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Major Concepts:
Students relate macroscopic properties of matter (is it solid, liquid, or gas) to its
microscopic properties (kinetic energy of the molecules, random motion of molecules).
Students understand how changing the temp (and pressure) of matter changes its
microscopic properties and therefore changes its macroscopic properties.
Students understand what a temperature of absolute zero means, and that there is no
temperature lower than 0 Kelvin
Students are introduced to the phase diagram as an easy way to predict the state of a
given material at a particular T and P
Students understand that Brownian motion and diffusion are caused by random motion of
molecules
materials for diffusion demo: glass container for water, clear water, water colored with
dye.
Outline of Lesson:
(1) Warm-up/Dispatch Activity (activity for students to work on while you are taking
role)
Have students fill in a table that describes the differences between ice, water and water
vapor.
temperature
shape
....
We know that the type of matter depends on chemical composition. (e.g. H2O, He, Fe)
In this lesson, we see what determines the state of matter, i.e. whether it's a solid, liquid
or gas.
Define the words kinetic, macroscopic and microscopic in terms of their roots.
lecture notes: refer to page numbers in your lecture note book. * see below
diagrams (phase diagrams)
handouts (Activity worksheet) ** see below
reference pages in textbook
(4) Activities
small group work
o explore online simulations
o diffusion activity
Brownian motion
diffusion
Homework:
Readings: cite relevant pages in textbook, for help with answering questions on
worksheet
References:
Zumdahl, S.S. Zumdahl, S. A. Chemistry. 5th ed. Houghton Mifflin Company. New
York: 2000
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*Lecture Notes:
1. Call on students, randomly, to fill out the table they started during warm-up activity.
temperature
shape
pressure exerted
distance between
molecules
speed of molecules
interaction between
molecules
kinetic energy of
molecules
3. Discuss the molecular properties of the different states. Relate to kinetic energy -
molecular motions determine the state of the matter. When molecules are moving they
have kinetic energy (energy of motion.) The higher the temperature, the more kinetic
energy the molecules have. Have the students explore the online simulation, showing the
relationship between microscopic and macroscopic properties and temperature:
http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/states_of_matter/. Explain that absolute zero (in
Kelvins) is when there is no molecular motion.
Show the two different phase diagrams of water and carbon to compare and contrast.
5. How do we know kinetic theory/ particle theory is a good model for matter? It explains
all the phenomena we observe. Historically, the first phenomenon it explained was
Brownian motion. (In fact it was Einstein's explanation for Brownian motion.)
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** Worksheet
2. Compare and contrast the macroscopic and microscopic properties of solids, liquids
and gases
3. Explain how you can turn a solid into a liquid. How many ways are there to do this?
5. Explain diffusion using Brownian motion. What are some examples of diffusion that
you have seen in your own life.
6. Wet your hand, then blow on it. What do you feel? Why?