EUROPEAN EXPLORATION LEAD BY PORTUGUESE, OCTOBER – NOVEMBER 1520

ITALIAN AND SPANISH SAILORS (LATE1400)

◌ Christopher Columbus (1492)
▪ another ship (San Antonio), deserted them and sailed home
◌ Bartolomeu Dias (1487) ▪ Magellan discovered a 350 miles strait, which now bears his
◌ Vasco De Gama (1498) name, a sea that seemed so calm, he named it Mara Pacifico
→ Europe: cinnamon, cloves and nutmeg (peaceful sea)
→1518 route to spice island dominated by Portugal ▫ (present Pacific Ocean)
⌐ Ferdinand Magellan ▫ far bigger than they’d estimated
◌ 38 y/o sailor spent many years sailing the Indian Ocean ▫ Supplies ran out
◌ believe to reach the spice island from the east
▫ Forced to eat rats and drink putrid water (stagnant)
THE FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD ▫ 19 died of scurvy
(1519-1522) 16th Century -disease resulting from a lack of vitamin C
-swollen bleeding gums
→ classic book ▫ after 99 days @ sea the lookouts spied a land
→ most important primary sources in the study of the -(present Guam in Marianas Islands)
precolonial Philippines
→ published after Pigafetta returned to Italy MARCH 6, 1521 (Wednesday)
⌐ King Charles the first (Spain) ▪ reached Ladrones Islands
◌ expedition to find Spice Island (part of Indonesia, ▫ Islanders stole one of their boats
Muluccas, Mulucu-Pigafetta)
◌ rival of King of Portugal ▫ Fighting broke out
⌐ 3G = Gold, Glory, God/Gospel ▫ had to leave w/o fresh provisions
-an amount/thing supplied/provided
⌐ Original number of voyagers = 270 people
⌐ 5 Ships = Trinidad, Concepcion, Santiago, San Antonio, ▪ the people are poor, but ingenious, and great thieves
Victoria (nakabalik with 18 people, pinakamaliit na barko) ▫ (3 islands as Islands of the Thieves)
⌐ Voyagers: ▫ (present Guam in Marianas Islands)
◌ Captain General Ferdinand Magellan (Portugal) ▫ Location = south-southeast Japan,
◌ Duarte Barbosa (capt. after Magellan) = west-southwest Hawaii
◌ Juan Sebastian Elcano (last captain) = north New Guinea
◌ Juan Serrano (navigator) = east Philippines
◌ Antonio Pigafetta (European-Italian, expert in cartography MARCH 16, 1521
and geography)
◌ Interpreter: ▪ reached Zamal
nd
- Henry (Pigafetta) or Enrique of Malacca (2 source) ▫ (present Samar)
- 16 y/o
- Malay ▪ Magellan and his men became the first Europeans to reached
the Philippines
SEPTEMBER 20, 1519 ▫ feast with bananas and coconuts
▪ Fleet set sail
MARCH 18, 1521
OCTOBER- NOVEMBER 1519 ▪ first interaction with Filipinos
▪ Cross the stormy Atlantic to reach Brazil ▪ 9 men approached them with joy
▪ Trade with local tribes ▪ the troops were welcomed with food, drinks and gifts
▫ simple things: fish hooks & playing cards
▫ for fresh foods and water
▫ fish, palm wine (uraca), figs, and two cochos, rice (umai)
and cocos
DECEMBER 1519 – MARCH 1520 ▪ characterized the people as “very familiar and friendly”.
▪ continued south until winter storms forced them to camp at ▪ went to Humunu Island (Homonhon)
Puerto San Julian ▫ found “Watering Place of Good Signs”
▪ faced a mutiny led by Spanish officers, Magellan sent loyal -gold, clear water

men to kill one of the ring leaders while another was captured ▪ named islands after St. Lazarus
and executed, two others were left behind when the fleet sailed ▫ found the island on feast of St. Lazarus
south again in August. ▪ left the island
AUGUST 1520
MARCH 25, 1521
▪ Magellan searched for a passage west ▪ saw two ballanghai (balangay) - long boat full of
people
SEPTEMBER 1520
▪ one ship (Santiago), was wrecked but the crew were saved ▪ King of ballanghai (Raia Siagu) sent his men to Magellan’s
ship
 ▫ King – because of physical appearance and western ▪ the king of Cebu was baptized
culture of monarchy
▪ the people were given a name like:
▫ Shione - accessories ▫ King- Don Charles (Carlos)
▪ expressed desire to become brothers ▫ Prince- Don Fernand (Fernando)
▫ King of Mazaua – Jehan
MARCH 28, 1521
▫ Moor - Christopher
▪ reached Mazaua
▪ After eight days, all of the island’s inhabitant were already
▪ after few days Magellan was introduced to the king’s baptized
brother (also a king) Raia Calambu
▫ King of Zuluan (Butuan)
▪ they burned a village down for those who didn’t follow
▫ King of Calagan (Caragua) ▪ Magellan gave an image of the Infant Jesus to the queen
made by Pigafetta himself.
▪ went to another island and saw mines of gold
MARCH 31, 1521 (Easter Sunday) ▪ all of the newly baptized Christians need to burn their idols,
but the native gave excuses telling they needed the idols to
▪ Magellan ordered the chaplain to preside a mass by the heal a sick man
shore
▫ First Mass is at Limasawa
▪ Magellan insisted that they should instead put their faith in
Jesus Christ
▪ both kings participated in the mass ▪ went to the sick man and baptized him and the man was able
▪ after the mass, Magellan ordered the cross be brought with to speak again (miracle)
nails and crown in place
▫ signs of his emperor APRIL 26, 1521
▫ ordered to plant in places that he would reach ▪ Zula (principal man from Matan (Mactan))
▪ the king allowed the cross ▫ went to see Magellan
▪ after seven days, decided to move to islands for more ▫ asked for a boat full of men
supplies and provisions ▫ in order to fight the chief named Silapulapu (LapuLapu)
▫ learned about Ceylon (Leyte), Bohol, Zzubu (Cebu) - refused to obey the king

▪ Raia Calambu offered to pilot them to Cebu (largest and ▪ Magellan offered three boats and expressed his desire to
fight the chief
richest of the islands)
▪ Magellan’s forces arrived in Mactan in daylight
APRIL 7, 1521 ▫ Magellan’ men = 49
▪ reached port of Cebu ▫ islanders of Mactan  1,500
▪ king of Cebu asked them to pay tribute (customary) but -3 squadrons
- with terrible shouts, two squadrons (flanks), third (front)
Magellan refused
▫ Raja Humabon (leader of Cebu)
▪ the battle began.
▪ interpreter explained that Magellan’s king was the emperor ▪ the captain then divided his men in two bands and fired for
half an hour from a distance, but did nothing
of a great empire, it’s better to make friends that to forge
enmity ▪ the captain shouted not to fire but nobody listened
▪ next day, met in an open space with : ▪ the islanders shouted more loudly, and springing from one
▫ Magellan’s men side to the other to avoid shots with shields (thin wood) while
throwing arrows, javelins, spears hardened in fire, stones and
▫ king of Cebu
mud
▫ other principal men of Cebu
▪ cast lances pointed with iron at the captain-general
▪ king offered a bit of blood and demanded Magellan to do
the same ▪ The natives aimed for enemies’ legs
▫ blood from right arm ▪ Magellan
▪ the following day, Magellan spoke about peace and God ▫ pierced with poisoned arrow in right leg
▪ Magellan lectured the people that his faith entailed children ▫ hit with a lance in the face
to render honor and obedience to their parents ▫ retaliated and pierced the same native with his lance in
the breast
APRIL 14, 1521 ▫ tried to draw his sword but couldn’t because of his
wounded arm
▪ people gathered with the king and other principal men ▫ attacked by more natives
▪ Magellan encouraged the king to be a good Christian by ▫ hurt by a native on his left leg with great sword
burning all their idols and worship the cross instead.
 ▫ attacked ceaselessly with lances, swords and bare hands
of natives
▫ turned round to see if his men were all in safety
▫ his fight give an opportunity for the retreat of his men
▫ died in that battle.
▫ instructed the king of Cebu not to join the battle and stay
in the balangay and see them fight
▪ the king offered the people of Mactan gifts in exchange of
Magellan’s body but the chief refused
▪ elected Duarte Barbosa as the new captain
▪ Henry (slave/ interpreter) betrayed them
▫ told the king of Cebu that they intended to leave as
quickly as possible.
▫ told the king that they could acquire the ships and goods
of Magellan’s fleet
▪ the two conspired and betrayed Magellan’s men
▪ The king invited them to a gathering
▫ present jewels for the King of Spain
▫ 24 men attended
▫ natives had slain all of the men except Henry and Juan
Serrano (navigator)
- presented, asking them to pay ransom so he would be
spared
- refused didn’t allow anyone to go to the shore
▪ the fleet departed with 3 ships left and abandoned Serrano
▪ they left Cebu and continued their journey around the world.
MAY 1521
▪ few people are left enough only to stir 2 ships so they
burned the Concepcion
JUNE - JULY 1521
▪ traveled to Muslim Court of Brunei on Borneo and were
amazed by its splendor
AUGUST – NOVEMBER 1521
▪ with the help of local guides, and more than 2 years of
sailing from Spain, they reached Spice Islands (Maluku
Islands)
▫ traded everything they had for all the cloves their
two ships could carry
▫ as they prepare for the long voyage home, the
Trinidad sprang a leak and had to stay behind for
repairs
▫its crew tried to return to Spain across the Pacific
Ocean but most of the men became sick and died, the
survivors had to return to Maluku islands where they
were captured by the Portuguese
DECEMBER 1521 – APRIL 1522
▪Victoria sailed west for home, crossing the Indian Ocean
MAY 1522
▪Took 9 weeks of battling headwinds before they could round
the Cape of Good Hope
JUNE 1522
▪Began to starve again
JULY 1522
▪21 died before they find fresh provisions the Cape fed
AUGUST – SEPTEMBER 8, 1522
▪Almost exactly 3 years after their departure, cast anchor at
Seville, Spain, 18 made it home
*Francis Drake (English) – made his own remarkable voyage
around the world
Analysis of Pigafetta’s Chronicle
▪ Antonio Pigafetta
▫ was seen as a credible source
▫ writings account for the “purest” pre-colonial society
▫ chronicler commissioned by the King of Spain to
accompany and document a voyage intended to expand the Spanish
empire
▫ noble descent and he is also a scholar of cartography
and geography
▫ coming from a sixteenth century European perspective
▫ observations were rooted from the context of him and of
his era
These attributes influenced his narrative, his selection of details to be
included in the text, his characterization of the people and the
species that he encountered, and his interpretation and retelling of
the events.
For instance, the way he:
▫ describe the people
▫ implicitly or explicitly, regarded the indigenous belief
systems and way of life as inferior to that of Christianity and of the
Europeans
▫ always remark on the nakedness of the natives or how he
was fascinated by their exotic culture
▫ noticeably emphasized the native’s amazement and
illiteracy to the European artillery, merchandise and other goods
▫ repeatedly mentioned the abundance of spices like
ginger, and of precious metals like gold
▪ Chronicle of Pigafetta
▫ one of the most cited documents by historians who
wished to study the pre-colonial Philippines
▫ one of the earliest written accounts or detailed
documentation
▫ is of great importance in the study and writing of
Philippine history
Founding of the Katipunan → triangle method was slow and ineffective so
⌐JULY 7, 1892 everyone was permitted to recruit as many members as
→ the arrest and execution of Rizal was spread through they can
newspapers → conducted an election because of the increase in
→ a small group of Patriotic Filipinos met at house on members
Azcarraga St. (now Claro M. Recto Avenue) First Supreme Council
→ decided to create a secret society named ▫ Deodato Arellano (Supremo) ▫ Andres Bonifacio
Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalang na Katipunan ng mga (Comptroller)
Anak ng Bayan (Supreme and Venerable Association of ▫ Ladislaw Diwa (Fiscal) ▫ Teodoro Plata (Secretary)
the Sons of the People) ▫ Valentin Diaz (Treasurer)
→ to show patriotism they’ve performed the blood Second Supreme Council
compact ▫ Roman Basa (Supremo) ▫ Andres Bonifacio
→ the members agreed to recruit Filipinos to become (Fiscal)
members trough Triangle Method ▫ Jose Turiano Santiago (secretary) ▫ Vicente Molina
→ adopt the system of masonry to speed up the (treasurer)
recruitment Councilors:
Aim and Structure ▫ Briccio Brigido Pantas ▫ Restituto Javier
Primary Objectives of the Katipunan ▫ Teodoro Plata ▫ Teodoro Gonzales
⌐ Civic Objective ▫ Ladislaw Diwa
→ Based on the principle of self-help and the defense → Early 1895, Bonifacio had himself elected to replace
of the weak and poor Basa
⌐ Political Objective → Remained the supremo of Katipunan until the
→ To gain independence from Spain establishment of a revolutionary gov’t in Tejeros, Cavite
⌐ Moral Objective Katipunan Membership
→ To teach good manner, hygiene and moral character ⌐ Divided into 3 grades:
→ Urged to help sick comrades and their family 1st grade: Katipon (passwors: Anak ng Bayan)
→ In case of death, the society paid for funeral 2nd grade: Kawal (passwors: Gom-Bur-Za)
expenses 3rd grade: Bayani (passwors: Rizal)
Government of Katipunan → In order to recognize each other in the streets, each
→ Bonifacio borrowed the structure of La Liga Filipina one has to place the palm of his right hand on his
▪ Katipunan had 3 governing bodies: breast, and as he passed the other member he would
▫ Kataastaasang Sanggunian (Supreme Council) close his hand and bring his index finger and thumb
▫ Sangguniang Bayan (Provincial Council) together
▫ Sangguniang Balangay (Popular Council) Katipunan Codes
▫ Sangguniang Hukuman (Judicial Council) →To reduce the danger of discovey, Boni invented a
- Passed judgement on members who violated system of writing for the Katipuneros, 3 more were
the rules of the society invented, changes in the codes were made.
▪ Secret Chamber: The Flag
▫ Andres Bonifacio → Made by Gregoria de Jesus → After the revolution
▫ Emilio Jacinto on → Boni’s flag
▫ Dr. Pio Valenzuela (Boni’s wife) August 1869, the flag was
- Sentenced members who exposed the secrets changed
of the Katipunan
Katipunan Elections Katipunan Teachings
→ To guide the Katipuneros in leading a highly moral
life
→ 10 commandments by Boni: -Tailor, boatman, former municipal official
- Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan (duties ▫ Catalina De Castro (mother)
of the sons of the people) -Spanish- Chinese Filipino
→ Kartilla by Emilio: -Worker at cigarette factory
- 13 teachings ▫ Parents died early, supported his siblings
Women in Katipunan ▫ Sold canes and paper fans
→ Only the wife, sister, daughter of katipuneros, few ▫ Messenger of J.M. Fleming and Co.
selected women ▫ Agent of german trading firm, Fressel and Co.
Women Supreme Council ▫ Wasn’t able to finish grade 4
▫ Josefa Rizal (Pres) ▫ Gregoria De Jesus (V- ▫ Reads Spanish books and newspapaer at night
Pres) Noli Me Tangere @ El Filibusterismo
▫ Marina Dizon (Secretary) ▫ Angelica Lopez Rizal ▫ Also reads the French revolution of 1789
(Fiscal) ▫ Called Spaniards “white cattle”
Duties: ▫ Tapunan ng Lingap, Ang mga Cazadores – attacked
→ Helping male members in propagating the ideas and Spaniards
ideals of the society ▫ Huling Hibik Ng Pilipinas – independence from colonial
→ Make the police authorities believe that no rule
katipunan meeting was being held in a house
→ Gregoria risked her life in keeping documents in her The KKK and the “Kartilya ng Katipunan”
The Kalayaan KATIPUNAN OR KKK ▫
→ 2 Visayan patriots gave katipunan money to purchase ▪ Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga
printing press: Candido Iban @ Francisco Del Castillo Anak ng Bayan)
→ Templates was purchased by Jacinto ▪ most important organization formed in the Philippine
→ Other templates were stolen from Spanish printing history
press ▪ the only organization that envisioned
→ Ulpiano Fernandez @ Faustino Duque: managed the (1) a united Filipino nation that would revolt against the
press Spaniards for
→ Dr. Pio suggested the name Kalayaan (2) the total independence of the country from Spain.
-Contained articles written by Pio, Boni and Jacinto ▪ Previous armed revolts had already occurred before
→ To mislead the Spanish put: the foundation of the Katipunan, but none of them
▫ Yokohama (place of publication) envisioned a unified Filipino nation revolting against the
▫ Gregorio H. Del Pilar (editor) colonizers.
Works: KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN
Manifesto (by Jacinto) ▪ One of the most important Katipunan documents
Pag-Ibig Sa Tinubuang Lupa (love of country) – by boni ▪ The original title of the document was “Manga [sic]
Pen names: Aral Nang [sic] Katipunan ng mga A.N.B.” or “Lessons of
▫ Pingkian @ Dimasilaw (Jacinto) the Organization of the Sons of Country.”
▫ Agapito Bagumbayan (Boni) ▪ written by Emilio Jacinto in the 1896
▫ Dr. Pio (Madlang-Away) ▪ can be treated as the Katipunan’s code of conduct
→ After its distribution it was then destroyed to prevent ▪ contains 14 rules that instruct the way a Katipunero
it from being confiscated should behave, and which specific values should be
Twin’s soul uphold
→ Andres Bonifacio @ Emilio Jacinto EMILIO JACINTO (Dec 15, 1875- April 6, 1899)
▪ Andres Bonifacio ▪ Born on Tondo, Manila (Miling - palayaw)
▫ Nov. 30, 1863 (Azcarraga St.) ▪ Josefa Dizon (mother)
▫ Santiago Bonifacio (father) ▪ Sent to his uncle’s house for support
 -Jose Dizon – one of the 13 martyrs @
bagumbayan
▪ Studied at San Juan De Letran
▪ law student at the Universidad de Santo Tomas
▪ only 18 years old when he joined the movement
▪ A Mi Patria (To My Country), Kartilya, Liwanag at Dilim,
Pahayag, Sa Mga Kababayan- how Filipinos should live
▪ Led rebels in Laguna
▪ Despite his youth, Bonifacio recognized the value and
intellect of Jacinto
▪ eyes of the katipunan, spirit of the revolution
▪ became the secretary of the organization and took
charge of the short-lived printing press of Katipunan.
▪ appointed as a commander of the Katipunan (22 y/o)
in Northern Luzon by Bonifacio on April 15, 1897
▪ died of Malaria (24) in the town of Magdalena, Laguna.
KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN (PRIMER OF THE KATIPUNAN)
1. The life that is not consecrated to a lofty and
reasonable purpose is a tree without a shade, if not a
poisonous weed.
2. To do good for personal gain and not for its own sake
is not virtue.
3. It is rational to be charitable and love one's fellow
creature, and to adjust one's conduct, acts and words to
what is in itself reasonable.
4. Whether our skin be black or white, we are all born
equal: superiority in knowledge, wealth and beauty are
to be understood, but not superiority by nature.
5. The honorable man prefers honor to personal gain;
the scoundrel, gain to honor. 6. To the honorable man,
his word is sacred.
7. Do not waste thy time: wealth can be recovered but
not time lost.
8. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor before
the law or in the field.
9. The prudent man is sparing in words and faithful in
keeping secrets.
10. On the thorny path of life, man is the guide of
woman and the children, and if the guide leads to the
precipice, those whom he guides will also go there.
11. Thou must not look upon woman as a mere
plaything, but as a faithful companion who will share
with thee the penalties of life; her (physical) weakness
will increase thy interest in her and she will remind thee
of the mother who bore thee and reared thee.
12. What thou dost not desire done unto thy wife,
children, brothers and sisters, that do not unto the wife,
children, brothers and sisters of thy neighbor.
13. Man is not worth more because he is a king,
because his nose is aquiline, and his color white, not
because he is a priest, a servant of God, nor because of
the high prerogative that he enjoys upon earth, but he
is worth most who is a man of proven and real value,
who does good, keeps his words, is worthy and honest;
he who does not oppress nor consent to being
oppressed, he who loves and cherishes his fatherland,
though he be born in the wilderness and know no
tongue but his own.
14. When these rules of conduct shall be known to all,
the longed-for sun of Liberty shall rise brilliant over this
most unhappy portion of the globe and its rays shall
diffuse everlasting joy among the confederated
brethren of the same rays, the lives of those who have
gone before, the fatigues and the well-paid sufferings
will remain. If he who desires to enter (the Katipunan)
has informed himself of all this and believes he will be
able to perform what will be his duties, he may fill out
the application for admission.
Analysis of the “Kartilya ng Katipunan”
→ As a document written for a fraternity whose main
purpose is to overthrow a colonial regime, we can
explain the content and provisions of the Kartilya as a
reaction and response to certain value systems that
they found despicable in the present state of the things
that they struggled against with.
→ One can analyze the values upheld in the document
as consistent with the burgeoning rational and liberal
ideals in the 18th and 19th century. Equality,
tolerance, freedom, and liberty were values that
emerged in the 18th century French Revolution, which
spread throughout Europe and reached the educated
class of the colonies.
→ Aside from the liberal values that can be dissected in
the document, we can also decipher certain Victorian
and chivalrous values in the text.
→ Various provisions in the Kartilya repeatedly
emphasized the importance of honor in words and in
action.
→ The teaching of the Katipunan on how women should
be treated with honor and respect tells the Katipunan’s
secondary regard in relation to men.
→ Not even in Europe or in the whole of the West at
that juncture recognized the problem of gender
inequality.
→ Indeed, it can be argued that Katipunan’s recognition
of women as important partners in struggle, as reflected
not just in Kartilya, but also in the organizational
structure of the fraternity where a women’s unit was
established, is an endeavor advanced for its time.
→ Kartilya was instructive not just of the Katipunan’s
conduct toward other people, but also for the
members’ development as individuals in their own
rights.
→ The rules in the Kartilya can be classified as either
directed to how one should treat his neighbor or to how
one should develop and conduct one’s self.
→ All in all, proper reading of the Kartilya will reveal a
more thorough understanding of the Katipunan and the
significant role that it played in the revolution and in the
unfolding of the Philippine history as we know it.
Reading the “Proclamation of the Philippine
Independence”
→ Act of the Proclamation of the Independence of
Filipino People (Acta De La Proclamacion De La
Independencia Del Pueblo Filipino)
● pattern is inspired from USA
● signed by 98 persons
● a short 2,000-word document
● summarized the reason behind the revolution against
Spain, the war for independence, and the future of the
new republic under Emilio Aguinaldo
● the details tells the kind of government that was
created under Aguinaldo and the forthcoming hand of
the United States of America in the next few years of
the newly created republic
● specifically mentioned abuses and inequalities in the
colony
● Passage:
⌐ demonstrate the justifications behind the revolution
against Spain. Specifically cited are the abuse by the
Civil Guards and the unlawful shooting of prisoners
whom they alleged as attempting to escape
⌐ condemns the unequal protection of the law between
the Filipino people and the “eminent personages.”
⌐ mentions the avarice and greed of the clergy like the
friars and the Archbishop himself.
⌐ condemns what they saw as the unjust deportation
and rendering of other decision without proper hearing,
expected of any civilized nation
● narrates the spread of the movement “like an electric
spark” through different towns and provinces like
Bataan, Pampanga, Batangas, Bulacan, Laguna, and
Morong, and the quick decline of Spanish forces in the
same provinces.
● mentions Rizal’s execution, calling it unjust
⌐ execution was done to seek revenge and
⌐ exterminate all those who are opposed to their
Machiavellian purposes
⌐ tramples the penal code of our islands
● narrates the Cavite Mutiny (January 1872)
⌐caused the infamous execution of the martyred native
priests Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez, and Jacinto
Zamora
● explained the Philippine flag that was first waved on
the same day
▪ Proclamation of Philippine Independence
▫ proclaimed on June 12, 1898 (province of Cavite, town
of Cavite Viejo)
▫ attended by an American kernel – L. M. Johnson
▫ signalled the end of the 333 years of Spanish
colonization
▫ commenced with a characterization of the conditions
in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period
▫ proceeded with a brief historical overview of the
Spanish occupation since Magellan’s arrival in Visayas
until the Philippine Revolution, with specific details
about the latter, especially after the Pact of Biak-na
Bato collapsed
▫ invokes that the established republic would be led
under the dictatorship of Emilio Aguinaldo which was
mention at the very beginning of the proclamation.
▪ Emilio Aguinaldo
▫ Eminent Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy
▫ Mabini adviser
▫ Dictatorial Government
Supreme Chief of the Nation
▪ Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
▫ nagbasa at nagsulat ng API
▫ appointed to proclaim and solemnize the act
▫ war councilor, solicitor general, lawyer (UST)
▫ Don Bosyong, Tiyo Bosyong
▫ born : Dec. 7, 1830 Biñan, Laguna
▫ died : Dec. 4, 1903, (72 y/o, horsethrone carriage)
▫ parents: Gregorio Bautista @ Silvestra Alfamira
▪The Philippine Flag
▫ designer: Emilio Aguinaldo
▫ lyrics: Jose Palma
▫ music @ marcha Filipino Magdalo: Julian Felipe
▫ weavers: Marcella Agoncillo, Lorenza Agoncillo,
Delfina Herbosa
▫ symbols:
⌐ 3 stars: Luzon, Visayas/Panay, Mindanao
⌐ 8 sinag: bayan na lumaban sa Spanish
Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija,
Bataan, Laguna and Batangas
⌐ colors blue, red and white, commemorate those of
the flag of the United States of North America
⌐ manifestation of our profound gratitude towards
them for the disinterested protection that they had
extended to us and will continue to extend to us
⌐ blue (peace),red (courage/war),
white (cleanliness)
⌐ white triangle : distinctive emblem/symbol of t
he Katipunan Society
⌐ sun : gigantic strides that have been made by the
Filipinos on the road of progress and civilization
▫ This often overlooked detail reveals much about the
historically accurate meaning behind the most widely
known national symbol in the Philippines.
Analysis the “Proclamation of the Philippine
Independence”
• A re-examination can reveal some often overlooked
historical truths about this important event in Philippine
history.
• The abuses specifically mentioned in the proclamation
like friar abuse, racial discrimination, and inequality.
However, no mention was made about the most serious
problem that affected the masses more profoundly (i.e.,
the land and agrarian crisis felt by the numerous Filipino
peasants in the 19th century).
• The common revolutionary soldiers fought in the
revolution for the hope of owning the lands that they
were tilling once the friar estates in different provinces
like Batangas and Laguna dissolve, if and when the
revolution succeeded.
• The proclamation also gives us the impression on how
the victorious revolutionary government of Aguinaldo
historicized the struggle for independence.
• Mentions some past events that were seen as
important turning points of the movement against Spain
⌐ execution of the GOMBURZA,
⌐ the failed Cavite Mutiny of 1872
⌐ Jose Rizal’s legacy and martyrdom
• Shows that they saw this event as a significant
awakening of the Filipinos in the real conditions of the
nation under Spain.
• Katipunan (as the pioneer of the revolutionary
movement) was only mentioned once toward the end
of the document
• Discussed the war led by Aguinaldo’s men with the
forces of the United States in detail
• The way of historical narration reflects the politics of
the victors
•The point is, even official records and documents like
the proclamation of independence, while truthful most
of the time, still exudes the politics and biases of
whoever is in power. This manifests in the selectiveness
of information that can be found in these records. It is
in the task of the historian, thus, to analyse the content
of these documents in relation to the dominant politics
and the context of people and institutions surrounding
it. This tells us a lesson on taking primary sources like
official government records within the circumstance of
this production.
• Treaty of Paris
⌐ after World War II
⌐ unofficial alliance between Filipinos and Americans
⌐ an agreement signed between Spain and the United
States of America regarding the ownership of the
Philippine islands and other Spanish colonies in South
America
⌐ ended the short-lived Spanish-American war
⌐ signed on December 10, 1898, six months after the
revolutionary government declared the Philippine
independence
⌐ Philippines was sold to the United States at $20
million and effectively undermined the sovereignty of
the Filipinos after their revolutionary victory
⌐ The Americans occupied the Philippines immediately
which resulted in the Philippine-American war that
lasted until the earliest years of the 20th century.
Additional infos:
• Spanish-American war:
⌐ Manila Bay
⌐ Americans win
• Independence from Americans:
⌐ July 4, 1946
⌐ Commonwelt
⌐ Pres. Manuel L. Quezon
• Japanese colonization – destructive
• Commemoration of Independence:
⌐ Pres. Diosdado Macapagal
⌐ R.A. 4166 (Aug. 4, 1964)
• Magdalo @ Magdiwang – rivalry on Katipunan
A Glance at Selected Philippine Political Caricature in
Alfred Mccoy’s Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature
of the American Era (1900-1941)
→ Political cartoons and caricature
⌐ recent art form which veered away from the classical
art
⌐ exaggerates human features and pokes fun at its
subject
⌐ became a part of the print media as a form of social
and political commentary
⌐ usually targets persons of power and authority
⌐ cartoons
- became an effective tool of publicizing opinions
through heavy use of symbolism
- different from a verbose written editorial and
opinion pieces.
•The unique way that a caricature represents opinion
and captures the audience’s imagination is reason
enough for historians to examine these political
cartoons. Commentaries in mass media inevitably shape
public opinion in such kind of opinion is worthy of
historical examination.
▪ Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of the
American Era (1900-1941)
▫ compilation of political cartoons
▫ Alfred McCoy, together with Alfredo Roces
-compiled political cartoons published in newspaper
dailies and periodical during American Era
EXAMPLE # 1
▫ “a public post is not a hereditary crown”
▫ published in The Independent (May 20, 1916)
▫ shows a politician from Tondo (Dr. Santos), passing his
crown to his brother in law (Dr. Barcelona).
▫ A Filipino guy (wearing salakot and barong tagalog)
was trying to stop Santos, because the crown is not his
to begin with.
EXAMPLE # 2
▫ “war against the speculators”
▫ published by The Independent (June 16, 1917)
▫ drawn by Fernando Amorsolo
▫ aimed as a commentary to the workings of the Manila
Police at that period
▫ shows a Filipino child who stole a skinny chicken
because he had nothing to eat. The police officer was
relentlessly pursuing the said child. A man wearing a
salakot (Juan de la Cruz) was grabbing the officer, telling
him to leave the small-time pickpockets and thieves and
to turn at the great thieves instead. He was pointing to
huge warehouses containing bulks of rice, milk and
grocery products.
EXAMPLE # 3
▫ a commentary on the unprecedented cases of colorum
automobiles in the city streets
▫ published by The Philippine Free Press when fatal
accidents involving colorum vehicles and taxis occurred
too often already
EXAMPLE # 4
▫ “flaming youth”
▫ depicts a cinema
▫ A blown-up police officer was at the screen saying that
couples are not allowed to neck and make love in the
theatre. Two youngsters looked horrified while an older
couple seemed amused.
EXAMPLE # 5
▫ published by The Independent (November 27, 1915)
▫ caricature of Uncle Sam riding a chariot pulled by
Filipinos wearing school uniforms. The Filipino boys
were carrying American objects like baseball bats,
whiskey and boxing gloves
▫ McCoy says that this cartoon was based on an event in
1907 when William Howard Taft was brought to the
Manila Pier riding a chariot pulled by students of Liceo
de Manila. Such was condemned by the nationalists at
that time.
EXAMPLE # 6
▫ published by Lipang Kalabaw (August 24, 1907)
▫ shows Uncle Sam rationing porridge to the politicians
and members of the Progresista Party (Federelista
Party) while members of the Nacionalista Party looked
on and wait for their turn
▫ depicts the patronage of the United Stated being
committed by politicians from either of the party.
Analysis of the Political Caricatures during the American
Period
▪ transition from the Spanish colonial period to the
American occupation period
▫ demonstrated the different strands of changes and
shifts in culture, society and politics
▫ American period
- Filipinos were introduced to different manifestations
of modernity like healthcare, modern transportation
and media
- ushered in a more open and clearer press
▫ experienced differently by Filipinos coming from
different classes
- The upper principalia class experienced economic
prosperity with the opening up of the Philippine
economy to the United States
- majority of the poor Filipino remain poor, desperate
and victims of state repression
▫ meeting point between the conservative past and the
liberated future of the Philippines
▪ selected cartoons
▫ illustrate the opinion of certain media outfits about
the Philippine society during the American period
▫ a broad image of society and politics under the United
States
▫ cartoons illustrated how/the …
- the Filipino politicians at that time did not understand
well enough the essence of democracy and the
accompanying democratic institutions and processes
- Patronage became influential and powerful. Thus, the
essence of competing political parties to enforce
choices among the voters was cancelled out. The
problem continues up to the present where politicians
transfer from one party to another depending on which
party was powerful in specific periods of time.
- the transition from a Catholic-centered Spanish-
Filipino society to an imperial American-assimilated one
happened
- Automobiles
- unprecedented increase of motorized vehicles in the
city
- became a popular mode of transportation in the city
- led to the emergence of taxis.
- direct consequence of the drastic urbanization of the
Philippine society happened
-laws and policy
- implementation was mediocre
- resulted in the increasing colorum and unlicensed
vehicles
- issuance of the driver’s license was loose
traffic police could not be bothered by rampant
violations of traffic rules
- “sexual revolution” (McCoy)
- occurred in the 1930s
- Young people disturb the conservative Filipino mindset
by engaging in daring sexual activities in public spaces
like cinemas
- the conditions of poor Filipinos (nothing much has
change) in the hands of United States
- how Americans controlled Filipinos through seemingly
harmless American objects
-controlling their consciousness and mentality
Revisiting Corazon Aquino’s Speech before the US
Congress
→ Former President Corazon “Cory” Cojuangco Aquino
⌐ 11th president of the PH
⌐ functioned as the symbol of the restoration of
democracy and the overthrow of the Marcos
dictatorship in 1986
⌐ figure of the said revolution
⌐ widow of the slain former Senator Benigno “Ninoy”
Aquino Jr.
- Senator Ninoy Aquino was shot at the tarmac of the
Manila International Airport (August 21, 1983) - Marcos
oppositionist
⌐ able to capture the imagination of the people whose
rights and freedom had long been compromised
throughout the Marcos regime
⌐ came from a rich haciendero family from Tarlac and
owned vast estates of sugar plantation and whose
relatives occupy local and national government
positions.
→ EDSA People Power Revolution of 1986
⌐ installed Cory Aquino in the presidency
⌐ wildly recognized around the world for its peaceful
character
⌐ put the Philippines in the international spotlight for
overthrowing a dictator through peaceful means
⌐ Ferdinand Marcos
⌐ had to be something to prove to his ally in the United
States that he remained to be the democratically
anointed leader of the country
⌐ called for a Snap Election (February 1986) where
Corazon Cojuangco Aquino was convinced to run
against Marcos
⌐ The canvassing was rigged to Marcos’s favour but the
people expressed their protest against the corrupt and
authoritarian government.
⌐ Leading military officials of the regime and Martial
Law orchestrators themselves, Juan Ponce Enrile and
Fidel V. Ramos, plotted to take over the presidency,
until civilians heeded the call of then Manila Archbishop
Jaime Cardinal Sin and other civilian leaders gathered in
EDSA.
⌐ The overwhelming presence of civilians in EDSA
successfully turned a coup into a civilian demonstration.
The thousands of people who gathered overthrew
Ferdinand Marcos from the presidency after 21 years.
▪ PEOPLE POWER REVOLUTION SPEECH (September 18,
1986)
▫ seven months since Cory became president
▫ Cory went to the United States and spoke before the
joint session of the U.S. Congress. Accompanied by:
- Jim Wright (majority leader of the house of
Representatives) of Texas
- Sen. Robert Dole (majority leader of the senate)
- Robert Byrd (minority leader, democratic leader) of
West Virginia
▫ Cory was welcomed with long applause as she took
the podium and addressed the United States about her
presidency and the challenges faced by the new
republic. She began her speech with the story of her
leaving the United States three years prior as a newly
widowed wife of Ninoy Aquino.
▫ She then told of Ninoy’s character, conviction and
resolve in opposing the authoritarianism of Marcos. She
talked of the three times that they lost Ninoy including
his demise on August 23, 1983. The first time was when
the dictatorship detained Ninoy with other dissenters
(14 yrs).
▫ indignities and terror that Ninoy had
experienced:
- locked up in a tiny, nearly airless cell in a military camp
in the north
- stripped naked and held the threat of a sudden
midnight execution over his head
- For 43 days, they are unware of Ninoy’s condition.
First time they lost Ninoy
▫ Cory continued that when Ninoy survived the first
detention, he was then charged of subversion, murder,
and other crimes. He was tried by a military court,
whose legitimacy Ninoy adamantly questioned. To
solidify his protest, Ninoy decided to do a hunger strike
and fasted for 40 days. Cory treated this event as the
second time that their family lost Ninoy.
▫ Ninoy decided to stop only when it dawned on him
that the government would keep his body alive after the
fast had destroyed his brain
▫ Ninoy’s death was the third and the last time that Cory
and their children lost Ninoy.
▫ The news came to them in Boston, after the three
happiest years of their lives together. But his death was
my country’s resurrection in the courage and faith by
which alone they could be free again. The dictator had
called him a nobody. Two million people threw aside
their passivity and escorted him to his grave.”
▫ Cory attributed the peaceful EDSA Revolution to the
martyrdom of Ninoy. She stated that the death of Ninoy
sparked the revolution and the responsibility of
“offering the democratic alternative” had “fallen on
(her) shoulders.” Cory’s address introduced us to her
democratic philosophy, which she claimed she also
acquired from Ninoy.
 Cory :
▫ must be by the ways of democracy
▫ participated in the 1984 election although the results
would be fraudulent and rigged
▫ fighting for the people
▫ The opposition swept the elections, thanks to a
corrupt Commission on Elections
▫ people steadfast by democracy against threats and
corruption, turned out in the streets and proclaimed her
as the pres of the people : VP: Salvador Laurel
▫ talked about her miraculous victory through the
people’s struggle
▫ talk about her earliest initiatives as the president of a
restored democracy
▫ intended to forge and draw reconciliation after a
bloody and polarizing dictatorship
▫ emphasized the importance of the EDSA Revolution in
terms of being a “limited revolution that respected the
life and freedom of every Filipino.”
▫ boasted of the restoration of a fully constitutional
government whose constitution gave utmost respect to
the Bill of Rights.
▫ completing the constitutional structures .A
jealously independent Constitutional Commission is
completing its draft which after being approved, there
will be elections for both national and local positions
within about a year the country shall have returned to
full constitutional government
▫ proceeded on her peace agenda with the existing
communist insurgency
▫ a lesson to be learned about trying to stifle a thing
with the means by which it grows, which means pag
lalong sinusugpo (sa maling paraan) mas lumalala.
▫ peace agenda involves political initiatives and re-
integration program to persuade insurgents to leave the
countryside and return to the mainstream society to
participate in the restoration of democracy
▫ invoked the path of peace
▫ she “will not waiver” when freedom and democracy
are threatened. She said that similar to Abraham
Lincoln, she understands that “force may be necessary
before mercy” and while she “will do whatever it takes
to defend the integrity and freedom of (her) country.
▫ controversial topic of the Philippine foreign debt
amounting to $26 billion, expressed her intention to
honor those debts despite mentioning that the people
did not benefit from such debts.
▫ She continued that while the country had experienced
the calamities brought about by the corrupt dictatorship
of Marcos, no commensurate assistance was yet to be
extended to the Philippines.
▫ EDSA People Power Revolution as cheapest revolution
ever
▫ Cory related to the U.S. legislators that wherever she
went, she met poor and unemployed Filipinos willing to
offer their lives for democracy, not asking for food,
work, money
▫ enumerate the challenges of the Filipino people as the
tried building the new democracy:
- persisting communist insurgency
- economic deterioration problems worsened by the
crippling debt because half of the country’s export
earnings amounting to $2 billion would go to pay just
the interest on a debt
▫ you have a people who won it by themselves and need
only the help to preserve it
▫ thank America for serving as home to her family She
enjoined America in building the Philippines as a new
home for democracy and in turning the country as a
“shining testament of our two nation’s commitment to
freedom.”
Analysis of Cory Aquino’s Speech
▫ Cory Aquino’s speech was an important event in the
political and diplomatic history of the country because it
has arguably cemented the legitimacy of the EDSA
government in the international arena. The speech talks
of her family background especially her relationship
with her late husband, Ninoy Aquino.
▫ In her speech, Cory talked at length about Ninoy’s toil
and suffering at the hands of the dictatorship that he
resisted. Moreover, her attribution of the revolution to
Ninoy’s death demonstrates not only Cory’s personal
perception on the revolution, but since she was the
president, it also represents what the dominant
discourse was at that point in our history.
▫ The ideology or the principles of the new democratic
government can also be seen in the same speech.
▫ Aquino was able to draw the sharp contrast between
her government and her predecessor by expressing her
commitment to a democratic constitution drafted by an
independent commission. She claimed that such
constitution upholds and adheres to the rights and
liberty of the Filipino people.
▫ Cory also hoisted herself as the reconciliatory agent
after more than two decades of a polarizing
authoritarian politics. For example, Cory saw the blown-
up communist insurgency as a product of a repressive
and corrupt government. Her response to this
insurgency rooted from her diametric opposition of the
dictator (i.e., initiating reintegration of communist
rebels to the mainstream Philippine society). Cory
claimed that her main approach to this problem was
through peace and not through the sword of war.
▫ Despite Cory’s efforts to hoist herself as the exact
opposite of Marcos, her speech still revealed certain
parallelisms between her and the Marcos’s government.
This is seen in terms of continuing the alliance between
the Philippines and the United States despite the known
affinity between the said world super power and
Marcos.
▫ For example, Cory recognized that the large sum of
foreign debts incurred by the Marcos regime never
benefitted the Filipino people. Nevertheless, Cory
expressed her intention to pay off those debts.
Unknown to many Filipinos was the fact that there was
a choice of waiving the said debt because those were
the debt of the dictator and not of the country. Cory’s
decision is an indicator of her government’s intention to
carry on a debt-driven economy.
▫ Reading through Aquino’s speech, we can already take
cues, not just on Cory’s individual ideas and aspirations,
but also the guiding principles and framework of the
government that she represented
ADDITIONAL INFOS
Martial Law
▫ discipline
▫ pagbomba sa Plaza Miranda (1971)
▫ talamak ang karahasan at terorismo
▫ communist party

Archibald Macleish
Democracy must be defended by arms when it
is attacked by arms and by truth when it is attacked by
lies

▫ There has been poverty and massive unemployment

for 14 yrs