With the steadily declining costs and size of integrated circuits, it is now possible to
include support for many peripherals on the motherboard. By combining many functions
on one PCB, the physical size and total cost of the system may be reduced; highly-
integrated motherboards are thus especially popular in small form factor and budget
computers.
For example, the ECS RS485M-M,[6] a typical modern budget motherboard for computers
based on AMD processors, has on-board support for a very large range of peripherals:
 disk controllers for a floppy disk drive, up to 2 PATA drives, and up to 6 SATA
drives (including RAID 0/1 support)
 integrated ATI Radeon graphics controller supporting 2D and 3D graphics, with
VGA and TV output
 integrated sound card supporting 8-channel (7.1) audio and S/PDIF output
 Fast Ethernet network controller for 10/100 Mbit networking
 USB 2.0 controller supporting up to 12 USB ports
 IrDA controller for infrared data communication (e.g. with an IrDA-enabled
cellular phone or printer) - Infrared Data Association
 temperature, voltage, and fan-speed sensors that allow software to monitor the
health of computer components
Expansion cards to support all of these functions would have cost hundreds of dollars
even a decade ago; however, as of April 2007 such highly-integrated motherboards are
available for as little as $30 in the USA.
What is a CPU?
Core 2
Produced From 2006 to present
Common manufacturer(s) Intel
Max. CPU clock rate 1.06 GHz to 3.33 GHz
FSB speeds 533 MHz to 1600 MHz
Instruction set x86 64, (SSE4.1 is for 45 nm processors only)
Microarchitecture Intel Core
Cores 1, 2, or 4 (2x2)
Socket(s) Socket T (LGA 775)
Socket M (µPGA 478)

Socket P (µPGA 478)
Micro-FCBGA (µBGA 479)
Micro-FCBGA (µBGA 965)

Core name(s) Allendale, Conroe, Conroe-L, Merom-2M, Merom, Merom-L, Kentsfield, Wolfdale,
Yorkfield, Penryn
What is a GPU?
A graphics processing unit or GPU (also occasionally called visual processing unit or
VPU) is a specialized processor that offloads 3D graphics rendering from the
microprocessor. It is used in embedded systems, mobile phones, personal computers,
workstations, and game consoles.
More than 90% of new desktop and notebook computers have integrated GPUs, which
are usually far less powerful than those on a dedicated video card.
GeForce 6600GT (NV43) GPU
← Graphics
o Integrated
o Dedicated
o Integrated - Intel®
What is a RAM?
Random-access memory (usually known by its acronym, RAM) is a form of computer

data storage. Today, it takes the form of integrated circuits that allow stored data to be
accessed in any order (i.e., at random). The word random thus refers to the fact that any
piece of data can be returned in a constant time, regardless of its physical location and
whether or not it is related to the previous piece of data.[1]
By contrast, storage devices such as magnetic discs and optical discs rely on the physical
movement of the recording medium or a reading head. In these devices, the movement
takes longer than data transfer, and the retrieval time varies based on the physical location
of the next item.
The word RAM is often associated with volatile types of memory (such as DRAM
memory modules), where the information is lost after the power is switched off. Many
other types of memory are RAM, too, including most types of ROM and a type of flash
memory called NOR-Flash.
What is a DDR RAM?
Double Data Rate synchronous dynamic random access memory (or also known as
DDR SDRAM) is a class of memory integrated circuits used in computers. It achieves
nearly twice the bandwidth of the preceding single data rate (SDR) SDRAM by double
pumping (transferring data on the rising and falling edges of the clock signal) without
increasing the clock frequency.
With data being transferred 64 bits at a time, DDR SDRAM gives a transfer rate of
(memory bus clock rate) x 2 (for dual rate) × 64 (number of bits transferred) / 8 (number
of bits/byte). Thus, with a bus frequency of 100 MHz, DDR SDRAM gives a maximum
transfer rate of 1600 MB/s.
"Beginning in 1996 and concluding in June 2000, JEDEC developed the DDR (Double
Data Rate) SDRAM specification (JESD79)."[1] JEDEC has set standards for data rates of
DDR SDRAM, divided into two parts. The first specification is for memory chips, and
the second is for memory modules. As DDR SDRAM is superseded by the newer DDR2
SDRAM, the older DDR version is sometimes referred to as DDR1 SDRAM.
Generic DDR-266 Memory in the 184pin DIMM form
Corsair DDR-400 Memory with heat spreaders

← Ram
o 4GB
o 2GB
o 1GB
o 3GB
What is a Cache?
What is a HDD?
← Hard Drive Size

o 160GB
o 250GB
o 320GB
o 500GB
What is a Web Cam?
What is a battery and battery time?
What is a Screen?
← Screen Size
o 11.6" (29.5cm)
o 13.3" (33.8cm)
o 14.1" (35.8cm)
o 15.4" (39.1cm)
o 15.5" (39.4cm)
o 15.6" (39.6cm)
o 16" (40.6cm)
o 17"
o 17" (43.2cm)
o 17.3" (43.9cm)
o 19" (48.26cm)
What is a keyboard?
Are microphone (mic) and speakers are inbuilt in the laptops?
What is a touch pad?
What is a CD Drive?
Video CD (abbreviated as VCD, and also known as View CD, Compact Disc digital
video) is a standard digital format for storing video on a Compact Disc.
What is a DVD +/- RW Drive?
DVD, also known as Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc, is an optical disc
storage media format, and was invented in 1995. Its main uses are video and data storage.
DVDs are of the same dimensions as compact discs (CDs), but store more than six times
as much data.
DVD±R is a shorthand term for a DVD drive that can accept both of the common
recordable DVD formats (i.e. DVD-R and DVD+R). Likewise, DVD±RW (also written
as DVD±R/W, DVD±R/RW, DVD±R/±RW, DVD+/-RW, and other arbitrary ways)
handles both common rewritable disc types (i.e. DVD-RW and DVD+RW, but not
usually DVD-RAM
DVD
Communication / Connection Ports
What is a connector?
Connects a cable into a device (Socket & Plug pair).
What are different Input Output Ports (I/O Ports) in the latest laptops?
What is a serial port?
Is a serial port present in the Laptop?
What is an USB (Universal Serial Bus) port?
Are any USB ports present in the Laptop?
What is a Printer Port?
Is any Printer Port present in the Laptop?
What is an Ethernet (RJ45 Connector) port?
A registered jack (RJ) is a standardized physical network interface
Network interface may refer to Network card, the device a computer uses to connect to a
computer network
The 8P8C (8 Position 8 Contact, often incorrectly called RJ45) is a modular connector
Is any Ethernet port present in the Laptop?
What is a telephone line (RJ11) port?
Cables sold as RJ11 are nearly always 6P4C (six position, four conductor), with four
wires running to a central junction box.
RJ11 is a physical interface often used for terminating telephone wires.
An electrical connector is a conductive device for joining electrical circuits together.
In computing, an electrical connector can also be known as a physical interface
Is any telephone port present in the Laptop?
Please note that 4P4C connector (4 position, 4 contacts), is the de facto industry standard
for wired telephone handsets.
What is the difference in working of a hi-speed and a low-speed USB port?
Left to right, modular connectors: 8P8C plug,

6P6C plug, 6P4C plug, 4P4C plug, 6P6C jack
What is a PCI Connector?

Conventional PCI (part of the PCI Local Bus standard and often shortened to PCI) is a
computer bus for attaching hardware devices in a computer.
PCI Slots
What is Infrared Connectivity?

What is a blue tooth connectivity?
Bluetooth is a wireless connectivity protocol, or in layman’s terms, a way to connect a couple of
electronic devices to trade information back and forth without wires. The advent of Bluetooth and
other wireless protocols has proven to be immensely helpful in quickly passing loads of
information without the use of cumbersome wires. We’ve seen Bluetooth used to improve the
usability of cellular phones, traditionally wired communications units such as GPS receivers and
medical equipment, computer mouses and keyboards, and even as a replacement for infra-red in
things like remote controls. In fact, you know the Nintendo Wii? It uses a motion sensor to
determine where the controller is at any given time, but both the Wii controller, and the
Playstation 3 controller send the button-pushing information back to the game console with
Bluetooth wireless technology. A lot of the wireless routers out these days use Bluetooth as well.
In order to connect a desktop computer or a laptop to a Bluetooth enabled router or other
peripheral, the computer needs to be equipped with a Bluetooth adapter. After all, an empty USB
port is designed to connect to wires. A lot of wireless mouses and keyboards come with a USB
Bluetooth adapter.
Most of the laptops being developed recently actually come with built in Bluetooth adapters
included in the basic setup. Desktop computers are coming with built in adapters more and more
these days, as well, though, for obvious reasons, the need to include Bluetooth adapters for
laptops has taken higher priority.
If you’re not ready to replace your older laptop, or your newer laptop does not have a Bluetooth
adapter built in, you’re probably going to have to go ahead and purchase one before you can
connect to a wireless router in many wireless internet hotspots. Luckily, they’re really not that
pricy. On average, you can expect to find a fast, reliable Bluetooth adapter for around thirty
bucks, and most Bluetooth adapters are compatible with just about any USB enabled computer
(although you should double check compatibility before making a purchase).
One of the major bonuses of using Bluetooth is that most of them allow you to connect an
impressive number of devices to a single port. This means you can use just one USB port to
connect…
 Your mouse
 Your keyboard
 Your internet router
 A video game controller
 Headphones
 A digital camera
And usually at least one or two other devices, but it’s hard to imagine a situation where you would
need to connect more than six or seven devices to your laptop or PC at the same time!
What is a FSB (Front Side Bus)?

Example: a 64-bit (8-byte) wide FSB operating at a frequency of 100 MHz that performs
4 transfers per cycle has a bandwidth of 3200 megabytes per second (MB/s).
Many manufacturers publish the speed of the FSB in MHz, but often do not use the actual
physical clock frequency but the theoretical effective data rate (which is commonly called
megatransfers per second or MT/s). This is because the actual speed is determined by
how many transfers can be performed by each clock cycle as well as by the clock
frequency. For example, if a motherboard (or processor) has a FSB clocked at 200 MHz
and performs 4 transfers per clock cycle, the FSB is rated at 800 MT/s.
What is MT/s?
In computer technology, transfer and its more common derivatives gigatransfer (GT)
and megatransfer (MT) refer to a number of data transfers (or operations). They are
most commonly used for measuring transfer rates (usually as transfers per second, GT/s,
MT/s, etc.). 1 GT/s means 109 or one (US/short scale) billion transfers per second, while
1 MT/s is 106 or one million transfers per second. In order to calculate the data
transmission rate, one has to multiply the transfer rate by the information channel width.
For example if we have a data bus of 8 bytes with transfer rate of 1 GT/s then the data
rate would be 8x109 bytes/s, or approximately 7.45 GB/s.
What is MiB?
MegaByte = 1024 X KiB(Kilobyte, KibiByte, KB)
7100-series "Tulsa"
Released on 29 August 2006, the 7100 series, codenamed Tulsa (product code 80550), is an
improved version of Paxville MP, built on a 65 nm process, with 2 MiB of L2 cache (1 MiB per
core) and up to 16 MiB of L3 cache. It uses Socket 604. Tulsa was released in two lines: the
N-line uses a 667 MT/s FSB, and the M-line uses an 800 MT/s FSB. The N-line ranges from 2.5
to 3.5 GHz (model numbers 7110N-7150N), and the M-line ranges from 2.6 to 3.4 GHz (model
numbers 7110M-7140M). L3 cache ranges from 4 MiB to 16 MiB across the models.
Model Speed (GHz) L2 Cache (MB) FSB (MHz) TDP (Watts)

7110N 2.50 4 667 95
7110M 2.60 4 800 95
7120N 3.00 4 667 95
7120M 3.00 4 800 95
7130N 3.16 8 667 150
7130M 3.20 8 800 150
7140N 3.33 16 667 150
7140M 3.40 16 800 150
Data Storage Devices
What is a USB (Flash / Pen) Drive (Memory)?

What data storage sizes of USB Flash Drive are available in the market?
What are some of the top quality flash drives brands available in the market?
What is a MP3/MP4 player cum Flash Drive?
What is a portable hard drive?
What are different brands of portable hard drives in the market?
What are the minimum and maximum capacities of portable hard drives in the market?
What is a CD ROM (Compact Disc Read Only Memory)?
What is a RW – CD?
What is the difference between size of a Desktop and a Laptop CD?
What is a CD Writer (Burner)?
Processors / Microprocessors / CPU

What is a processor?
How does the Speed of Processor affect the working of a Laptop / Computer?
What are different latest processors in the laptops?
What are the different types of processors (micro processors) offered by Intel?
Celeron, Pentium, Atom, Intel Core 2 (Extreme, Quad, Duo, Solo, etc.)
What are some other brands of processors?
AMD (Athlon, Turion 64, and Sempron), VIA Technologies, Transmeta and others.
Difference between different Intel Laptop Processors (Centrino, Core 2 Duo, Core 2
Solo, dual core, quad core, Core i7, 2.4 ghz etc.)
Pentium D is nothing but 2 Prescott Processors side by side… runs very hot, not a good
OverClocker…
Intel Core 2 Duo processors are next gen processors from Intel on 65 nm platform… developed
from Ground up with new Architecture called Core… so they are whole new Processors just Jump
like Pentium 2 to Pentium 3 or Pentium 4… Expect one Core 2 Duo Lowest End Processors like
E4400/E4300 taking up and beating Intel Pentium D 3.8 GHz ones with ease … runs damn cool
and super over clocker…
Intel Dual Core Processors are just launched striped down version of Core 2 Duos.. there are 2 in
Market for Desktop range, E2140 runs at 1.6 GHz with 1 MB L2 and 800 MHz FSB and E2160 with
1.8 GHz with same specs of E2140…. these are not Pentium D rather they are same batch like Core
2 Duo based on the new Core Technology…. they perform same like Core 2 Duos but they were
launched with a very low price to counter the market of super low cost but high performer AMD
X2 range line up to AMD X2 4000….
Dual Core is a "class" or architecture of processors which refers to any processor

with two cores on the same chip.
Core2Duo is a regitered trademark [™] of the Intel Corporation.
Intel Core 2 Duo processors are next gen processors from Intel on 65 nm platform…
developed from Ground up with new Architecture called Core… so they are whole
new Processors just Jump like Pentium 2 to Pentium 3 or Pentium 4… Expect one
Core 2 Duo Lowest End Processors like E4400/E4300
Intel Dual Core Processors are just launched striped down version of Core 2 Duos..
there are 2 in Market for Desktop range, E2140 runs at 1.6 GHz with 1 MB L2 and
800 MHz FSB and E2160 with 1.8 GHz with same specs of E2140…. these are not
Pentium D rather they are same batch like Core 2 Duo based on the new Core
Technology
Also read, Difference between 45nm Core 2 (Duo / Quad) and 65nm Core 2 (Duo / Quad)
Difference between 45nm Core 2
(Duo / Quad) and 65nm Core 2
(Duo / Quad)
New PC buyers would be facing one major questions, though its quite confirm that it would be a
Core 2 (Duo / Quad) processor but now there is 2 versions of it. The 65nm Conroe batch and
45nm Penryn batch.
Many would be thinking whats the difference between these 45nm Core 2 Duo / Quad vs
65nm Core 2 Duo / Quad processors ?
I would be trying to list few basic difference between these processors from an end user point a
view. The immediate difference one may find is their identifying model numbers.
 nm stands for nano meter.
 Code name of Intel processors comes from the a name of any local neighborhood near
by to the Intel development facility in which it is developed
Intel 65nm processors are the 1st batch of Core architecture product code named Conroe /
Conroe XE / Conroe L / Allendale / Merom / Merom XE / Kentsfield / Kentsfield XE.
Intel 45nm Penryn processors are the second batch of the successful Core architecture with Code
name Penryn / Wolfdale / Yorkfield / Yorkfield XE.
Every single Intel processor model has their unique identification numbers, the 65nm numbers are
as follows with relationship of their code name.
The 65nm Core 2 batch is as follows, it contains Dual Core desktop and notebook as well as Quad
core desktop processors.
Intel Core 2 Duo (Conroe – 65nm)
E6300 – 2MB L2 / 1066 FSB / 1.86 GHz / 65W / Desptop (LGA 775)
Intel Core 2 eXtreme (Conroe XE – 65nm)
X6800 – 4MB L2 / 1066 FSB / 2.93 GHz / 75W / Desptop (LGA 775)
Intel Core 2 Duo (Allendale – 65nm)
Intel Core 2 Duo (Merom – 65nm)
T5200 – 2MB L2 / 533 FSB / 1.60 GHz / 34W / Mobile (Socket P)

L7200 – 4MB L2 / 667 FSB / 1.33 GHz / 17W / Mobile (Socket P)

U7500 – 2MB L2 / 533 FSB / 1.06 GHz / 10W / Mobile (Socket P)

Intel Core 2 eXtreme (Merom XE – 65nm)
X7800 – 4MB L2 / 800 FSB / 2.60 GHz / 44W / Mobile (Socket P)

Intel Core 2 Quad (Kentsfield – 65nm)
Q6600 – 8MB L2 / 1066 FSB / 2.40 GHz / 95W / Desktop (LGA 775)
Intel Core 2 Quad (Kentsfield XE – 65nm)
QX6700 – 8MB L2 / 1066 FSB / 2.67 GHz / 130W / Desktop (LGA 775)
The 45nm Penryn batch is as follows,
Intel Core 2 Duo (Penryn – 45nm)


Intel Core 2 eXtreme (Penryn XE – 45nm)

Intel Core 2 Duo (Wolfdale – 45nm)
E7200 – 3MB L2 / 1066 FSB / 2.53 GHz / 65W / Desktop (LGA 775)
Intel Core 2 Quad (Yorkfield – 45nm)
Intel Core 2 eXtreme (Yorkfield XE – 45nm)
As you may see, from the model numbers, basically the E6xxx / E4xxx / T5xxx / T7xxx / Q6xxx /
QX6xxx processors are coming under 65nm platform, where as the E7xxx / E8xxx / Q9xxx / T8xxx /
Q9xxx / QX9xxx processors belongs to Penryn 45nm family.
So when you would be looking to purchase a notebook or a desktop processor, this number
would quickly help you to under stand the type of the processor it is coming with.
Difference in their manufacturing !
All though all these processors are under Core 2 family however there is a major jump from 65nm
to this 45nm platform which Intel has done.
Basic building block of modern processors, silicon is no longer present in this 45nm family. 65nm
infact is the smallest that a silicon gate can archive. Intel has developed a new material calling it
High-K gate.
High-K gate allows Intel to make smaller transistors. A quick Intel video on Why High-K switch ?
What are transistors ?
In short layman’s language, this is some thing which is building block of any processor. It
calculate and processes data. – Read more in Wiki. More is better, so number of transistors under
your processor will determine how fast it is.
Number of transistors
45nm Core 2 processors contains 410 million transistors per core compare to 291 million per core
of a 65nm Core 2 processor. Few quick facts on 45nm
Difference in clock speed and power consumptions
Increased number of transistors and lower power consumptions allows the new 45nm processors
to run at higher clock speed compare to 65nm counter part under same price range !!
More L2 cache
Once again smaller transistors size with High-K gate at 45nm allowed more space under
processor Die, thus allowed Intel to increase the L2 cache.
Compare to 4 MB L2 E6xxx the standard Penryn dual core comes with 6 MB L2 where as compare
to 8 MB of 65nm Quads, a 45nm quad core comes with 12 MB of cache.
Enhanced cache line split load
Not only more L2 option for 45nm processors, also they get smarter. Penryn comes with a new
function called “enhanced cache line split load“. This innovation allows the processors to read L2
data more efficiently. Namely, the set of data which are suppose to be on a single thread but for
some reason, is distributed on multiple thread. This new function would help to realign the data
on a single thread and unblocking other threads which would allow other sets of data to be
processed simultaneously. Data base related applications and some CAD applications would
heavily benefit from it.
Fractional multiple
The Penryn family supports fractional multiple, thus allowing users to archive better over clocking
needs.
Multiple ??
(FSB / 4) x multiple = Clock Speed
Good for over clocking
The new Penryn 45nm family is certainly better over clockers compare to their 65nm counter part.
New High-K gate technology along with fractional multiple allows the lowest range 45nm
processors (E8xxx) to touch almost 4 GHz with simple air cooling options.
Fast Radix-16 Divider support
This is a new feature compare to Radix-4 under a 65 nm Core 2 processor which is now included
under Penryn batch. Just in layman’s language, this allows Penryn to process certain data such as
integer and floating-point division and square roots twice faster than older 65 nm batch. Virtual /
CAD application would have some major benefit from it.
Built For Virtualization
The 45nm batch is built for virtualization. This range of processors with Intel VT technology and
larger L2 cache is meant to provide full support for application platform like Windows Server 2008
Hyper-V / VM Ware hardware virtualization or upcoming Windows 7 with native virtualization
support.
SSE4.1 instructions support
Once again a major jump by supporting 47 new instruction set over older SSSE3 instruction sets.
This is a major jump for Hardware technology how ever right now there are very very few
application which are able to use few of these new 47 instruction set, for example few video
encoding softwares would run significantly faster with Penryn compare to older Core 2 range.
However not just video encoding, as we move along many upcoming softwares would be
optimized for 45nm platform and would have ability to use these new instruction sets.
What does this mean to a layman computer user ?
To be honest, if you have a 65nm (Conroe) Core 2 range processor then under present real world
application there would be a 6 to 15 % improvement with the new 45nm Penryn batch with heavy
processing application, but with day to day application, there will be no visible performance
improvement.
Simply to put it in this way, at present we dont have any mainstream real world application which
can take advantage of a Penryn.
So if you are thing to upgrade your 65nm Core 2 (duo / quad) range processor with a new 45nm,
then I would suggest to hold. It would be better idea to wait till the Intel 32nm nehalem range for
a processor upgrade. Where as if you have money to spend, it would better idea to buy a better
and powerful graphics card (if you are a gamer) or some more RAM (for virtualisation) or a better
and larger TFT (for entertainment).
Where as if you are a new computer user and planing to buy one PC / Notebook, then as intel has
released these 45nm with same price tag of 65nm, you must make sure your new PC / notebook
comes with 45nm processor if you plan to buy a Intel based PC.
Difference between Intel Core 2

Extreme / Quad / Duo vs Core i7 /
i5 processors
Since its launch in late 2008, the Nehalem based Intel Core i7 processors are getting low on price
and becoming mainstream processors. As a buyer, when you are searching for a PC or notebook,
with Core2 range of products, now you may see Core i7 based systems are up for sale at a very
competitive price.
They look very similar from their specifications, like both processors are Quad Core, operates at a
similar frequency and shares almost same features like, both supports Intel VT, Intel 64, Execute
Disable Bit, Speedstep Technology, Enhanced Halt State, 45mn technology and so on.
So what should you buy and why should you buy ?
Conroe (Core2) vs Nehalem (Core i7)
Core2 and Core i7 comes with a completely different processor architecture. All the available
Core2 processors (Conroe, Allendale, Wolfdale) have evolved from the original Intel Core
architecture Conroe where as Core i7 processors are based on a completely new architecture
called Nehalem.
Processing speed and performance depends on couple of things. First the speed or rather the
operating frequency second but most important the way by which it is processes a matter.
We already have seen, Intel Dual Core processor E2140 operating 1.6 GHz can out perform a Intel
Pentium D 820 processors operating at 3.0 GHz while consuming less power, just because the
Core architecture is much better than the age old Pentium brand.
Similar way, the Nehalem architecture is much faster and power efficient than older Core2 range.
Native Quad Core
Intel Core i7 processors have 4 native cores meaning there are 4 different cores given on a single
physical die compare to Core 2 Quad where we have 2 die having 2 cores each merged together.
It allows the Core i7 processors to utilize the processor cache more efficiently than Core 2 Quad
processors.
L3 Cache
Compare to Intel Core2 which comes with large L2 cache, Intel Core i7 processors include a large
amount of L3 cache along with L2 also.
Core i7 processors having 256 KB of L2 for each core (256KBx4) where as a large 8 MB of L3
available as shared among all the 4 cores, is much faster than Core 2 Quad where we have a large
L2 cache is been shared between 2 dies and 2×2 cores.
Hyper-Threading is back
Yeah.. That age old feature which we have first seen in case of Intel Pentium EE processors is back
with Intel Core i7. Each and every core of Intel Core i7 processors can process 2 threads
simultaneously, thus appearing as a 8 core processor to the Operating system.
All though the feature didn’t click with Pentium architecture but with Nehalem it seems to help a
lot with todays new multi-core based applications.
Goodbye FSB and welcome QPI
QPI is something, which is not new in market, as AMD is using it for quite some time but its
something new for Intel, as finally they are saying goodbye to the traditional method of
connecting various part of the CPU.
We already have seen the benefit of QPI (Quick Path Interconnect) with AMD’s Hypertransport.
However, Intel’s QPI under Nehalem seems to have beaten AMD in their own game as Core i7
with QPI is much faster than AMD HyperTransport 3.0.
Adopting QPI gives Intel another great option to access memory directly via their Memory on Die
Controller. As you may see, under QPI, Core i7 processor can now directly access memory as they
are equipped with a memory control given directly on the processor die.
The x58 and Socket 1366
Finally after so many years, Intel replaced the socket LGA775. Intel Core i7 processor comes under
a new larger socket named LGA 1366 and LGA 1156 (core i5).
Intel Core 2 platform has option to chose from many available Intel or Nvidia or ATi chipsets
where as till now, Core i7 supports only one chipset, the Intel x58 but x58 seems to out perform
any and every available option of Core2 platform.
Earlier one had to chose between either ATi or Nivida as platform before selecting motherboard
as with Core2 you can either run SLi or CrossFire. But with x58 that problem is solved. You can run
any of these multi-GPU setup from x58 or rather single motherboard.
(But that doesn’t mean you can bridge 2 different company simultaneity)
Compare to Core2 which can support both DDR-III and DDR-II, Core i7 in combination with x58 is
just DDR-III only. It may sound a downer, but as DDR3 is becoming mainstream, your PC should
have the fastest option.
Few new features
Intel Demand Based Switching (DBS)
Its a new form of older version, that’s Intel SpeedStep. What it does is, it lowers the processor
frequency and power consumption under idle state when system doesn’t require heavy
processing. The processor returns to full power only when OS requires. It saves a lot of energy
and noise also as lower frequency means less heat hence even the processor FAN can run at
lower RPM generating less noise.
Intel® Turbo Boost Technology
Performance on demand, as what Intel calls it. It allows Core i7 CPUs to actually overclock it self to
run higher than its original frequency. Just opposite of what (DBS) does. Turbo boost works in
tandem with Intel VT / Intel HT. Turbo boost actually can overclock individual cores, when they
are in need of extra juice under certainly muti-core applications like heavy duty CAD / CAM or
editing or virtualizing.
Along with these new features and upgrades to existing technology, Intel Core i7 or Core i5
processors make them self an excellent purchase over their predecessor. Therefore, if you are
looking for a new computer with Intel based setup, try and see if you can get your self a Core i7
or Core i5 based system.
Intel Core i7 processors are available from USD 280 to $1000 where as there are hundreds of
choice for motherboards under LGA 1366 and LGA 1156
Intel Introduces Next-generation Laptop,

Desktop Chips
Agam Shah, IDG News Service
Dec 18, 2009 12:40 am
Intel on Thursday introduced its next-generation of PC chips that could make laptops and
desktops faster and more power efficient.
New chips, including Core i3 and Core i5 processors, are already in mass production and
shipping to PC makers, said Stephen Smith, director of PC client operations at Intel at a
press event in San Francisco. The company is shipping 17 new CPUs to PC makers, and
systems based on the new chips could reach stores "early" next year, Smith said.
Prices of laptops and desktops based on the new chips will depend on PC makers, though
buyers can expect affordable price points, Smith said in an interview.
The upcoming chips offer improved application and graphics performance compared to the
prior generation of Intel processors, which includes the Core 2 Duo processors that go into
current laptops and desktops. The new chips integrate CPU and graphics processor in a
single package, which could improve graphics performance while drawing less power.
"We are able to process two high-definition [video] streams at the same time," said Uday
Marty, director of notebook marketing at Intel. Interest in high-definition video is growing, and
the graphics chips inside the CPUs will also be able to decode Blu-ray movies. That frees the
CPU to focus on processing other tasks, Marty said.
Better performance is also achieved on the new chips by running more threads on each
core, Marty said. For example, a dual-core Core i5 chip will be able to run four threads
simultaneously, compared to two threads on existing Core 2 Duo dual-core desktop and
laptop chips.
A new technology called Turbo Boost technology will also enable faster processing and
power savings. Depending on tasks, the processors can ratchet up the speed of a processor
core, or even shut off a core when not needed to save power.
The performance and power benefits will be partly realized from an advanced manufacturing
process Intel is using to make the chips. The new laptop and desktop processors are made
using the 32-nm manufacturing process and are code-named Arrandale and Clarkdale
respectively. Westmere chips should deliver performance and power benefits over existing
Intel chips made using the 45-nm process, Intel officials said.
Westmere is based on the same micro-architecture underpinnings as Nehalem chips, which

are made using the 45-nm process. The Nehalem chips include Core i5, Core i7 desktop and
Xeon 5500 server chips. Nehalem integrates a memory controller with the CPU and provides
a fast pipeline for processors and system components to communicate.
Company executives did not talk about specific clock speeds or pricing information, saying
those figures would be released at the Consumer Electronics Show, which will be held in Las
Vegas between January 7 and 10. However, Intel executives in the past have said that clock
speeds on the chips could be similar to those in existing laptops, but offer better performance
by running more threads on each core while drawing less power.
However, a Canadian retailer, A-Power, earlier listed the Core i3-530 chip running at 2.9GHz,
which has been pulled off the Web site. The dual-core chip has 512KB and 4MB of L3 cache,
and is priced at around US$150.
Why use two cores?
Dual-core processors are basically two chips in one. Each dual-core chip contains the
same computing might as today's most advanced chips, but with greatly reduced power
requirements. Current chip technology has reached the point where even a slight
increase in processing muscle would increase the power requirement by an order of
magnitude. For example, the fastest single-core Pentium processor uses a maximum of
130 watts. The dual-core Conroe uses 60 watts and can run at faster speeds. Also, dual-
core processors are much less prone to overheating and require less cooling. The result is
a fast, powerful processor that doesn't need cooling fans that sound like a squadron of
Blackhawk helicopters trying to touch down in the middle of the living room.
What is the speed of processors (MHz, GHz etc.)?

RAM and Cache Memory
What is a RAM (Random Access Memory)? Computer / Laptop pick data from HDD and
bring in RAM for fast execution of programs and sending data to / receiving data from
the CPU.
What is the purpose of RAM in the laptop / computer? Hard Disk is slow. The computer
requires fast working. RAM works faster than Hard Disk but is costlier than Hard Disk.
How does size of RAM (128MB, 256MB, 512MB, 1GB, 2GB, 4GB, etc.) affect the
working of Laptop / Computer?
What is DDR (Double Data Rate) RAM? Is it better than normal RAM?
Currently, most midrange laptops are factory equipped with 3-4 GB of DDR2 RAM,
while some higher end notebooks feature up to 8 GB of DDR3 memory. Netbooks
however, are commonly equipped with only 1 GB of RAM to keep manufacturing costs
low.
What is a Cache memory? Like RAM short term memory to execute the programs.
What is the function of Cache Memory?
Cache Memory is faster than RAM for improved performance. Cache Memory is more
costly than RAM.
What are the Cache Memory sizes available in the latest laptops?
Network (LAN/WAN/Internet) Connectivity

Do all laptop have (inbuilt) web cams?
Where is web cam located in a Laptop?
What is the function of Modem?
What is the difference between Fax and Internet modem?
Are modems inbuilt (embedded) in the laptops?
Can modems upgraded or separately installed in the laptops?
What is a DSL, Broad Band, Dial-up internet connection?
What is a wireless connection?
Does modem required for wireless connection?
What is LAN (Local Area Network)?
How computers on a LAN are connected?
Can computers be connected on a LAN both with cable connection and with wireless
connection?
What is an Ethernet 10/100 Fast Connection?
Ethernet Networking Guide
Ethernet is the most popular and considered the networking topology standard for
most computer connections. There have been many kinds of Ethernet, but the most
popular is 10/100Mbps running over copper twisted pair wires. 100Mbps Ethernet is
also called 100baseT and Fast Ethernet.
Older Ethernet standards ran on COAX cable and were referred to as 10base2 Thin
Ethernet and 10base5 Thick Ethernet. Some hubs still have a coax connector to
bridge together twisted pair and Thin Ethernet networks.
A newer Ethernet standard called Gigabit Ethernet or 1000baseT also can run over
copper wire but hubs and switches are VERY expensive.
10/100 Ethernet
Connections:
Connections between 10/100 Ethernet adapters are made using cables that run to an
Ethernet HUB or Switch. Hubs electrically connect your computers together and
switches act like traffic cops making your network more efficient.
When only two computers are present. A special kind of Ethernet cable can be used
called a CROSSOVER cable.
Cables:
10/100 Ethernet cables have 8 wires, of witch 4 are used for data. The other wires
are twisted around the data lines for electrical stability and resistance to electrical
interference. The cables end in RJ-45 connectors that resemble large telephone line
connectors.
Two kinds of wiring schemes are available for Ethernet cables. Patch cables and
Crossover cables. Crossover cables are special because with a single cable, two
computers can be directly connected together without a hub or switch. If a cable
does not say crossover, it is a standard patch cable. If you are connecting computers
to a hub or switch, you need patch cables
There are also different grades of cable quality. The most common are CAT5, CAT5e
and CAT6. CAT5 is good for most purposes and can transfer data at 100Mbps. CAT5e
is rated for 200Mbps and CAT6 is rated for gigabit Ethernet. I like to run CAT5e
whenever possible because there is usually not a cost difference from CAT5 if you
look hard enough.
Maximum distances:
For all twisted pair Ethernet, 100Meters is your maximum distance.More about
maximum distances
Ethernet to Fiber
Ethernet to Fiber media converters are starting to come down in price - they can be
found for under $150. When 100Meters is not enough distance, an Ethernet to fiber
media converter can be placed on each end making the maximum distance
something like 40Km (See the Example here). Another use for fiber is electrical
insulation. Some people like to run cables underground between homes. If you
run CAT5 cable, the homes have different 'ground potentials' and you will burn out
network card durring any electrical storm. The solution is fiber! Run fiber betweeen
the homes or run a pair of fiber converters on one end of the cable with a short fiber
run. This will electrically seperate the two homes.
Popular Networks:
Ethernet: 10/100Mbps
The most popular network method because of the low price of the network cards,
reliability and speed; but it can be a pain to run the wires through your home.
Wireless 802.11b: 11 Mbps

802.11b is now the standard for wireless networking in both the home and business.
It has become inexpensive, has good speed but may not is not apporporiate for
secure communications.
Wireless 802.11a: 54 Mbps

A new standard for wireless ethernet, 802.11a is incompatible with 802.11b and g.
It does however offer amazing speeds for a wireless network.
HomePNA 2.0 (Phone Line): 10Mbps

HPNA, PhoneLine or HomePNA networking works over the existing copper telephone
wires in your home without interfering with voice or DSL communications. HomePNA
3.0 will push the speed up to 100Mbps when it comes out!
Alternative Technologies
Alternative networking technologies are often used to supplement a primary
network. The can be 'bridged' to other networks to creats a seamless infrastructure.
Ethernet: Gigabit - 1000TX

The fastest network technology available to the home or small business, gigabit
ethernet comes built in to most Mac systems now. As the name suggests,
gigabit ethernet runs at 1000Mbps
Wireless 802.11g: 22 Mbps

An uprgade to 802.11b, the 802.11g standard doubles the speed of 802.11b while
retaining compatibility.
Firewire Networking - 400Mbps

Modern operating systems now support networking over firewire cables. Most
appropriate for short distances, firewire is FAST and inexpensive to install. Great for
transferring huge video files between computers! 800Mbps firewire is on it's way
too!
Bluetooth
A new wireless networking technology, bluetooth has recently made an appearance.
It is easy to implement and will be VERY inexpensive soon. Because of its low speed
(1.5Mbps) it is not appropriate as a replacement for other networks but IS valuable
(as apple will soon prove).
Wireless HomeRF 2.0: 10Mbps

Developed to compete with 802.11b, HomeRF made a brief appearance and died off.
Siemens and Proxim were the main supporters.
Powerline Networking
Powerline networking has also recently made an appearance, but is very expensive -
about $125+ per computer.
The Chart
Technology Speed Wireless Range Support Cost
Ethernet 10/100 100Mbs N A A A
802.11b 11Mbps Y B A B
802.11a 52/72 Mbps Y C B C
PhoneLine 2.0 10Mbps N A B B
Gigabit Ethernet 1000Mbps N A D D
802.11g 22/54Mbps Y C NA NA
Firewire 400Mbps N D C A
Bluetooth 1.5Mbps Y D C C
HomeRF 2.0 10Mbps Y B C C
PowerLine 14Mbps N A C C
Chart Explanation - D is poor or inappropriate, A is best

Range: In terms of a home network, will it cover the whole house? A D means
short distances, an A means almost any home would be covered without additional
equipment.
Support: In terms of industry support for home networking ranging from drivers for
different OS's, the availability of bridges and routers, and the support the industry
has for using this technology as a home network solution.
Cost: An A is the least expensive. This is the relative cost not just for the network
adapters, but the relative cost of hubs, access points, repeaters, or other things
needed for a complete home networking solution.
What is 10/100/100 Ethernet Switch / Adapter?
10/100/1000 refers to an Ethernet adapters or switch ports that supports three different
speeds of Ethernet on the same port.
The three speed supported are 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, and 1000BASE-T. When the
link is established the correct speed is selected using autonegotiation to set the speed and
duplex for the best values supported by both connected devices.
If auto-negotiation fails, a multiple speed device will sense the speed used by its partner,
but will assume half-duplex.
What does 10/100 router mean?

It refers to the LAN (Local Area Network) speed. It used to be that things would work
only on one speed and you'd have to manually change it to work properly.
10/100 means it will automatically work at 10Mbps or 100Mbps depending on what the
connected device can work at.
10/100/1000 means it will automatically work at 10Mbps, 100Mbps, or Gigabit
depending on what the connected device supports.
Most things sold today run at 100Mbps and some run as high as 1000 (Gigabit).
IMPORTANT: LAN speed is NOT internet speed.
What is a Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) Adapter Card (Device)?

What is a Hot Spot?
What is an HDMI?
HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) is a compact audio/video interface for
transmitting uncompressed digital data.
HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) is an interface standard used for audiovisual equipment
such as high-definition television and home theater systems. With 19 wires wrapped in a single cable
that resembles a USB wire, HDMI is able to carry a bandwidth of 5 Gbps (gigabits per second). This is
more than twice the bandwidth needed to transmit multi-channel audio and video, future-proofing
HDMI for some time to come. This and several other factors make HDMI much more desirable than its
predecessors, component video, S-Video and composite video.
HDMI is an uncompressed, all-digital signal, while the aforementioned interfaces are all analog. With
an analog interface, a clean digital source is translated into less precise analog, sent to the television,
then converted back to a digital signal to display on screen. At each translation, the digital signal loses
integrity, resulting in some distortion of picture quality. HDMI preserves the source signal, eliminating
analog conversion to deliver the sharpest, richest picture possible.
Previous video interfaces required separate audio cables, with the vast majority of people using
standard RCA L/R analog audio jacks. HDMI, with its abundant bandwidth and speed, carries not only
video but also up to eight digital audio channels for uncompromised surround-sound. It replaces the
tangle of wires behind the system with a single cable, greatly simplifying the entire setup process of
the home theater system while delivering top tier performance.
Though standard HDMI or "Type A" has 19 wires, "Type B" will have 29 wires.
With many homes having several devices that each connect using HDMI, it is becoming
harder and harder for a user to connect every HDMI device to a single HD TV. Some
TV's only have one or two HMDI ports, however with an HDMI optical switch,
connecting and selecting multiple HDMI sources together into a single HD TV or
monitor is simple.
Standard HDMI Switches

HDMI switches come in many different configurations. Common configurations include
3x1 HMDI switch and 5x1 HDMI switch. A 3x1 HDMI switch simply states that there
are 3 inputs available and 1 output available. The output usually goes to the main HD
monitor.
HDMI Optical Switch

An HDMI Optical Switch takes the common configuration one step further. Besides
allowing for HDMI inputs, an HDMI optical switch also includes support for TOSLINK
optical audio routing. TOSLINK is an optical fiber connection cable primarily used with
audio components. TOSLINK optical fiber is usually made from 1 mm plastic optical
fiber or in high end applications, several fibers of quartz glass.
Since many “quality audio receivers” use a TOSLINK audio interface to send audio
signals from a music source to the receiver, employing an HDMI optical switch will
enable you to set up your HDTV and audio receiver using only one input. For those
homes that utilize both TOSLINK and HDMI, a HDMI optical switch can help streamline
your source connections, making it much easier for you to control all of your devices and
save you the cost or need to upgrade your existing audio receiver to a new audio receiver
that supports HDMI.
Connecting Your Audio and Video Devices Using an

HDMI Optical Switch
Using an HDMI optical switch to create an efficient audio video setup is extremely easy
to do. Many HDMI optical switches include an infrared remote to change the source
device with just a click of a button. Using an HDMI optical switch not only enables you
to organize your HDMI and TOSLINK device, but also get more use out of them since
you no longer have to swap devices due to lack of open inputs.
Power Storage / Battery

Where is the external battery attached to the Laptop?
Is there any internal battery in the Laptop?
Can we increase the battery time of a Laptop by attaching a bigger battery without
increase in overall weight of the Laptop?
Where is the location to attach a battery charger to the Laptop?
How shall we know that the battery has been fully charged?
Operating Systems and common soft wares

Windows
Linux
UNIX
Macintosh
Operating System Inbuilt Soft wares

Drivers for compatible famous brands are included in the operating systems cameras,
printers, fax machines, scanners, internet modems, sound cards, VGA cards, etc.
Photo Viewers / Editors
Calculator
Notepad
Word Pad
Paint – Graphics
Media Player
Network Connection Wizard
3rd Party Soft wares

Microsoft Office (MS Office): Word, Excel, Power Point, Access, Outlook
Adobe Acrobat Reader
Internet Explorer
Scanners
Printers / Fax
Graphics - ACD see
Games -3D Games
Dell INSPIRON 15 Laptop Computer
(Intel Pentium Dual Core T4300 320GB/4GB - MPN: FNDOZX3)
As low as $599.00 from Dell Home Systems
Description: Dell INSPIRON 15 Laptop Computer Intel Pentium Dual Core T4300 (2.1GHz/800MHz
FSB/1MB cache) 4GB Shared Dual Channel DDR2 at 800MHz Jet Black Glossy, widescreen 15.6 inch
display (1366x768) 320GB SATA Hard Drive (5400RPM) 8X CD/DVD Burner (Dual Layer DVD+/-R
Drive) Intel Graphics Media Accelerator X4500HD High Definition Audio 2.0 Integrated 10/100
Network Card
HP (Hewlett-Packard) Compaq Presario CQ61Z Notebook
(2GHz Sempron Mobile M100, 2GB DDR2, 160GB HDD, DVD±RW DL, Windows 7 Home Premium,
15.6" LCD - MPN: VL867AV)
As low as $399.99 from HP Direct

Description: Compaq Presario CQ61Z notebook series delivers classic style, simple operation, and
features for easy everyday computing, all at an affordable price. This easy-to-use laptop has
everything you need for your day-to-day e-mailing, work, and communication, whether you are at
home, in the office, or on the move.
Dell Latitude 2100 Netbook
(1.6GHz Intel Atom N270, 512MB DDR2, 80GB HDD, Windows XP, 10.1" LCD - MPN: BLCWWGP1)
As low as $379.00 from Dell Small Business Systems
Description: Dell Latitude 2100 is Compact, lightweight, and designed for collaboration and
connectivity, the Dell Latitude 2100 makes an ideal low-cost computing solution for growing
businesses. Whether you need a smart, functional stand-alone system or a counterpart to your
main business PC, the 10-inch Latitude 2100 offers these useful features and more.
HP Pavillion DV3-2230
Touch Screen Laptop (Intel Core™2 Duo T6600, 4GB, 320GB, Dedicated Graphics, 13.3" Screen, Windows 7 Home
Premium)
Audio Features Digital Output
Battery Life in Hours 4.5 to 5.0
Blank Discs Case Included No
Bluetooth Yes
Brand HP
Built-in Webcam Yes
Memory Stick, Memory Stick Pro, Multimedia Card,

Card Reader Type
SD, xD
Dial Up Modem No
External Sata Interface Yes
Features of Product Touch Screen. 4Gb Memory. 512mb Dedicated
Graphics. Matching Sleeve Included. Bluetooth

Enabled. Unique HP Modern Vintage Imprint pattern
Finger Print Reader No
Firewire No
Graphics Type Dedicated
Hard Drive Size in Gb 320
Hard Drive Type one S-ATA
Laptop Colour Black
Memory Size in Gb 4
Memory Slots Free None
Memory Slots Total 2
Memory Type DDR2
Number of USB Ports 3x USB 2.0
Operating System Microsoft Windows® 7 Home Premium 64 bit
Optical Drive Compatible Type Dual Layer, Dual Layer Rewriter, DVD, Lightscribe
Os Recovery Discs Included No
3.5mm Stereo Headphone / Line Out, VGA 15-pin D-

Output
Sub
Power Adaptor Included Yes
Processor Intel® Core™2 Duo
Processor Bus in Mhz 800
Processor Cache 2 Mb
Processor Model Number Intel® Core™2 Duo Processor T6600
Processor Speed in GHz 2.2
Product Depth 32.7 cm
Product Height 3.53 cm
Product Weight 2.13
Product Weight Units kg

Product Width 22.1 cm
Range Usage: Ultimate
Remote Control Included Yes
Screen Size 13.3" (33.8cm)
Screen Type OLED
Microsoft® Internet Explorer, Windows® Live
Messenger, Adobe® Reader, Adobe® Flash Player,HP
TouchSmart , HP Total Care Setup, HP Total Care
Advisor, HP ProtectSmart, Cyberlink DVD, Suite
Software Loaded Windows Media center, Windows Mail, HP Games
Console with hours of free game play, Norton Online
Backup (30 day Trial Version), Microsoft® Works and
Microsoft® Office Home and Student 2007 (60 Day
Trial Version)
TV Tuner None
Wired Networking Port 10 / 100 MHz Ethernet
Wireless Built in 802.11b, 802.11g
Question -
" WHAT IS MEANT BY CACHE MEMORY & WHAT IS THE INFLUENCE IT HAS GOT ON
SPEED OF COMPUTER ? "
Answer:
Eric Tolman
Computer Scientist
Computers operate at very high speeds. Current CPU's operate at speeds

of
400 million cycles per second or more. What this means is, every 2.5
nanoseconds, the computer can execute a complete processing loop. On
modern
computers, this means usually executing one or two instructions. This
is
the speed you will see advertised on a computer--a Pentium III 400.
The problem is, while the computer can operate at this speed, it has to
get
the program and data to execute from somewhere.
What happens is the program and data is loaded from the hard drive into
RAM.
From RAM it is loaded into cache RAM, and from there it is executed by
the
CPU.
Hard drives are very slow compared to the CPU. RAM is much faster than
a
hard drive, but still 4-5 times slower than your CPU. Also, RAM is
erased
if the power goes off. Cache RAM is extremely fast--it is capable of
delivering data at or near the speed of the CPU.
Cache RAM and normal RAM are very similar in the way they work. Cache
is
just extremly fast, and expensive.
That is why there is so very little of cache RAM available--it is

expensive.
In order to reduce the cost of computers, hard drives are used to store
huge
amounts of data because they are so cheap--some drives cost less than a
penny for a megabyte of storage.
RAM is much more expensive--about a dollar for a megabyte of storage.

This
is over 100 times more expensive than a hard drives.
Cache RAM is a lot more expensive than regular RAM--about $15-20 per
megabyte of storage.
In order to reduce the cost of computers, engineers have designed

controllers that load data and instructions from the hard drive when
they
may be needed into RAM. When they are not needed in RAM, something else
is
loaded. Then, as the computer runs, whatever is needed for that time is
loaded into cache. When the controller does a pretty good job at
predicting
what is needed, the computer will operate at close to its full speed.
When
the controllers don't do a good job, things will slow down while the CPU
waits for data to be loaded from the hard drive to RAM, and then into
the
cache before it can continue.
Now, to anser your question, cache memory is where the computer gets the
program and data it needs to execute. If the cache is slower than your
CPU,
your computer will be slow. But if it is faster, your computer won't
speed
up. So you want to make sure the cache is fast enough for your
computer,
but getting faster cache memory is a waste of money.
Second, the amount of cache memory also affects the speed of your
computer.
In general, the more cache, the faster your computer will go. Most
computers have a fairly small limit on the amount of cache RAM possible.
Generally, make sure your computer has as much cache RAM as it can
handle.

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Laptops in the market

A mid range HP Laptop

A laptop computer or simply laptop, also called a notebook computer or sometimes a

Netbooks (also called mini notebooks or subnotebooks) are a rapidly evolving[16]

TFT is a modern type of LCD Screen for better color display.

How is the size of the Laptop / Computer Screen measured?

Block diagram of a modern motherboard, which supports many on-board peripheral

Common manufacturer(s) Intel

Max. CPU clock rate 1.06 GHz to 3.33 GHz

FSB speeds 533 MHz to 1600 MHz

Instruction set x86 64, (SSE4.1 is for 45 nm processors only)

Microarchitecture Intel Core

Socket(s) Socket T (LGA 775)

Socket M (µPGA 478)

Micro-FCBGA (µBGA 965)

GeForce 6600GT (NV43) GPU

Random-access memory (usually known by its acronym, RAM) is a form of computer

Generic DDR-266 Memory in the 184pin DIMM form

Corsair DDR-400 Memory with heat spreaders

← Hard Drive Size

What is a Web Cam?

What is a battery and battery time?

Are microphone (mic) and speakers are inbuilt in the laptops?

What is a touch pad?

Left to right, modular connectors: 8P8C plug,

What is a PCI Connector?

What is Infrared Connectivity?

What is a FSB (Front Side Bus)?

Model Speed (GHz) L2 Cache (MB) FSB (MHz) TDP (Watts)

Data Storage Devices

What is a USB (Flash / Pen) Drive (Memory)?

Processors / Microprocessors / CPU

Dual Core is a "class" or architecture of processors which refers to any processor

 nm stands for nano meter.

Intel Core 2 Duo (Conroe – 65nm)

Intel Core 2 eXtreme (Conroe XE – 65nm)

Intel Core 2 Duo (Allendale – 65nm)

Intel Core 2 Duo (Merom – 65nm)

T5200 – 2MB L2 / 533 FSB / 1.60 GHz / 34W / Mobile (Socket P)

L7200 – 4MB L2 / 667 FSB / 1.33 GHz / 17W / Mobile (Socket P)

U7500 – 2MB L2 / 533 FSB / 1.06 GHz / 10W / Mobile (Socket P)

X7800 – 4MB L2 / 800 FSB / 2.60 GHz / 44W / Mobile (Socket P)

Intel Core 2 Quad (Kentsfield – 65nm)

Intel Core 2 Quad (Kentsfield XE – 65nm)

The 45nm Penryn batch is as follows,

Intel Core 2 Duo (Penryn – 45nm)

T9300 – 6MB L2 / 800 FSB / 2.50 GHz / 35W / Mobile (Socket P)

T8100 – 3MB L2 / 800 FSB / 2.10 GHz / 35W / Mobile (Socket P)

Intel Core 2 eXtreme (Penryn XE – 45nm)

X9000 – 6MB L2 / 800 FSB / 2.80 GHz / 44W / Mobile (Socket P)

Intel Core 2 Duo (Wolfdale – 45nm)

Intel Core 2 Quad (Yorkfield – 45nm)

Difference in their manufacturing !

What are transistors ?

Difference in clock speed and power consumptions

(FSB / 4) x multiple = Clock Speed

Good for over clocking

Fast Radix-16 Divider support

Built For Virtualization

SSE4.1 instructions support

Difference between Intel Core 2

So what should you buy and why should you buy ?

Conroe (Core2) vs Nehalem (Core i7)

Native Quad Core