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 General Organic Chemistry

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 CHEMISTRY

PHYSICAL INORGANIC ORGANIC

– Law’s and – Periodic – Study of

application table Carbon
– Physical – Study of elements compounds
Phenomenon and their properties

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 HISTORY
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

The compounds obtained directly or indirectly from living

organism such as plants and animals were called
‘ORGANIC COMPOUNDS’

Example: oils, sugar, proteins

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 HISTORY
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

The compounds obtained from non-living Sources were

called ‘INORGANIC COMPOUNDS’

Example: Salt, CaCO3

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 Berzelius Hypothesis

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 BERZELIUS HYPOTHESIS

● Nature’s mysterious forces which

operates on plants and animal’s and
they produce organic compounds.

● Since these forces can’t be artificially

prepared, organic compounds can’t
be prepared artificially .

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 Wohler’s synthesis

However, O
NH4NCO H2N C NH2 Friedrich
Ammonium Wohler
Urea
cyanate

In 1828 Friedrich Wöhler described

conversion of ammonium cyanate to
urea.
The urea here was an unstable intermediate in
Wohler’s synthesis 11
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 MODERN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Synthesis of acetic acid by

Kolbe (1845) showed that
organic compounds could
be synthesised from
inorganic sources in a
laboratory.

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 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Ye kya hote
hain??

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 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Compounds containing C,H as main elements

sometimes along with sub elements such as O,
N, S, X etc.

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 HYDROCARBONS

Compounds containing elements carbon and

hydrogen

H 3C CH3 . . . . . Saturated hydrocarbon

H 2C CH2
. . . . . Unsaturated hydrocarbon
HC CH

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 THINK ABOUT IT

Q: CCl4 does not contain hydrogen. Does that

mean it is not an organic compound?
What about CCl4 ?
H Cl
– 4H
H C H Cl C Cl
+ 4Cl
H Cl
Methane Carbon tetrachloride
Hydrocarbon Derivative of hydrocarbon
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 IMPORTANT NOTE

The compounds which are hydrocarbons or

are derived from hydrocarbons are called as
organic compounds.

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 1 BONDING IN ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY

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 BONDING IN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Methane = CH4

×
6
C = 2, 4 H× C × H 1
H=1

×
H

The bond formed by mutual sharing of electron pair

is called as a covalent bond.

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 2 HYDROCARBONS

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 Hydrocarbons
The compounds containing only C,H as an
elements are termed as Hydrocarbon’s.

Types of hydrocarbon (Based on C – C linkage)

Saturated hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons

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 Saturated hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons containing only C – C single

bonds in a molecule.

Examples: Alkanes

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 Unsaturated hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons containing C – C double or triple

(multiple) bonds in a molecule.

Examples: Alkenes and Alkynes

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 Alkane family

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 Alkane family
No. of Formula Name No. of Formula Name
carbon carbon
9 C9H20 Nonane
1 CH4 Methane
10 C10H22 Decane
2 C2 H 6 Ethane
11 C11H24 Undecane
3 C3 H 8 Propane
12 C12H26 Dodecane
4 C4H10 Butane
5 C5H12 Pentane
6 C6H14 Hexane
7 C7H16 Heptane
8 C8H18 Octane 25
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 Alkene family

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 Alkene family

No. of Name Formula No. of Name Formula

carbon carbon
2 Ethene C2 H 4 10 Decene C10H20
3 Propene C3 H 6 11 Undecene C11H22
4 Butene C4 H 8 12 Dodecene C12H24
5 Pentene C5H10
6 Hexene C6H12
7 Heptene C7H14
8 Octene C8H16
9 Nonene C9H18 27
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 Alkyne family

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 Alkyne family

No. of Formula Name No. of Formula Name

carbon carbon
2 C2 H 2 Ethyne 10 C10H18 Decyne
3 C3 H 4 Propyne 11 C11H20 Undecyne
4 C4 H 6 Butyne 12 C12H22 Dodecyne
5 C5 H 8 Pentyne
6 C6H10 Hexyne
7 C7H12 Heptyne
8 C8H14 Octyne
9 C9H16 Nonyne
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 3 Writing structural
formula

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 1) Complete Formula :

It’s a representation of a Lewis structure in which bond pairs are

represented by
A dash (–) and a lone pairs are represented by a pair of dot’s (⋅
⋅)

Methanol – CH3OH Acetic Acid – CH3COOH

Example

:
:
H H O
: :

: :
H C O H H C C O H
H H
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 2) Condensed Formula :

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 2) Condensed Formula :
It’s a representation of a molecule in which individual bonds
(dashes) are excluded.
Example Complete formula Condensed formula
H H H
Propane H C C C H H3C.CH2.CH3
H H H

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 3) Line Angle Formula : [ Bond line Or Stick
figure]
● It’s a representation in which bonds are
represented by a line and C–atom are assumed to
be present where two line meets and at the
terminals of the line.

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 3) Line Angle Formula : [ Bond line Or Stick
figure]
● Also H–atom’s are believed to be present on the
carbon, however not represented, depending upon
the requirement in order to fulfill the valencies.

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 3) Line Angle Formula : [ Bond line Or Stick
figure]

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