ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study would not have been made possible without the full support, guidance

and assistance of the following individuals who extended their untiring efforts that

inspired the researchers to finish this research paper. The researchers wish to extend their

heartfelt gratitude to all those who contributed to the success of this study;

To their supportive adviser, Zybrinskie T. Bangcado, for his guidance, financial

support, patience, provisions, reminders, corrections and comments done to make this

project of best quality;

To Ma’am Wilen Mina-Galvan of University of the Philippines- Baguio (Biology

Department) for her generosity in giving Daphnia Magna to the researchers and to her

valuable advices for culturing the test organisms;

To the faculty and staffs of Pinsao National High School for their unending

support to this project;

Special thanks to their parents, Mr. Benson Calawen and Mrs. Naty Calawen; Mr

Jose Alalag and Ellen Alalag ; Mr. Godfrey Ayan and Mrs. Carmelita Ayan for their

unending love and affections, pieces of advice, guidance, efforts, sacrifices, and financial

and moral support;

To their siblings and relatives for their guidance and love, financial and moral

support;

To their friends and classmates who cheered them during the tough times of the

research.

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 And most of all, to the Almighty Father, who is the source of all knowledge and

that, lent the researchers the thinking power to this research, for his countless blessings,

love and guidance from whom everything was made possible.

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 ABSTRACT

Wastewater pollution has always been a major problem throughout the world.

Water pollution has a negative effect on the delicate balance of the ecosystem. It destroys

organisms that provide foods for other animals. Another effect of water pollution is water

shortage due to polluted water supplies. Harmful substances in water cause human

illnesses and diseases.

This research was conducted to determine the effects of effluent from the selected

creeks of Pinsao Pilot Projet. Specifically, it aims to determine the effects of effluent in

terms of mortality rate means, to determine which source of effluent would be prone to

water pollution, and to determine if there are significant differences among the treatment

with varying concentrations of effluent.

The study conducted a bioassay by preparing solutions and classified into four

treatments; T0 as positive control with pure distilled water, 100% , 50% and 25%

concentration of effluent for T1, T2, and T3, respectively.

The effluent from source 1 and 2 affects the mortality rate of Daphnia Magna applied

with Treatment 1, 2, and 3 which might have been caused by the toxic contaminants

found in the effluent. Treatment 1 for the 2 sources has the highest total of dead daphnia.

Source was concluded as more prone to water pollution because of the higher total of

dead daphnia. Although there are differences observed among the mortality rate means of

Daphnia, ANOVA deems it to be nonsignificant. Addition of replicates per treatment

might yield better results.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Title Page………………………………………………………………...... ..... i

Acknowledgements…………………………………………………............ ii

Abstract………………………………………………………………........... iv

Table of Contents……………………………………………………........... v

List of Tables………………………………………………………….......... viii

List of Figure.......................................................................................... x

List of Plates…………………………………………………………............ xi

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………….. 1

Background of the Study……………………………………… 1

Objectives of the Study……………………………………….. 4

Significance of the Study……………………………………... 5

Scope and Limitation of the Study…………………………… 6

Time and Place of the Study………………………………….. 6

REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………………………………. 7

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 Nature of Bioassay……………………………………………… 7

Water Pollution in Urban Areas…………………………………. 8

Daphnia Magna as Test Organism in Bioassay………………… 11

Other Researches on Bioassay Using Daphnia Magna…………….. 15

Other Organisms Used in Bioassay………………………………… 15

MATERIALS AND METHODS…………………………………………… 21

Effluent Collection site………………………………………….. 22

Daphnia Magna as Test Organism…………………………………. 24

Propagation and Culture of Daphnia ………………………….. 24

Methodology………………………………………………………... 25

Data Collection Parameters…………………………………………. 26

Statistical Analysis…………………………………………………… 26

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………………………………………….. 27

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS…………….. 30

Summary………………………………………………………………. 30

Conclusions……………………………………………………………. 31

Recommendations……………………………………………………… 31

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LITERATURE CITED………………………………………………………… 32

APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………. 36

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH…………………………………………………... 56

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 LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table No.

1. Effect of Effluent from Source 1 on Mortality Rate

Means of Daphnia Magna …………………………………….. 27

2. One- Way Analysis of Variance on the Mortality

Rate of Daphnia in Source 1………………………………… 27

3. Effect of Effluent from Source 2 on Mortality Rate

Means of Daphnia Magna ………………………………….. 28

4. One- Way Analysis of Variance on the Mortality

Rate of Daphnia in Source 2…………………………………. 28

5. Raw data on the Moratlity rate of Daphnia (Source 1)…………. 40

6. Raw data on the Moratlity rate of Daphnia (Source 2)………….. 40

7. pH and Temperature of Effluent After 20

minutes ( Source 1)………………………………………….. 41

8. pH and Temperature of Effluent After 2 hours ( Source 1)… 41

9. pH and Temperature of Effluent After 1 day( Source 1).......... 42

10. pH and Temperature of Effluent After 20

minutes ( Source 1)……………………………………………. 42

11. pH and Temperature of Effluent After 20 minutes ( Source 2)…. 43

12. pH and Temperature of Effluent After 2 hours ( Source 2)………. 43

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13. pH and Temperature of Effluent After 1 day( Source 2)…………. 44

14. pH and Temperature of Effluent After 20 minutes ( Source 2)……... 44

TEST MATERIAL: Creek Effluent (Source 1)

15.1 Observation after 5 minutes……………………………………… 45

15.2 Observation after 10 minutes……………………………………. 45

15.3 Observation after 20 minutes……………………………………. 46

15.4 Observation after 1 hour………………………………………….. 46

15.5 Observation after 2 hours………………………………………… 47

15.6: Observation after 3 hours…………………………………………. 47

15.7 Observation 24 hours………………………………………………… 48

14.8 Observation 48 hours………………………………………………… 48

TEST MATERIAL: Creek Effluent (Source 2)

16.1 Observation after 5 minutes……………………………………… 49

16.2 Observation after 10 minutes……………………………………. 49

16.3 Observation after 20 minutes……………………………………. 50

16.4 Observation after 1 hour………………………………………….. 50

16.5 Observation after 2 hours………………………………………… 51

16.6: Observation after 3 hours…………………………………………. 51

16.7 Observation 24 hours………………………………………………… 52

16.8 Observation 48 hours………………………………………………… 52

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 LIST OF FIGURE

Figur No. Page

1 Map Representation of the Collection site……………………………… 21

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 LIST OF PLATES

Plate No. Page

1. Daphnia Magna as Test Organism…………………………….. 22

2. Collection of Effluent in Purok 7, P.P.P.(Source 1)…………… 36

3. Collection of Effluent in Purok 7, P.P.P.(Source 2)…………… 36

4. Labelling of the Test Bottles……………………………………. 37

5. Measuring of the Test Substance………………………………….. 37

6. Transferring of Daphnids to the Test Bottles………………….. 38

7. Test Bottles with treatments of varying

concentrations (Source 1)……………………………………….. 38

8. Test Bottles with treatments of varying

concentrations (Source 2)……………………………………….. 39

9. Taking of Observations…………………………………………. 39

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