Open Systems Interconnection OSI Model:

This model was developed by ISO (International Standards Organization) with the objective to
provide the standards to the equipment manufacturers. This model defines the system-to-
system communication or data flow from sender to receiver end.
This model has 7 layers:
1. Application Layer
2. Presentation Layer
3. Session Layer
4. Transfer Layer
5. Network Layer
6. Data Link Layer
7. Physical Layer
These layers are arranged in the above manner keeping the sender end in view, with the view
from receiver end, the order will be reversed.
Now, let’s discuss what do these layers do?

 Application Layer:
At this layer, the user interacts with the data. This layer manipulates the data on which
the user’s applications rely. This layer allows the user to interfere with the machine.

 Presentation Layer:
At this layer the data is made in such a form that it becomes readable at the application
layer. Encodings and encryptions are done at this layer. Similarly, on the receiver’s end
the decoding and decryptions are done at this layer.

 Session Layer:
The responsibility of this layer is to open and maintain the connection between the two
ends and once the data is transferred, it closes the connection. It also keeps the record
of how much data has transferred and how much is left, by putting the checkpoints in
the data transfer.

 Transfer Layer:
After the session layer, this layer divides the data in chunks and controls the data flow
and the errors in the data flow. TCP/UDP protocols are involved at this layer. At the
receiver end, this layer makes sure that the data received is complete, if it is incomplete,
it requests for the retransmission. This layer involved the hand-shaking,
 acknowledgement and sequencing techniques. On the receiver end, this layer joins the
chunks and make the data available for the session layer.

 Network Layer:
This layer transfers the data between different networks, the data from the transfer
layer is in the form of chunks, and this layer further divides that data in packets, called
data packets. This layer also does the routing to find the best possible path to reach the
destination. On the receiver end, this layer receives the data packets and makes the
chunks from them.

 Data Link Layer:

At this layer, the data packets from the network layer is further divided into data frames
and on the receiver end, this layer makes the data packets by assembling the data
frames. Unlike the network layer, this layer transfers the data between two ends on the
same network i.e., intra-network. Like the transfer layer this also layer also controls the
data flow and errors.

 Physical Layer:
At this layer, the data is further divides in the form of bit streams like 1s and 0s, the
actual bit streams are transferred from one end to the other end between the physical
equipment. At the receiver end, this layer receives the 1s and 0s from the sender via
switch or a cable and make them available for the data link layer.