Worksheet for Primary vs.
Secondary Sources on Tejeros Convention (1897)
Author’s background
When was the account written? (Context)
Mention of date(s)
Primary Source
Santiago Alvarez’ Memoirs of a General
A revolutionary and Philippine independence military,
born in Imus (Cavite, Luzon) on July 25, 1872 and died in
San Pablo (province of Laguna, Luzon) on October 30,
1930. He was known as Kidlat ng Apoy (Lightning of
Fire) because of his inflamed bravery and dedication as
commander in the battle of Dalhican, Cavite. He
popularly acclaimed the “Hero of the Battle of
Dalahican.”
Retrieved from:
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1245/today-in-
philippine-history-july-25-1872-santiago-alvarez-was-
born-in-imus-cavite
Retrieved on: September 7, 2019 3:23 PM
The account was written on the same point of view of
Mariano Alvarez in their time but got published on 1992.
Retrieved from:
https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002614566
Retrieved on: September 10, 2019 8:29AM
 March 25, 1897- the assembly at Tejeros was
finally convened
 March 27, 1897- eyewitnesses revealed that,
indeed, a meeting had taken place at the Tanza
parish house
Secondary Source
Teodoro Agoncillo’s Revolt of the Masses
A renowned Filipino historian and national scientist, born
in Lemery, Batangas on November 9, 1912. Agoncillo
started writing history from the so-called Filipino point of
view, along with his contemporary historians Renato
Constantino and Gregorio F. Zaide. Some of his well-
known works are Revolt of the Masses (1956), Malolos:
the Crisis of the Republic (1960), the Fateful Years
(1965), and History of the Filipino People (1960) which
are all still being used as textbooks in many schools.
Retrieved from:
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/737/today-in-
philippine-history-november-9-1912-teodoro-a-agoncillo-
was-born-in-lemery-batangas
Retrieved on: September 7, 2019 3:51 PM
Agoncillo's book was written in 1947 in order to hook the
present onto the past.
Retrieved from: https://repository.kulib.kyoto-
u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/154791/1/490306.pdf
Retrieved on: September 10, 2019 8:31AM
 December 1896 – Andres Bonifacio went to
Cavite because of the invitation of the
Magdiwang leaders
 January 2, 1897 – Bonifacio wrote to his uncle-
in-law, Mariano Alvarez
 January 1897 – town fiesta of San Francisco de

Mention of place  Tejeros – place where the assembly was
convened
 Imus – place where their last meeting occurred
 San Francisco, Malabon – the president of the
Magdalo council stay here to convinced the
Magdiwang leaders to reconvened the disrupted
meeting
 Parish house of the Catholic Church at Tanza
(Santa Cruz de Malabon) – place wherein the
oath taking occurred
Malabon
 March 22, 1897 – Aguinaldo’s birthday when
simultaneously the battle raged and the assembly
convened in Tejeros
 April 1897 – The town, San Francisco de
Malabon was captured by the Spaniards along
with Bonifacio
 September 28, 1947 – the author visited the site
of the former estate-house of Tejeros, the famous
Tejeros Convention of March 22, 1897
 Cavite
 Talisay, Batangas – under the Magdalo
government
 Nasugbu, Tuwi, Look (Batangas) – under the
Magdiwang government
 Noveleta, San Francisco de Malabon, Naik –
became the Capital of Magdiwang
 Kawit, Imus, San Francisco de Malabon
(parade occur), Naik and Maragondon – became
the capital of Magdalo
 Montalban and Mariquina – where the delegate
searched for Andres Bonifacio
 Zapote – place where the Magdalo leader meets
Andres Bonifacio
 Imus – first convention was held for the purpose
of unity of both factions
 San Francisco de Malabon(Mapagtiis) –
Bonifacio wrote from here to his uncle-in-law,
Mariano Alvarez
 Kawit, Bakood and Imus – under the Magdalo
government
 Tejeros (Salinas) – under the Magdiwang
government
 Salitran – a barrio between Imus and Dasmariñas
Key personalities  Magdiwang Council: Messrs. Andres Bonifacio
(President-Supremo of the Most Venerable
Katipunan of Sons of the People, Father of
Katipunan and the Revolution), Jacinto
Lumbreras (Chairman of Convention), Mariano
Alvarez (author of the Memoirs’ of a General),
Pascual Alvarez, Ariston Villanueva, Mariano
C. Trias, Diego Mojica (Magdiwang Secretary
of Treasury), Emiliano R. de Dios (Secretary of
War in the Government of the Philippine
Republic), Santiago V. Alvarez, Artemio
Ricarte, Santos Nocon, Luciano San Miguel,
Pablo Mojica, Severino de las Alas, Santiago
Rillo, Ariston Villanueva (Magdiwang Secretary
of War), Nicolas Portilla
 Magdalo Council: Messrs. Baldomero
Aguinaldo (Magdalo President), Daniel Tirona,
and Cayetano Topacio
 Captain General Apoy (part of Katipunan)
 Antonio Montenegro
 Major Damaso Fojas
 Trining and Josephine
 Government of the Philippine Republic: Emilio
Aguinaldo (President), Mariano Trias (Vice-
president), General Vibora (Captain General)
 Jose del Rosario (lawyer that mr. Tironas
 Father Ceron Villafranca (Parish priest in
Catholic Church at Tanza Santa Cruz de
Malabon)
 Father Manuel Trias (Parish priest in San
Francisco de Malabon)
 Members of Magdiwang Faction: Mariano
Alvarez (President and the uncle-in-law of
Supremo), Pascual Alvarez (Executive
secretary), Emiliano Riego de Dios (Minister of
the Interior) (Director of War in the new formed
government), Mariano Trias (Minister of Grace
and Justice) (Vice-president in the new formed
government), Ariston Villanueva (Minister of
War), Santiago Alvarez (Commander in Chief),
Diego Moxica (Minister of Finance), Artemio
Ricarte (Captain General of the new formed
government) & Mariano Riego de Jesus (both
are Military Commanders with the rank of
Brigadier-General)
 Members of Magdalo Faction: Baldomero
Aguinaldo (President), Candido Tirona
(Minister of War), Cayetano Topacio (Minister
of Finance), Emilio Aguinaldo (Commander-In-
Chief) (President of the new formed government)
, Edilberto Evangelista (Lieutenant General),
Vito Belarmino and Crispulo Aguinaldo (both
are Military Commanders with the rank of
Brigadier-General)
 General Blanco - reason why the capital in
Magdiwang was moved
 Andres Bonifacio – Founder and Supreme head
of the Katipunan and also the chairman of the
convention in Tejeros. He is also the Supreme
Council of the Katipunan. Won as the Director of
Interior in the new formed government of
Katipunan.
 Juan Castañeda – owner of the house where
Bonifacio stayed in Imus
 Vicente Fernandez –one of the visitors of
Andres Bonifacio in Imus and also ordered to be
arrested by Supremo

Sequencing of events (use additional sheet if necessary)
Difference between the two accounts
ON THE OTHER SHEET
 The account was written prior to the second
account but published later than it.
 There was no description of the estate-house in
Tejeros
 In this account, General Apoy was insulted by the
words of Mr. Antonio Montenegro
 Diego MOJICA was the secretary on treasury
 The gvernment of the Philippine Republic was
established
 The chair proceeded to prepare for an election to
the following positions: President, Vice-
 Edilberto Evangelista – Emilio planned to
nominate and support in the presidency on the
Convention in Imus
 Santos Nocon – Bonifacio was quartered in his
house and in the house of Mrs. Estefania
Potente)
 Esteban San Juan – invited Bonifacio to attend
the demonstration of the Magdiwang rebels in
Noveleta and he, himself, with Baldomero and
Candido Tirona accompanied Bonifacio
 Jacinto Lumbreras – acted as the president of
Magdiwang on the convention in Terjeros
 Teodoro Gonzales – acted as secretary in the
convention
 Capt. Mariano San Gabriel – a Magdiwang
man and the reason of the rifle shots during the
fiesta of San Francisco de Malabon
 Arsenio Salvador – described the estate-house to
the writer and made a sketch of it on the ground
 Emilio Jacinto – friend of Andres Bonifacio
 Jose del Rosario – lawyer that wants to be the
secretary of interior by Tirona
ON THE OTHER SHEET
 The account was published earlier than the
primary source.
 There was a descripton and floor plan of the
estate-house in Tejeros
 In this account, Santiago Alvarez was the one
who got insulted by the words of Montenegro
 Diego MOXICA was the minister of finance
 New formed of government determined to take
place of the Katipunan but the author didn’t write
the specific form of government.
 Nine officers were to be elected by the majority,

Your own analysis of the differences between the two
accounts
president, Minister of finance, Minister of
welfare, Minister of justice, and Captain
General. There are just six officers to be elected
written in this account.
 In this account General Vibora was the elected
Captain General
 This account was shorter than the other account
and the story was very clear
 There was no complete introduction of the
positions of both Magdiwang and Magdalo
leaders
 Story starts on March 25, 1897, Convention in
Tejeros and there was no further story about what
happened before the convention in Tejeros
 The author of this account was part of the
Magdiwang council means that it is from his own
experience
 It was not written here clearly if who’s the
President of Magdiwang faction
namely, President, Vice-president, Captain
General, Director of Interior, Director of
State, Director of Finance, Director of
Fomento and Director of Justice.
 It was written here there were representatives
from different regions in the Philippines on the
election for the new form of government.
 In this account, Ricarte, the acting secretary of
the convention was elected as the Captain
General
 This account was long but the story is clearer and
systematized
 There was a complete introduction of the
Magdalo and Magdiwang leaders written in the
first paragraph of the story
 Story starts at the first victory of the rebels and
the story of the primary source was in the middle
of this account and it has further story about what
happened before the convention in Tejeros.
 The author of this account was not from any of
the council and not part of the real story that
happened in the past but the author visited the
place where the famous Tejeros convention
happened and he even found a source that
describes the inside part of the convention and
even draw a floor plan of it.
 This account is more detailed and has many
different topics that was not written in the other
account.
 Sequencing of Events (Primary Source)

March 25,1897, the assembly at Tejeros was finally convened. The leaders and members of Magdiwang and Magdalo councils are invited. Before the assembly was
convened, Sec. Ariston Villanueva of the Magdiwang council received a confidentialinformation that Mr. Daniel Tirona of the Magdalo faction was set to undermine the
proceedings of the assembly. Sec. Villanueva kept silent, but nevertheless alerted General Apoy, who had troops in readiness for any sudden eventuality. The main topic of the
discussion in the assembly was on how to bolster the defenses in the area still under Magdiwang control. The purpose of their meeting is to discuss the best measure to take to
strengthen the Magdiwang government compare to the enemy. Chairman Lumbreras said that they should avoid surrendering the headquarters of the Katipunan army should the
Magdalo eventually lose out. Supremo Bonifacio concurred with what Chairman Lumbreras had just said and explain that the “K” in the middle of the sun in the Katipunan flag
used in the Revolution stood for Kalayaan (Freedom). Mr. Severino de las Alas countered that the letter “K” and the sun on the flag did not indicate whether the revolutionary
government was democratic or not. The Supremo rep;ied that the Katipunan was untited in its respect for universal brotherhood and equality of men. Supremo also said that it is
stood for people’s sovereignity, not a government led by only one or two. Mr. Antonio Montenegro spoke in defense of Mr. de las Alas and he had hurt General Apoy by his words
that’s why General Apoy ordered him arrest but because of Trining (Dr. Jose Rizal’s sister) and Josephine (Dr. Jose Rizal’s widow) pleaded not to arrest Mr. Montenegro, General
Apoy easily acceded their request.

When order was restored, Mr. Lumbreras refused to resume his role of chairman and he wanted to yield the chair to Supremo whom he thought to be the rightful
chairman.The Supremo Bonifacio assumed the chairmanship accordingly and reminded them that they all must respect all decisions properly and abide by the wishes of the
majority. Because of the repeated clamor for the approval of the establishment of a government of the Philippine Republic, the chair proceeded to prepare for an election to the
following positions: president, vice-president, minister of finance, minister of welfare, minister of justice, and captain general. Before the election began, Supremo said that the
candidate who would get the most number of votes for each position should be the winner, no matter what his station in life or his educational attainment. He also said that what
should matter was that the candidate had never been a traitor to the cause of the Motherland. Everyone agrees to him because they said that it is the real equality. The ballot was
distributed by Sec. Ricarte with the help of Mr. Tirona. Diego Mojica warned Supremo that many ballots distributed were already filled-out and that the voters hadn’t done it by
themselves. Supremo ignored this remark and proceeded with the business at hand as if nothing unusual had happened. Votes for president were counted and Emilio Aguinaldo
won over Supremo Andres Bonifacio. Mr. Severino de las Alas tell everyone that Supremo Bonifacio must be the vice-president since he was the second highest number of votes.
Nobody signifies approval or disapproval of his proposal that’s why Supremo ruled to continue the election. For vice-president, Mr. Mariano Trias won over Mr. Mariano Alvarez
and Supremo Bonifacio. General Vibora was elected as the Captain over General Apoy, even though Gen. Vibora hesitated, General Apoy cut short his objection and personally
vouched for General Vibora. Mr. Baldomero Aguinaldo suggested to change the flow of the election to make it fast, he said that for all other positions voters must stand on one
side of the hall if in favor and on the other side if againdt; it was adopted for the rest of the election. Mr. Emiliano R. de Dios was elected as the secretary of war over Messrs.
Santiago Alvarez, Ariston Villanueva and Daniel Tirona.

After the election for secretary of war, they proceed to the secretary of interior. Supremo Andres Bonifacio won over Mr. Mariano Alvarez. The crowds are shouting
“Mabuhay!” as a sign of happiness but Mr. Daniel Tirona requested for a restoration of order. Mr. Tirona said that the office of the interior is so great a scope and sensitive that
they should not entrust it to one that is not a lawyer. He also shouted that they must elect Mr. Jose del Rosario which is a lawyer. Supremo Bonifacio was greatly embarrassed by
Mr. Tirona’s words. Supremo stood up and said that in the first place they agreed to respect the decisions of the majority, Supremo also demand an apology to Tirona and he said
that Mr. Daniel Tirona must restore the honor of the voters and the one they had voted. Supremo pulled his revolver and took aim but Tirona ignored the Supremo’s remarks,
perhaps because of fear, he slid away and got lost in crowd. The people beagan to disperse and the Supremo adjourned the meeting and said as a chairman of convention, he hereby
declared all matters approved in the meeting as null and void then he left quickly. Mr. Baldomero Aguinaldo, the Magdalo President, did not leave San Francisco de Malabon that
night to convince the Magdiwang leaders to reconvene the disrupted meeting the following day and they agreed to his proposal.

That same night, rumors said that Messrs. Mariano Trias, Daniel Tirona, Emiliano R. de Dios, Santiago Rillo and others were in the Parish house of the Catholic Church at
Tanza and they were conferring the priest, Fr. Cenon Villafranca. Many attested to seeing them but no one knew what they talked about. On the request of the Magdalo President, a
meeting was called at the same friar estate house in Tejeros after the tumultuous convention. Its purpose was to continue and revalidate the proceedings of the election meeting and
to revive/restore their relations. Aside from Supremo Andres Bonifacio, other Magdiwang leaders, members and Fr. Manuel Trias also attended and they waited until 5 that
afternoon but none of the Magdalo members came, not even their president who initiated to have the meeting. The same night it was rumored that Magdalo leaders were having
their own meeting at the Parish house in Tanza . T

he next morning eyewitnesses revealed that a meeting had really taken place at the Tanza parish house and that the Supremo’s decision last meeting was not respected by
them. At the gathering in Tanza parish house, those elected in Tejeros convention knelt before the crucifix and in the name of the Holy Father, the highest pontiff of the Roman
Catholic church invoked the martyred saints and solemnly took their office. Fr. Cenon Villafranca officiated with Messrs. Severino de las Alas and Daniel Tirona as witnesses, the
following took their oaths of office: Messrs. Emilio Aguinaldo, Mariano C. Trias, and Artemio Ricarte. Conspicuously absent was the Supremo Andres Bonifacio, who was not
invited although he was one of the elected offices. It will be reacalled that as the chairman of convention, he declared null and void all matters approved by the assembly because
of a grave violation of a principle. Unknown to the Magdiwang Council the Magdalo posted troops to guard the Tanza parish house to their oath-taking ceremonies. The troops
were under strict orders not to admit any of the unwanted Magdiwang partisans. If the news about the secret ceremony had leaked out earlier, and the underdogs in the power
struggle had attempted to break into it, they would have been annihilated then and there.
 Sequencing of Events (Secondary Source)

After the first victory of the rebels during the simultaneous attacks as the Spanish garrisons and convents, followed by the dismal failure of the Governor General Blanco;
the Katipunan of Cavite was divided into two factions which are the Magdiwang and Magdalo, both factions exercised sovereign power over a number of towns including those in
Batangas bordering Cavite. Each faction has their respective officials. Both factions have their respective capitals, for Magdalo is from Imus, San Francisco de Malabon, Naik to
Maragondon while Magdiwang is from Noveleta and San Francisco de Malabon to Naik.

They also planned to make their armies wear the same uniform. They had agreed to adopt some insignias but unfortunately, the plan did not go beyond the paper stage
because they do not have the means to buy it. When Cavite is led by these factions became successful on its revolts, the leaders of these factions fell into arguments and would
want to rule over one another. It began to threaten and wreck the unity of these two factions that have been successful in preventing the foe from overrunning the whole province
and annihilating the revolution. But this conflict led to the rebels defeat at the hands of Polavieja. Disagreement of both factions led to the Magdiwang men to invite Andres
Bonifacio to intervene in the conflict. A delegate was sent to find Supremo to apprise him of the urgent necessity of mediating on the widening rift between the two popular
councils. Bonifacio was informed about the situation but refuse to heed the request of the Magdiwang leaders. On the third invitation, written by Artemio Ricarte upon the
instruction of Mariano Alvarez, Bonifacio agreed to the request. Bonifacio left for Cavite with his wife and two brothers about the middle of December 1896. Some of the Magdalo
leaders were on hand to meet Andres Bonifacio and his entourage at Zapote.

In this preliminary meeting, a misunderstanding arose between the Magdalo leaders and Bonifacio, for the former, rightly or wrongly, saw from Bonifacio’s gestures and
behavior that he regarded himself as a superior and acted as if he were a king. Even so, the hard feelings remained submerged and flared up only in Imus Assembly. Bonifacio was
brought to the house of Juan Castañeda where he was visited by Baldomero Aguinaldo, Daniel Tirona, Vicente Fernandez and others. Bonifacio remembered that Fernandez was
the person that hes blaming for the defeat in San Juan thats why Bonifacio said that Fernandez must be punished. As the supreme head of the Katipunan, he must be obeyed by all
but to his surprise and dismay, the Magdalo chieftains refused to give up their man. Bonifacio realized that his influence is very little in tha Magdalo area. Bevause of so many
questions in mind of Bonifacio, he wrote to his uncle-in-law. Mariano Alvarez. Bonifacio said to Alvarez that he wants to talk to him privately about what happened to him in
Magdalo and he wants to know the Magdalo's organization deeper.

Meanwhile, Esteban San Juan invited Bonifacio to attend the demonstration of the Magdiwang Rebels inNoveleta and he was accompanied by Esteban himself,
Baldomero Aguinaldo and Candido Tirona. Bonifacio arrived at Noveleta at 3 in the afternoon, a parade took place in which Bonifaciowas riding in a carriage and flanked on both
sides by the Magdiwang soldiers was the object of the demonstration. The misunderstanding that existed between theMagdiwang and Magdalo followers was so destructive of the
Katipunan plans because of the mutual suspicion and jealousies that resulted in military reverses in several sectors. Polavieja's counter-offensives led to the fall of several towns
hitherto held by the rebels and the attitude of non-cooperation exhibited by one faction when the other was harassed by the enemy.

Both camps believed that to the situation could only be remedied by coming together and threshing out differences of opinions and solving. For this purpose, the leaders of
Magdiwang and the Magdalo decided to call a convention at Imus. In the assembly hall, the two factions met and greet each other. Bonifacio entered and proceeded to the head of
table and unceremoniously occupied the chair. He also calls the Magdiwang ministers to sit at his right side and because of that. The Magdalo resented the Magdiwang. Magdalo
think that Bonifacio, as a Supreme head of the Katipunan, was called to mediate between the two factions and was expected to show impartiality but his actions doesn't proved it
maybe because the President of Magdiwang is the uncle of Bonifacio's wife. Magdalo doesn't show their resentment to prevent further misunderstanding. Seeing that Bonifacio had
called his ministers, Baldomero Aguinaldo, president of Magdalo sat on the left side of Bonifacio even if he's uninvited. General Emilio Aguinaldo was contented to be a mere
observer but however, he had a plan on his own. He planned to nominate and support Edilberto Evangelista for presidency because he thinks that Evangelista was the best
educated. Bonifacio knew the plan of Aguinaldo and he was hurt because he thinks that the presidency must be given to him as a reward for being a founder and Supreme head of
Katipunan. The assembly opened with Bonifacio as chairman, it was evident when Baldomero Aguinaldo made the proposal to establish a revolutionary government that two
factions would never come to an understanding. Magdalo men said that the continuance of the Katipunan government was no longer necessary and it must therefore be supplanted
by one that better fit situation. He also said that Cavite must not be divided by two factions. On the other hand, Magdiwang followers argued that the Katipunan already had a
constitution and bylaws duly approved and enforced in the Islands, provincial and municipal government in and around Manila. There was, therefore, no need of establishing a new
government. The Magdiwang minister of war, Ariston Villanueva said that if a new government was to be established, Andres Bonifacio must occupy the presidency without any
election because he organized and planned the entire revolutionary. He also said that as a Supremo and Chairman, Bonifacio should be given blanket authority to appoint the
ministers. The Magdalo group objected and insisted on an election.

The discussion did not accomplish any tangible result. The assembly was adjourned and each faction left without any definite understandings, suspicion and jealousy
continues to arise among the two factions and even the members of its own factions. Magdalo followers suspected the Magdiwang of courting the favor of the Speniards while the
same suspicion was arosed on the Magdiwang regarding to Magdalo. When the Magdalo needed the help of Magdiwang, the latter, to which Bonifacio belonged, refused.
Magdiwang followers were occupied with jealousies and quarrels that tended to demoralize the soldiers. When the town fiesta of San Francisco de Malabon was held, rebels
enjoying afternoon games were disturbed by a series of rifle shots that sent them away to a safe place. Thinking that the enemy was approaching, Ariston Villanueva and Santiago
Alvarez gathered their men and prepared to meet an attack. They found out that the rifle shot came from the men of Captain Mariano San Gabriel who's also a Magdiwang man.
Alvarez men tried to disarm the offending soldiers but instead were themselves disarmed. Alvarez was furious and demanded San Gabriel to disarm his men but the latter refused
and left for Noveleta.

The situation had not eased up a bit when the leaders of Magdiwang planned to hold another convention, this time; it is placed in the estate-house of Tejeros, a Magdiwang
territory. Government under Magdalo such as Kawit, Bakood and Imus was threatened by the Spanish army and had dug in as a preparatory step to the battle was about to
commence. General Aguinaldo led the Magdalo soldiers to face the Spaniards in Salitan. It was March 22, 1897, Aguinaldo’s birthday when simultaneously the battle raged and
the assembly convened in Tejeros. The delegates, mostly belonging to the Magdiwang lazily trooped to the estate-house of Tejeros. Some of the men were barefoot; others wore
buri hats or were dressed in barong Tagalog, They came from all directions; from Kawit, Noveleta and Imus to the north; from Tanza to the west; and from San Francisco de
Malabon to thr northeast. The estate-house was owned by the friars and now in rebel hands, had a 60 meter frontage. Tejeros convention is so wide, it is a two-storey building, on
the ground floor there were arched doors/gates (arched front entrance and arched back doorway) by a long and wide corridor, it also has a chapel, bodega, stables, garage and
servants quarter. On the second floor, there was a sala where the convention was held and there is also a hall, kitchen, pantry, dining room, lavatory and 30 rooms. The estate-
house stood alone in that wide expanse of Riceland. Directly opposite the house and across the road was more Riceland. The long road that commenced from the town of Salina
sled directly to San Francisco de Malabon and half a kilometer from the estate-house it branched off to the right, where the bridge connected the latter town to the town of Tanza or
Santa Cruz de Malabon. It was this place, the former summer resort of the friars that witnessed the first important election was held under the auspices of the Katipunan
government.

Magdiwang chieftains sent an invitation to the Magdalo followers to attend the meeting but unfortunately not all Magdalo leaders were able to attend. The Magdiwang was
represented by Andres Bonifacio, Mariano Alvarez, Pascual Alvarez and other while the Magdalo was represented by Baldomero Aguinaldo, Daniel Tirona, Cayetano Topacio and
others. The estate-house buzzed with life as more rebels, some of them uninvited, came to the convention. It was past two in the afternoon when the meeting was formally opened.
Jacinto Lumbreras, acted as the president of Magdiwang took the chair and opened the convention with introductory remarks summing up the purpose of the meeting. Teodoro
Gonzales, also a Magdiwang man, acted as the secretary. Severino de las Alas immediately took the floor and explained that the convention assembled should prioritize agreeing
upon the kind of government that should be set up to administer the whole country under the prevailing circumstances. The presiding officer reminded the speaker that government
had already been established upon the founding of the Katipunan; its Supreme, Provincial and Popular councils. He also said that the meeting was called to adopt defensive
measures. Bonifacio spoke and supplemented Lumbreras explanation, calling the attention of those assembled to the Katipunan flag with a K in the middle which embodied the
ideal of the revolutionist, namely, the liberty. De las Alas countered that the K in the flag of Katipunan did not identify their kind of government. Bonifacio remarked that all the
Katipuneros recognized the principle of unity, fraternity and equality. Bonifacio also said that it can be seen that the government of the association of the Sons of the People is
republican in form. So far, the discussion was between the men of the same faction. Antonio Montenegro shouts at the top of his voice saying that if they do not act upon the
suggestion of Mr. de las Alas they will be likened unto mere pack of highway robbers or worse, like animal without reason.Santiago Alvarez was insulted and was pricked to
anger, he took the floor and thrown a malicious side-glance at Montenegro and defend themselves, the rebels of Cavite and said that they of Cavite do not need any adviser of
Montenegro’s standing only. Pandemonium reigned as the voice of Alvarez boomed inside the sala.

Lumbreras, sensing the explosive situation tactfully called a recess to give sufficient time for the angry men to cool-off. At the end of an hour, the meeting was resumed.
Lumbreras refused to take the chair as a chairman of the assembly and thinks that Bonifacio was the best person to pass it through. Bonifacio took the chair as the presiding officer
by virtue of his being the president of the Supreme Council of the Katipunan. Before the assembly starts again, Bonifacio said that they should respect and obey the will of the
majority. A new form of government determined to take place of the Katipunan, the election officers was prepared. Nine officers were to be elected by the majority, namely,
President, Vice-president, Captain General, Director of Interior, Director of State, Director of Finance, Director of Fomento and Director of Justice.

Before the election, Bonifacio called the attention of all electors representing the different regions of the Philippines to the principle that whoever would be elected should
be recognized and respected regardless of his social condition and education.The proposal of Bonifacio in a form of a mere statement and reminder was approved. The ballots were
prepared and distributed. Office of the President was first voted upon and after the casting of ballots, Emilio Aguinaldo won over Andres Bonifacio and Mariano Trias. Before the
ballots were cast for the vice-presidency, Severino de las Alas suggest that Bonifacio must occupy the position for he received the second largest number of votes but the men
assembled doesn’t show approval nor disapproval. Consequently, Bonifacio decided to continue the election of the Vice-president. Trias was elected to the position over Bonifacio,
de las Alas and Alvarez. The election for the Captain General came next and Ricarte, the acting secretary of the convention, come out over Alvarez. Ricarte declared that none
better than know his limitations and fitness: the position with which the assembly honors him beyond his accountability and strength and he also said that the position was
honorable but its horizon is wide for him and he request the assembly not to resent his refusal to accept it. Ricarte’s modesty genuine or assumed proved effective. Cries of
disapproval followed his request to be relieved and the disturbance created by the enthusiastic followers of the General forced Bonifacio to call the meeting to order.

Then they proceed to the other positions and somebody suggested that in order to expedite the election to the remaining positions, the electors should step to one side when
their candidate is called, and it was immediately approved and then the following were elected: Director of War, Emiliano Regio de Dios who won over Ariston Villanueva, Daniel
Tirona and Santiago Alvarez; Director of Interior, Andres Bonifacio gave use to an incident that nearly end to a bloody affair. Amidst the application, Daniel Tirona stood up and
said that the Directot of Interior is an exalted one and it is not meet by a person who doesn’t have a law diploma. But someone who has it which is Jose del Rosario. Tirona also
added that they should protest against the elected and acclaimed. Bonifacio got insulted and he turned crimson with anger due to Tirona’s actions but he controlled himself. He
demanded that Tirona retract what he said before the election started; but then, Tirona ignored him and tried to lose himself in the crowd. In a flush of his anger, Bonifacio get his
pistol and point it to Tirona but Ricarte grabbed him to prevent tragic affairs that might happen. The people began to leave the hall and Bonifacio frustrated and deeply wounded in
feeling cried aloud declared the assembly dissolved and annul all that has been approved and resolved. After it, Bonifacio left the hall followed by his men.

The seed of discontent, resulting from Bonifacio’s failure to get the presidency; that he believed that he should have got; and watered by the unfortunate attitude of Daniel
Tirona, who, by another sad coincidence, belonged to the opposite faction which is the Magdalo. Bonifacio contented that he would have been elected had it not been for the
premeditated frauds of the rival factions. He wrote to his uncle-in-law; Mariano Alvarez; saying that the election has recently ended and it has left a large poisonous thorns in his
heart. Bonifacio also restate to his uncle-in-law the nullification that all had been agreed in the convention in Tejeros. He also said in the letter that he doesn’t expect that he will be
insulted and he added that he’ll make the Magdalo realize that it was not him whom they insulted but the whole country. Giving went to the resentment over the procedure and
results of the elections, Bonifacio, in a letter to his friend, Emilio Jacinto, then in Laguna explained his side and gave the background of the event. Bonifacio talked about what he
had discovered like the reason of striving to elect Emilio Aguinaldo as the President and that the meeting was a dirty work.