BANANA PSEUDO-STEM: AN ALTERNATE RAW MATERIAL FOR PAPER 2019

MAKING

ABSTRACT

In this modern age, the consumption of paper and boards has increased tremendously. Conventionally,
paper is manufactured from cellulosic materials like softwood, hardwood, bamboo, etc. The ever
increasing demand, especially of the advanced countries has resulted in continued deduction of forests
causing severe environmental imbalances. In this context cellulose technologist are searching for
alternative raw material.

Agricultural residues of non-woody nature like wheat straw, rice straw are possible raw material which
could be used. However, all these require high temperature & pressure, employing energy consumption
and costly processes. Thus the search for other raw material and costly effective process continues. One
of the materials found to be promising was banana stem waste, which is a very good source of cellulose
and highly cultivated. In this study, waste banana stem is utilized for production of paper by ecofriendly
pulping procedure.
BANANA PSEUDO-STEM: AN ALTERNATE RAW MATERIAL FOR PAPER 2019
MAKING

LIST OF FIGURES & GRAPHS

Figure 1: Different types of woody and non woody 2

materials
Figure 2: Structure of cellulose 5

Figure 3: SEM images of banana fiber 10

Figure 4: FTIR spectrum of banana pseudo stem 13

Figure 5: Klason’s lignin analysis 24

Figure 6: Kappa no. analysis 24

Figure 7: Extractive content analysis 25

Figure 8: Banana pseudo stem 26

Figure 9: Kraft pulping process 28

Figure 10: Cold digestion 29

Figure 11: Washing of pulp 30

Figure 12: Bleaching of pulp 31

Figure 13: Laboratory beater 32

.
Figure 14:Sheet forming machine 34
BANANA PSEUDO-STEM: AN ALTERNATE RAW MATERIAL FOR PAPER 2019
MAKING

Figure 15: Pressing of sheet 35

Figure 16: Calendering machine 35

Figure 17: Black liquor analysis 45

Figure 18: Bursting strength tester 46

Figure 19: GSM tester 46

Figure 20: Comparison of bursting strength of various paper 47

Figure 21: : Comparison of burst factor of various paper 47

Figure 22: Comparison of burst index of various paper 48

Figure 23: Different papers made from Banana pseudo-stem and 51

recycled paper
BANANA PSEUDO-STEM: AN ALTERNATE RAW MATERIAL FOR PAPER 2019
MAKING

INDEX
SR.NO TITLE PAGE NO
1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1-13
1.1 BACKGROUND 2
1.2 INFLUENCE OF THE RAW MATERIAL 3-5
1.3 NEED OF BANANA PSEUDO STEM 6-7
1.4 PRODUCTION OF BANANA PSEUDO 7
STEM
1.5 PLANTATION AND HARVESTING 7-8
1.6 EXTRACTION OF FIBRES 8
1.7 BANANA PSEUDO STEM PROPERTIES 9-12

2 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 14-16

3 CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS 17-36
3.1 RAW MATERIALS & CHEMICALS 18
3.2 APPARATUS & EQUIPEMENTS 19
3.3 PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF RAW 20-25
MATERIAL
3.4 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR 26-36
MAKING LAB SCALE PULP

4 CHAPTER 4: MATERIAL BALANCE 37-39

5 CHAPTER 5: COST ECONOMICS 40-42
6 CHAPTER 6: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 43-48
7 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION 49-51
8 CHAPTER 8: REFERENCES 52-53
BANANA PSEUDO-STEM: AN ALTERNATE RAW MATERIAL FOR PAPER 2019
MAKING