KB6005 Advanced Structural Systems

2019/20 Semester 1

Dr. Sherry CHEN

Lecturer
Department of Mechanical & Construction Engineering

0191-349-5121

sherry.chen@northumbria.ac.uk

Room 509, Wynne-Jones Building

Office hours: Monday 4pm~5pm, Friday 4pm~5pm

1
Seminar 3: Castigliano’s 2nd
Theorem

2
 Castigliano’s 2nd Theorem

 Statement: the partial derivative of

the total strain energy with respect
to any external force yields the
displacement under the point of
action of that force in the direction
of the force.
𝝏𝑾
∆𝒊 =
𝝏𝑭𝒊
• Δi: generalized displacement
• Fi: generalized force
• W: total strain energy
 Applications: find displacements of
linear elastic bodies subject to axial
loads, bending and shear.
3
 Question

A truss ABC is subjected to a horizontal force F = 2 kN at

Joint B. The cross-sectional area of bar AB is A = 25 mm2
and the cross-sectional area of bar BC is 2A. Young’s
modulus of the two bars are identical: E = 70 GPa. The
span L = 1.5 m and the angle β = 60⁰.

Find the vertical displacement of

Joint B

4
 Thinking

 In order to find the vertical

displacement of Joint B by
Castigliano’s 2nd theorem,
there must be a vertical force Q (virtual force)
corresponding to this
displacement.
 We introduce a virtual vertical
force Q at B.
 Calculate the partial derivative
of the strain energy of the truss
with respect to Q.
 Set Q = 0 in the derivative to
obtain the vertical
displacement of B.
5
 𝑭𝒙𝑨𝑩
Method of joints B
Q (virtual force) 𝒚
30º
𝑭𝑨𝑩
FAB
y 𝑭𝒙𝑨𝑩 = −𝑭𝑨𝑩 × 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝟎° Opposite
= −𝟎. 𝟓𝑭 to x
𝑨𝑩
𝑭𝑨𝑩 = −𝑭𝑨𝑩 × 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝟎° Opposite
𝒚

= −𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟔𝑭 to y
x 𝑨𝑩

B 𝑭𝒙𝑩𝑪
y
Q 𝒚 30º
𝑭𝑩𝑪 FBC
B F
𝑭𝒙𝑩𝑪 = 𝑭𝑩𝑪 × 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝟎°
x
= 𝟎. 𝟓𝑭𝑩𝑪
𝑭𝑩𝑪 = −𝑭𝑩𝑪 × 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝟎° Opposite
30º 𝒚
FAB FBC to y
= −𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟔𝑭 𝑩𝑪6
 Method of joints – continued I
y
Q 𝑭𝒙𝑨𝑩 = −𝟎. 𝟓𝑭𝑨𝑩
𝒚
𝑭𝑨𝑩 = −𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟔𝑭𝑨𝑩
𝑭𝒙𝑨𝑩 B F
𝑭𝒙𝑩𝑪 x 𝑭𝒙𝑩𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝑭𝑩𝑪
𝒚
𝒚 𝒚 𝑭𝑩𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟔𝑭𝑩𝑪
F𝑭 𝑭𝑩𝑪
F
AB𝑨𝑩 BC

 Force analysis
σ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎
→ 𝑭𝒙𝑨𝑩 + 𝑭𝒙𝑩𝑪 + 𝑭 = 𝟎
→ −𝟎. 𝟓𝑭𝑨𝑩 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝑭𝑩𝑪 + 𝑭 = 𝟎
→ −𝑭𝑨𝑩 + 𝑭𝑩𝑪 + 𝟐𝑭 = 𝟎
→ 𝑭𝑩𝑪 = 𝑭𝑨𝑩 − 𝟐𝑭
7
 Method of joints – continued II
y
Q 𝑭𝒙𝑨𝑩 = −𝟎. 𝟓𝑭𝑨𝑩
𝒚
𝑭𝑨𝑩 = −𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟔𝑭𝑨𝑩
𝑭𝒙𝑨𝑩 B 𝑭𝒙𝑩𝑪
x 𝑭𝒙𝑩𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝑭𝑩𝑪
𝒚
𝒚 𝒚 𝑭𝑩𝑪 = −𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟔𝑭𝑩𝑪
𝑭𝑨𝑩 𝑭𝑩𝑪
 Force analysis
σ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒚 𝒚
→ 𝑭𝑨𝑩 + 𝑭𝑩𝑪 + 𝑸 = 𝟎
→ −𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟔𝑭𝑨𝑩 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟔𝑭𝑩𝑪 + 𝑸 = 𝟎
→ 𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟔𝑭𝑨𝑩 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟔𝑭𝑩𝑪 𝑭𝑩𝑪 = 𝑭𝑨𝑩 − 𝟐𝑭

→ 𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟔𝑭𝑨𝑩 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟔 × 𝑭𝑨𝑩 − 𝟐𝑭

8
Method of joints – continued III

𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟔𝑭𝑨𝑩 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟔 × 𝑭𝑨𝑩 − 𝟐𝑭

→ 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟔𝑭𝑨𝑩 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟔𝑭𝑨𝑩 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟔 × 𝟐𝑭 = 𝑸

→ 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟔 × 𝑭𝑨𝑩 − 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐𝑭 = 𝑸

→ 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐𝑭𝑨𝑩 − 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐𝑭 = 𝑸

→ 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐𝑭𝑨𝑩 = 𝑸 + 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐𝑭
𝟏 𝟏.𝟕𝟑𝟐
→ 𝑭𝑨𝑩 = ×𝑸+ 𝑭
𝟏.𝟕𝟑𝟐 𝟏.𝟕𝟑𝟐

→ 𝑭𝑨𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕𝑸 + 𝑭

9
Method of joints – continued IV

• 𝑭𝑨𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕𝑸 + 𝑭

• 𝑭𝑩𝑪 = 𝑭𝑨𝑩 − 𝟐𝑭

→ 𝑭𝑩𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕𝑸 + 𝑭 − 𝟐𝑭

→ 𝑭𝑩𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕𝑸 − 𝑭

10
 Castigliano’s 2nd Theorem
 Strain energy of one elastic
bar under axial force F
𝑷𝟐 𝑳
𝑭𝟐 𝑳 𝑾𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 =
𝑾= 𝟐𝑬𝑨
𝟐𝑬𝑨

 Partial derivative of strain

energy of one elastic bar
with respect to Q
𝝏
𝑾
𝝏𝑸
𝝏 𝑭𝟐 𝑳
=
𝝏𝑸 𝟐𝑬𝑨
𝑳 𝝏𝑭
= ×𝟐×𝑭 ×
𝟐𝑬𝑨 𝝏𝑸
𝑳 𝝏𝑭
= ×𝑭×
𝑬𝑨 𝝏𝑸
11
 Castigliano’s 2nd Theorem – continued I
 Partial derivative of strain energy of one elastic bar with respect to Q:
𝝏 𝑳 𝝏𝑭
𝑾 = ×𝑭×
𝝏𝑸 𝑬𝑨 𝝏𝑸

FAB FBC
y
B B
L L

x
A C

 Total partial derivative

𝑳 𝝏𝑭 𝑳 𝝏𝑭
𝜹𝑩
𝒚 = ×𝑭× + ×𝑭×
𝑬𝑨 𝝏𝑸 𝑨𝑩 𝑬𝑨 𝝏𝑸 𝑩𝑪
12
 Castigliano’s 2nd Theorem
FAB FBC
– continued II
B B
 Total partial derivative L L
𝑳 𝝏𝑭 𝑳 𝝏𝑭
𝜹𝑩
𝒚 = ×𝑭× + ×𝑭×
𝑬𝑨 𝝏𝑸 𝑨𝑩 𝑬𝑨 𝝏𝑸 𝑩𝑪

𝑭𝑨𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕𝑸 + 𝑭 𝑭𝑩𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕𝑸 − 𝑭

A C
𝑨𝑨𝑩 = 𝑨 𝑨𝑩𝑪 = 𝟐𝑨

Bar Axial force F 𝝏𝑭 𝑳 𝝏𝑭

× 𝑭×
𝝏𝑸 𝑬𝑨 𝝏𝑸

AB 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕𝑸 + 𝑭 0.577 𝑳
× 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕𝑸 + 𝑭 × 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕
𝑬𝑨

BC 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕𝑸 − 𝑭 0.577 𝑳
× 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕𝑸 − 𝑭 × 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕
𝟐𝑬𝑨

13
 Castigliano’s 2nd Theorem – continued III

Bar Axial force F 𝝏𝑭 𝑳 𝝏𝑭

× 𝑭×
𝝏𝑸 𝑬𝑨 𝝏𝑸

AB 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕𝑸 + 𝑭 0.577 𝑳
× 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕𝑸 + 𝑭 × 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕
𝑬𝑨

BC 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕𝑸 − 𝑭 0.577 𝑳
× 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕𝑸 − 𝑭 × 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕
𝟐𝑬𝑨

 Total partial derivative

𝑳 𝝏𝑭 𝑳 𝝏𝑭
𝜹𝑩
𝒚 = ×𝑭× + ×𝑭×
𝑬𝑨 𝝏𝑸 𝑨𝑩 𝑬𝑨 𝝏𝑸 𝑩𝑪

𝑳 𝑳
= × 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕𝑸 + 𝑭 × 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕 + × 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕𝑸 − 𝑭 × 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕
𝑬𝑨 𝟐𝑬𝑨

F = 2 kN = 2000 N
Q = 0 (virtual force!)
L = 1.5 m → 𝜹𝑩
𝒚 = 𝟒. 𝟗𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎 −𝟒 𝒎 ↑

A = 25 mm2 = 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝐦𝟐 Same direction

E = 70 GPa = 70× 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝐏𝐚 as Q 14