GREEN ELECTRIC-CITY

NAME OF STUDENTS:

K. SAIKUMAR-16EC012
CH.SAI KARTHIK-16EC011
R. SAIKRISHNA-16EC013
G. SATISH REDDY-16EC025

Minor Project

AT
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
LINGAYA’S VIDYAPEETH, FARIDABAD
SESSION 2018-2019
 A PROJECT REPORT

ON
GREEN ELECTRIC-CITY

By

K. Saikumar-16EC012 CH. Sai

Ch. Sai Karthik-16EC011

R. Saikrishna-16EC013

G. Satish Reddy-16EC025

ECE
E

PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL

FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE
COURSE

Minor Project
At

School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Lingaya’s Vidyapeeth

Guide

Faculty/Associate Faculty Dr. K K Sharma Sir

 School Of Electrical And Electronics Engineering

LINGAYA’S VIDYAPEETH, FARIDABAD

SESSION 2018-2019

LINGAYA’S VIDYAPEETH

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “GREEN ELECTRIC-CITY” is the bonafide

work of students who carried out the project in collaboration with SOEEE,
Lingaya’s Vidyapeeth, embodies the work done by him under the guidance of
Dr. K K Sharma Sir, Professor(SOEEE) towards partial fulfilment of the
requirements of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and
Electronics Engineering from Lingaya’s Vidyapeeth, Haryana. They have
fulfilled all the requirements needed as per the rules of the Vidyapeeth, for the
completion of Project. This work is original and has not been submitted in part
or in full to any Institution.

K. Saikumar-16EC012
Ch. Sai Karthik-16EC011

R. Saikrishna-16EC013

G. Satish Reddy-16EC025

Signature of the Supervisor

Dr. K K Sharma
(Professor)
Supervisor
SOEEE,
Lingaya’s Vidyapeeth,Faridabad
Haryana
 TABLE OF CONTENT

S.No CONTENT

1 INTRODUCTION

2 PROJECT CATEGORY

3 INTRODCTION ABOUT PIEZO

4 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

5 FEATURES OF THE PROJRCT

6 REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS

7 INSTRUCTIONS

8 DESCRIPTION

9 WORKING

10 CODE

11 GALLERY

12 CONCLUSION

13 REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION : In this world of emerging technologies which are finding
their way of inventing unique things,it's time to think about the environment
surrounding us.In the process of generating electricity in many ways,we made a
major drawback of pollution.so different aspects should be developed to produce
electricity without harming the nature.So,here comes the new way based on piezo
principle.when a mechanical pressure falls on piezo electric generators,they
produce charges resulting in the production of electricity.Though there are many
ways of generating electricity without harming the nature(like solar,wind,hydro
etc..,)the amount of production and the ease of production matters the most.And
we have added some more ideas to our project i.e., Smart Traffic Light System
PROJECT CATEGORY:
This project is mainly based on The Piezo Electric
Principle,Wind energy,solar energy and Involves Arduino Programming for
Smart traffic light system.
INTRODCTION TO PIEZO ELECTRICITY :
Piezoelectricity is the electric charge that accumulates in certain solid materials
(such as crystals,certain ceramics, and biological matter such as bone, DNA and
various proteins)in response to applied mechanical stress. The
word piezoelectricity means electricity resulting from pressure and latent
heat.French physicists Jacques and Pierre Curie discovered piezoelectricity in
1880.
The piezoelectric effect results from the linear electromechanical interaction
between the mechanical and electrical states in crystalline materials with
no inversion symmetry.The piezoelectric effect is a reversible process: materials
exhibiting the piezoelectric effect (the internal generation of electrical charge
resulting from an applied mechanical force) also exhibit the reverse piezoelectric
effect, the internal generation of a mechanical strain resulting from an applied
electrical field.
INTRODUCTION TO SOLAR ENERGY:
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed
using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar
heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture, molten
salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis.

INTRODUCTION TO WIND ENERGY:

Wind energy is a form of solar energy. Wind energy (or wind power)
describes the process by which wind is used to generate electricity. Wind
turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power. A
generator can convert mechanical power into electricity.
INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO BOARD:
The Arduino UNO is an open-source microcontroller board based on
the Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller and developed
by Arduino.cc.[2][3] The board is equipped with sets of digital and analog
input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards
(shields) and other circuits.[1] The board has 14 Digital pins, 6 Analog pins, and
programmable with the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment)
via a type B USB cable.[4] It can be powered by a USB cable or by an external 9
volt battery, though it accepts voltages between 7 and 20 volts.

FEATURES OF THE PROJECT:

 It is pollution free.
 It produces enormous amount of energy.
 It is non renewable.
 We can become non-relible on others for energy.
 Reliable, Economical, Eco-Friendly.
 Less Consumption of Non-Renewable Energies.
 Extremely Wide Dynamic Range, Almost Free Of Noise.
 Suitable For Shock Measurement As Well As For Almost.
 Imperceptible Vibration.
 Excellent Linearity over Their Dynamic Range.
 Compact Yet Highly Sensitive.
 No Moving Parts-Long Service Life.
  Self-Generating-No External Power Required.

PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT:

To Create an energy source which is pollution free and
makes us non reliable on others for the energy generation.

INSTRUCTIONS:
. Arrange the Piezo Transducers in series.
. Take proper care while connecting the circuits.
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS :
SOFTWARE USED :
ARDUINO IDE

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS :
Minimum :
▪ Computer with a 1.6 GHz or faster processor
▪ Arduino UNO board
▪ Traffic lights(Red,Yellow,Green)
▪ Piezo sensors
▪ Multimeter
▪ Connecting wires
▪ Resistors

DESCRIPTION:
As mentioned earlier piezo electric generators can be used everywhere where the
ground can experience ample amount of pressure,we can use it in the general
world on roads,railway platforms,train tracks,airways,dancing floors etc,
1. .So,when we use the piezo electric generators under the highway roads or
high traffic areas the amount of pressure exerted on the piezo generators
will be considerly high resulting in the generation of high amount of
electricity.
 2. We can use the piezoelectric generators under the railtracks also.As the
amount of mechanical stress falling on the traintracks due to large weight
of the trains,the amount of electricity generation will be high.

3. The piezo electric generators can be used in the airport airways.As the
amount of pressure on the runway due to the fast landing of an aeroplane
is considerably very high we can situate piezo electric generators under the
airways resulting in high amount of electricity.

WORKING:
a. PIEZO ELECTRICITY:
Whenever force is applied on piezoelectric crystals that force is converted to
electrical energy which can be used to drive dc loads and that minute voltage
which is stored in the lead acid battery. The battery is connected to the inverter.
This inverter is used to convert the 12 volt D.C to the 230 volt A.C. This 230 volt
A.C voltage is used to activate the loads. We are using conventional battery
charging unit also for giving supply to the circuitry. Here we are using AT89S52
display to show the amount of battery charged, whenever we place our foot on
piezoelectric transducer.
 b. SOLAR ENERGY:

When light interacts with a silicon cell, it causes electrons to be set into motion,
which initiates a flow of electric current. This is known as the “photovoltaic
effect,” and it describes the general functionality of solar panel technology.

The general photovoltaic process, as described above, works through the

following steps:

1. The silicon photovoltaic solar cell absorbs solar radiation

2. When the sun’s rays interact with the silicon cell, electrons begin to move
3. Moving electrons creates a flow of electric current, captured by nodes and
wiring in the panel
4. Wires feed this direct current (DC) electricity to a solar inverter to be
converted to alternating current (AC) electricity.

c. WIND ENERGY:

A wind turbine turns energy in the wind into electricity using the
aerodynamic force created by the rotor blades, which work similarly to an
airplane wing or helicopter rotor blade. When the wind flows across the
blade, the air pressure on one side of the blade decreases. The difference in
air pressure across the two sides of the blade creates both lift and drag. The
force of the lift is stronger than the drag and this causes the rotor to spin. The
rotor is connected to the generator, either directly (if it's a direct drive
turbine) or through a shaft and a series of gears (a gearbox) that speed up the
 rotation and allow for a physically smaller generator. This translation of
aerodynamic force to rotation of a generator creates electricity.

d. SMART TRAFFIC LIGHT SYSTEM:

First the upside/forward side is opened (green), while the other two sides
(i.e. left side and right side) remains closed with Red signal, with a delay of
5 seconds. Then the yellow light gets turned on at the right side for 1sec
followed by the Green light, leaving other two sides (i.e. upside and left side
is red) closed with Red Light and 5seconds delay. Then yellow on the left
side glows for 1sec followed by green one, leaving upside and right side Red
with 5sec delay. This process is looped in void loop() function for
continuous process. Here we can modify delays for which the Red, yellow
and Green light remain on and off.

CODING:
int red1 = 7;
int yellow1 = 6;
int green1 = 5;
int red2 = 4;
int yellow2 = 3;
int green2 = 2;

const int trigPin = 12;

const int echoPin = 11;

long duration;
int distance;

long previousMillis = 0;
long interval = 1000;

void setup() {
pinMode(red1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(yellow1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(green1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(red2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(yellow2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(green2, OUTPUT);
 pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
}
void loop() {
unsigned long currentMillis = millis();
static bool carInRangeLast;

bool carInRange = distance < 10;

//set-up to read distance at sensor 1

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
distance = duration * 0.034 / 2;

carInRangeLast = carInRange;

bool changeLights = (carInRange == true) && (currentMillis - previousMillis

> interval);

//neutral period
digitalWrite(red1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(yellow1, LOW);
digitalWrite(green1, LOW);
digitalWrite(red2, HIGH);
digitalWrite(yellow2, LOW);
digitalWrite(green2, LOW);
delay(3000);

if(changeLights == true){
digitalWrite(red1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(yellow1, LOW);
digitalWrite(green1, LOW);
digitalWrite(red2, LOW);
digitalWrite(yellow2, HIGH);
digitalWrite(green2, LOW);
 delay(3000);
} else {
digitalWrite(red1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(yellow1, LOW);
digitalWrite(green1, LOW);
digitalWrite(red2, LOW);
digitalWrite(yellow2, LOW);
digitalWrite(green2, HIGH);
delay(5000);
}
}

GALLERY:
CONCLUSION:
Thus, we have created an energy source and built a prototype city which
generates it’s own current.This makes a new way to reduce pollution
which is caused by many ways of generation of electricity.So if this is
adopted by any country,we can generate ample of current just on a 1km
of road in one hour having an average of 600 vehicles travelling per one
hour.
So,here by we conclude that we have successfully tested and executed
this experiment under supervision of SOEEE,LINGAYA’S VIDYAPEETH.

REFERENCES:

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ik5-60BcMb4
 https://www.greenoptimistic.com/innowattech-piezoelectric-railroad-
20101208/
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pULqyI2YQjw
 https://www.google.com/search?q=innowatech+piezo&rlz=1C1CHB
F_enIN783IN783&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi
bhfeGitLgAhUMsaQKHb22Dc8Q_AUIDigB&biw=1366&bih=625#
 https://www.google.com/search?q=innowatech+piezo&rlz=1C1CHB
F_enIN783IN783&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi
bhfeGitLgAhUMsaQKHb22Dc8Q_AUIDigB&biw=1366&bih=625#

THANK YOU