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CBSE MASTER | NCERT Textbooks Exercises

problèmes d'abus.

Solutions
CBSE Class 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, & 10th | Help Guide | Solved Exercises | MCQs | Questions & Answers | Sample Papers

S u n d a y , 1 5 J a n u a CBSE
r Science
y Class 6, 7, 8,
2 9, 10th0 - Solved
1 Exercises
2

CBSE Class IX (9th) Science (99)

CBSE Class 10th Science | Chapter 4. Carbon and its CBSE Class X (10th) Science (17)
Compounds | Solved Exercises CBSE Class VI (6th) Science (17)
CBSE Class VII (7th) Science (19)
Points to Remember - What you have learnt CBSE Class VIII (8th) Science (19)

1. Carbon is a versatile element that forms the basis for all living organisms and many
of the things we use.
2. This large variety of compounds is formed by carbon because of its tetravalency
and the property of catenation that it exhibits. CBSE Textbook Exercises Solutions
3. Covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms so that
CBSE Class IX (9th) Geography (5)
both can achieve a completely filled outermost shell.
CBSE Class XII (12th) Business Studies (2)
4. Carbon forms covalent bonds with itself and other elements such as hydrogen,
CBSE NCERT Class VI (6th) Mathematics (33)
oxygen, sulphur, nitrogen and chlorine.
CBSE NCERT Class 7th (VII) English (9)
5. Carbon also forms compounds containing double and triple bonds between carbon
CBSE NCERT Class 7th (VII) History (10)
atoms. These carbon chains may be in the form of straight chains, branched chains
or rings. CBSE NCERT Class VII (7th) Geography (10)
CBSE NCERT Class VII (7th) Mathematics (2)
6. The ability of carbon to form chains gives rise to a homologous series of compounds
in which the same functional group is attached to carbon chains of different lengths. NCERT Class VI (6th) Social Science -Geography (8)

7. The functional groups such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids NCERT Class VI English (10)
bestow characteristic properties to the carbon compounds that contain them. NCERT Class VI History - Social Studies (Our Pasts-
I) (12)
8. Carbon and its compounds are some of our major sources of fuels.
NCERT Class VI Social Science - Social and Political
9. Ethanol and ethanoic acid are carbon compounds of importance in our daily lives. Life-1 (4)
10. The action of soaps and detergents is based on the presence of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic
groups in the molecule and this helps to emulsify the oily dirt and hence its removal.
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CBSE Class VIII (8th) Science | All Chapters Solved
Activity 4.1 Page No. 58 Exercises
Chapter 1. CROP PRODUCTIION AND
Make a list of ten things you have used or consumed since the morning. MANAGEMENT | CBSE Class VIII (8th) Science |
Compile this list with the lists made by your classmates and then sort the Solved Exercises Chapter 2. MICROORGANISMS :
FRIEND AND F...
items into the following Table.
If there are items which are made up of more than one material, put them into both the CBSE Class IX ( 9th) Science |
relevant columns. Chapter 8. Motion | Lesson Exercises
Questions with in the Chapter Page
Things Which we have used or consumed Things made of Things made of 100 ( CBSE Class IX ( 9th) Science
Others Textbook - Chapter 8. Motion )
since morning metal glass/clay
Question 1. An object has mov...

1. Water 1. Almirah CBSE Class VII (7th) Science | Solved Lesson

1. Washbasin 1. Water Exercises
2. Washbasin 2. Steel
Chapter 1. Nutrition in Plants Chapter 2. Nutrition in
3. Toilet Pot Glass 2. Toilet Pot 2. Tooth Animals Chapter 3. Fibre to Fabric Chapter 4. Heat
4. Toothpaste 3. Knife 3. Glass Paste Chapter 5. Acids...

5. Tooth Brush 4. Spoon 4. China Clay 3. Soap

CBSE Class 7th (VII) English Chapter 2. A Gift of
6. Soap 5. Gas Stove Plates 4. Towel Chappals - Solved Exercises
6. Bicycle 5. Cup 5. Dress/C Comprehension Check (Page,22) Page No.17
7. Towel Question 1. What is the secret that Meena shares
6. Cold Drinks loths
8. Dress/Cloths with Mridu in the backyard? Answer. Meena ...
Bottle 6.
9. Almirah
7. Mirror 7. Bread CBSE Class VII (7th) English Lesson 1 : Three
10. Mirror Questions - Solved Exercises
8. Butter Part (1) Question 1. Why did the king want
11. Comb
9. Milk to know answer to three questions? Answer. The king
12. Shoes wanted to know answer to...
10. Sugar
13. Steel Glass
11. School CBSE Class VI ( 6th) Mathematics
14. Glass Chapter 1 : Knowing our Numbers -
Bag
15. Steel Plates Try These (Extra Solved Questions
12. Noteboo and Examples with in Chapter)
16. China Clay Plates k Try these : (Class VI ( 6th)
17. Cup 13. Books Mathematics Chapter 1. Knowing our Numbers:Page
2 Q. Can you instantly find the greatest and the
18. Spoon 14. Pen smallest n...
19. Gas Stove
Chapter 2. Physical Features Of India | Geography |
20. Bread
Class 9th CBSE
21. Butter Exercises |Chapter 2. Physical Features Of India |
22. Milk Geography | CBSE Class 9th Question 1. Choose the
right answer from the four alterna...
23. Sugar
24. Knife CBSE Class 10th Science | Chapter 6.
Life Processes | Solved Exercises
25. School Bag Question 1. Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the
26. Bicycle oxygen requirements of multicellular organisms like
27. Notebook
 27. Notebook humans? Answer. In multi-...
28. Books
29. Pen
30. Cold Drinks Bottle

Activity 4.2 Page No. 67 Download NCERT TEXTBOOKS

Class VI (6th)
Question 1. Calculate the difference in the formulae and molecular masses for: Download : Vasant Part-1 Textbook of
Hindi For Class VI Vasant Part-1
a. CH3OH and C2H5OH
Textbook of Hindi For Class VI
b. C2 H5 OH and C3 H7OH
c. C3 H7OH and C4 H9OH Solved Exercises : CBSE Class VI (6th) Science
Chapters 1 to 16
Answer: Chapter 1. Food - Where Does it come from?
Chapter 2.Components of Food Chapter 3. Fibre to
Molecular Molecular Difference of Difference in molecular
Fabric.
formula mass molecular mass formula

(
CH3OH and 32 amu and 46 Sample Question Papers - Summative Assessment-II
a 14U CH2 (SA-2)
C2H5OH amu
)
CBSE Class X (10th) Social Science Sample
( Question Papers Summative Assessment II (SA-2)
C2H5OH and 46 amu and (4)
b 14U CH2
C3H7OH 60 amu CBSE Class X (10th) English Sample Question
)
Papers Summative Assessment II (SA-2) (4)

(
C3H7OH and 60 amu and
c 14U CH2 CBSE Mathematics Class 10th
C4H7OH 74 amu
)
CBSE Class X (10th) Mathematics (3)
Question 2. Is there any similarity in these three?
Anser:All these three have alcoholic (-OH) function group.
NCERT TextBooks Download
Question 3. Arrange these alcohols in the order of increasing carbon atoms to get a
family. Can we call this family a homologous series? Download NCERT Textbooks Class IX (1)
Answer: CH 3OH, C2H5OH, C3H7OH, C4H9OH. Download NCERT Textbooks Class VI (1)
Yes, It is a homologous series of alkane alcohols as each successive member of the series Download NCERT Textbooks Class VII (1)
differs by - CH2 unit from proceeding member Download NCERT Textbooks Class VIII (1)

Generate the homologous series for compounds containing up to Download NCERT Textbooks Class X (1)
four carbons for the other functional groups given in Table 4.3. Sample Paper (5)

Hetero atom Functional group Formula of functional group

CL/Br Halo - (Chloro/Bromo) - Cl, - Br Frequently Asked Questions-FAQs
(substitutes for hydrogen atom) Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE) -
Oxygen 1. Alcohol 1. -OH Frequently Asked Questions - FAQs

2. Aldehyde 2.
3. Ketone H Blog Archive
4. Carboxylic acid / ► 2018 (83)
-C
► 2017 (3)
\\
► 2016 (1)
O
► 2015 (10)
3.
► 2014 (19)
-C-
► 2013 (42)
||
▼ 2012 (42)
O
► November (1)
4.
► October (6)
O
► June (1)
||
► May (5)
- C - OH
► April (8)
Answer: ► March (16)
Chloro (-CI) --> CH3CI, C 2H5CI,C3H7CI,C4H9CI. Aldehydes --> ► February (4)
CH3CHO,C2H5CHO,C3H7CHO,C4H9CHO. Ketone -->CH2CO,C2H4CO,C3H6CO,C4H8CO.
▼ January (1)
Carboxylic acids--> CH2COOH, C 2H4COOH, C 3H6COOH, C 4H9COOH.
CBSE Class 10th Science | Chapter 4. Carbon and
(i) Homologus series having Choloro (-Cl) functional group: CH 3Cl, C2H5Cl, C3H7Cl, C4H9Cl. it...

(ii) Homologus series having Aldehydes functional group: CH3CHO, C2H5CHO, C3H7CHO, ► 2011 (110)
C4H9CHO.

(iii)Homologus series having Ketone functional group: CH 2CO, C2H4CO, C3H6CO, C4H8CO. Total Pageviews
(iv) Homologus series having Carboxylic acids functional group:CH 2COOH, C 2H4COOH,
C3H6COOH, C 4H9COOH. Followers

Activity 4.3 Page No. 69

CAUTION: This Activity needs the teacher’s assistance.
Take some carbon compounds (naphthalene,camphor, alcohol) one by one on
a spatula and burn
them.
Question 1.Observe the nature of the flame and note whether smoke is
produced.
Answer: Saturated hydrocarbons burn generally with clear blue flame in sufficient
supply of air with no visible smoke
Question 2.Place a metal plate above the flame. Is there a deposition on the
plate in case of any of the compounds?
Answer: There is deposition in case of naphthalene and camphor on the plate.
Activity 4.4 Page No. 69
Light a Bunsen burner and adjust the air hole at the base to get different types
of flames/presence of smoke.
Question 1. When do you get a yellow,sooty flame?
Answer: When there is insufficient supply of O 2 and the carbon particles do not
burn completely.
Question 2. When do you get a blue flame?
Answer: When there is sufficient supply of O 2 to burn carbon particles do not burn
completely burnt.

Activity 4.5 Page No. 70

Take about 3 mL of ethanol in a test tube and warm it gently in a water bath.
Add a 5% solution of alkaline potassium permanganate drop by drop to this
solution.
Question 1. Does the colour of potassium permanganate persist when it is
added initially?
Answer: The purple colour due to permanganate get decolourised during the
reaction
Question 2. Why does the colour of potassium permanganate not disappear
when excess is added?
Answer: When all the alcohol gets consumed the reaction stops and the purple
colour persists.

Activity 4.6 Page No. 72

Teacher’s demonstration – Drop a small piece of sodium,about the size of a
couple of grains of rice, into ethanol
(absolute alcohol).
Question 1. What do you observe?
Answer: Sodium (Na) metal, being highly reactive, reacts with ethanol leading to
the evolution of hydrogen and formation of other product, Sodium Ethoxide..
2C 2H5OH + 2Na ===> 2C 2H5ONa + H 2
Question 2. How will you test the gas evolved?
Answer:A burning spitter is bought near to the gas and the gas burns with pop
sound. Also we can observe a layer of moisture inside the glass tube, showing
presence of water formation out of this activity,therefore the gas evolved is H2 (gas).
2H 2 + O 2 ===> 2h2O.

Activity 4.7 Page No. 73

Compare the pH of dilute acetic acid and dilute hydrochloric acid using both
litmus paper and universal indicator.
Are both acids indicated by the litmus test?
Answer: Yes.
Does the universal indicator show them as equally strong acids?
Answer: No.

Activity 4.8 Page No. 73

Take 1 mL ethanol (absolute alcohol) and 1 ml glacial acetic acid along with a
few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid in a test tube.
Warm in a water-bath for at least five minutes as shown in Fig. 4.11.
Pour into a beaker containing 20-50 ml of water and smell the resulting
mixture.
Observation: The resulting mixture is a sweet-smelling substance.
Question 1.Which one is stronger acid, HCI or ethanoic acid?
Answer: Ethanoic acid is weaker acid then HCI as pH of HCI is less than the pH of
ethanoic acid.
Question 2. What is glacial acetic acid?
Answer: 100% pure acetic acid is called glacial acetic acid.
Question 3. Name the raction which takes place between glacial acetic acid
and absolute alcohol.
Answer: It is called esterification
H+
 CH3 CH 2OH + CH3 COOH ===> CH3OOCC2H5 + H2O
Enthanol Ehanoic acid Ethyl ethanoate

Activity 4.9 Page No. 74

Set up the apparatus as shown in Chapter 2, Activity 2.5.
Take a spatula full of sodium carbonate in a test tube and add 2 mL of dilute
ethanoic acid.

Question 1. What do you observe?

Answer: Following reaction take place:
Na 2Co 3 + 2CH 3COOH =====> 2CH 3 COONA + CO 2 + H 2O
(Sodiums acetate)
Question 2. Pass the gas produced through freshly prepared lime-water. What
do you observe?
Answer: The lime-wter turns milky.
Can the gas produced by the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium
carbonate be identified by this test?
Answer:Yes, the gas turns the lime-water milky. That means the gas produced is
CO2.
Repeat this Activity with sodium hydrogencarbonate instead of sodium
carbonate.
Answer:On repeating this activity with sodium hydrogencarbonate instead of
sodium carbonate we get Sodium ethanoate along with Carbondioxide and water as
follows :-
NaHCO3 + CH3COOH -> CH 3COONa + CO 2 + H 2O

Activity 4.10 Page No. 74

Take about 10 ml of water each in two test tubes.
Add a drop of oil (cooking oil) to both the test tubes and label them as A and
B.
To test tube B, add a few drops of soap solution.
Now shake both the test tubes vigorously for the same period of time.
Can you see the oil and water layers separately in both the test tubes
immediately after you stop shaking them?
Answer:No, it is not clear.
Leave the test tubes undisturbed for some time and observe. Does the oil
layer separate out?
In which test tube does this happen first?
Answer: In test tube A the oil layer separate out. In test tube A, it happens first.

Activity 4.11 Page No. 76

Take about 10 ml of distilled water (or rain water) and 10 ml of hard water
(from a tube well or hand-pump) in separate test tubes.
Add a couple of drops of soap solution to both.
Shake the test tubes vigorously for an equal period of time and observe the
amount of foam formed.
Question 1. In which test tube do you get more foam?
Answer: The test tube containing distilled water has more foam.
Question 2. In which test tube do you observe a white curdy precipitate?
Note for the teacher : If hard water is not available in your locality, prepare
some hard water by dissolving hydrogencarbonates/sulphates/chlorides of
calcium or magnesium in water.
Answer: In the test tube containing hard water.

Activity 4.12 Page No. 76

Take two test tubes with about 10 mL of hard water in each.
Add five drops of soap solution to one and five drops of detergent solution to
the other.
Shake both test tubes for the same period.
Question 1.Do both test tubes have the same amount of foam?
Answer: No, the test tube to which detergent was added has more foam.
Question 2. In which test tube is a curdy solid formed?
Answer: In the test tube in which soap was added.
-------------------------------------------------

Intext Question : Page 61

Question 1. What would be the electron dot structure of carbon dioxide which has the
formula CO2?
Answer:The structure of CO 2.

Question 2. What would be the electron dot structure of a molecule of sulphur which is
made up of eight atoms of sulphur? (Hint – The eight atoms of sulphur are joined
together in the form of a ring.)
Answer. Eight atoms (-S8)of sulphur molecule. Intext Question : Page 68 Question 1.How
many structural isomers can you draw for pentane? Answer: We can draw three structural
isomers of pentane. (a)
H H H H H
| | | | |
H-C-C-C-C-C-H
 | | | | |
H H H H H
Normal Pentane (b)
H H H H
| 1 | |
H - C - C ----- C ---- C - H
| | | |
H H H- C -H H
|
H
Isopentane
(c)
H
|
H H- C -H H
| | |
H - C ----- C ---- C - H
| | |
H H- C- H H
|
H
Neo pentane
Question 2. What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number of
carbon compounds we see around us?
Answer: The two Propertties of carbon are - (a) Catenation and (b) Tetra Covalency of crbon
atom. Catenation is the unique property of carbon due to which carbon atoms can linkb among
themxselves to form a straight, banched or clse chain. due to travelency, the carbon atoms can
form sngle, double r triple covalent bond. This is why carbon leads to the large number of
compounds.
3. What will be the formula and electron dot structure of cyclopentane?
Answer:The formula of Cyclopentane is C5H10

Dot structure of cyclopentane

Question 4. Draw the structures for the following compounds.

(i) Ethanoic acid (ii) Bromopentane
(iii) Butanone (iv) Hexanal.
Are structural isomers possible for bromopentane?
Answer: (a)
H O
| //
H-C-C
| \
H O-H
(b)
H H H H H
| | | | |
H - C - C - C - C - C - Br
| | | | |
H H H H H
(c)
H H O H
| | || |
H - C - C - C --- C - H
| | |
H H H
(d)
H H H H H O
| | | | | //
H-C-C-C-C-- C
| | | | | \
H H H H H H
Question 5. How would you name the following compounds?
(i)
CH3 — CH2 — Br
(ii)
H
|
H-C=O
(iii)
H H H H
| | | |
H-C-C-C-C-C=C-H
| | | |
H H H H
Answer: (i) Bromo-ethane, (ii) Menthanol, (iii) Hex l-yne.
Intext Question : Page 71
Question 1. Why is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction?
Answer:
KMNO4
CH3 CH2 OH ==============> CH3COOH
alkaline
Here, inm this reaction, there is a decrease in the number of hydrogen atoms in compound.
Therefore, it is an oxidation reaction. Also number of oxygen atoms has increased.
Question 2. A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding. Can you tell why a
mixture of ethyne and air is not used?
Answer: Air contains nitrogen and other inactve gaseous contents which resist the sufficient
supply of oygen for burnng of ethny. So, air is not used for combustion ethny.
Intext Question : Page 74
Question 1. How would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and a
carboxylic acid?
Answer:We can distinguish these two compounds by using loborotry reagent Na 2
CO3(solution)

(i) When Na 2CO3is added to the test tube containing CH 3COOH, CO 2 gas is envolved which
turn lim water miklky.
(ii) When Na 2CO3 is add to the test tube containing CH 3CH2OH then no gas is envolved.

Question 2. What are oxidising agents? Answer:Oxidizing agents are the chemical
substances which themselves undergo reduction and can oxidise the other species. Example -
KMNOCH4, and K 2Cr2O7 are oxidising agents.

Intext Question : Page 76

Question 1. Would you be able to check if water is hard by using a detergent? Answer:
No, it is impossible because detergent is effective in both hard water and soft water.
Question 2.People use a variety of methods to wash clothes. Usually after adding the
soap, they ‘beat’ the clothes on a stone, or beat it with a paddle, scrub with a brush or
the mixture is agitated in a washing machine. Why is agitation necessary to get clean
clothes?
Answer:By the reaction of soap with the calcium and magnesium salts, foam is formed. This
foam captures dust particles but also sticks to cloth. To remove them from cloth, agitation is
neccessar.

SOLVED EXERCISES : Chapter 4. Carbon and its

Compounds | CBSE: Class 10th ( Xth ) SCIENCE
Question 1. Ethane, with the molecular formula C 2H6 has :

(a) 6 covalent bonds. (b) 7 covalent bonds. (c) 8 covalent bonds. (d) 9 covalent bonds.
Answer: (b) 7 covalent bonds.
Question 2. Butanone is a four-carbon compound with the functional group
(a) carboxylic acid. (b) aldehyde. (c) ketone. (d) alcohol.
Answer: (c) ketone.
Question 3. While cooking, if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the
outside, it means that (a) the food is not cooked completely. (b) the fuel is not burning
completely. (c) the fuel is wet. (d) the fuel is burning completely. Answer:(b) the fuel is not
burning completely.
Question 4. Explain the nature of the covalent bond using the bond formation in CH3CI.
Answer: The bond line structure of Ch 3Cl is given as
H
1
H - C - Cl
1
H
Here 3-hudrogen atoms are linked with C-atom by single covalent bond. The bond between C
and Cl atomsis covalent but due to higher value of electronegativity of Cl, the C-Cl bond is polar
in nature.
Question 5. Draw the electron dot structures for (a) ethanoic acid. (b) H2S. (c) propanone.
(d) F2 .
Answer: (a) Ethanoic acid: (B) H 2S: (c) Propanone: (d) F 2: Question 6. What is an
homologous series? Explain with an example. Answer: A group of compounds of carbon
having same general formula and same functional group is called homologous series. The
members of homolugous series are called homologous. For, exampal, alcohol. (1) Menthanol _
CH3OH (2) Enthanl _ C2H5OH. (3) Propanol _ C3H7OH. (4) Butanol _ C4H9OH. Homologous
series compounds have following characteristics: (a) They have same general formula for all
compounds. (b) They have same functional group. (c) They have same chemical but different
physical property. (d) They have difference of _ CH2 between two successive members. (e)
Difference between masses of two successive member is 14 amu.
Question 7. How can ethanol and ethanoic acid be differentiated on the basis of their
physical and chemical properties
Answer: Difference between enthanol and enthanoic acid: Physical properties:
Ethanol Ethanoic acid
1.It has a Characteristic smell. 1.It has typical vinegar smell.
2.Pure alcohol (95% orabove) is called rectified 2.Pure ethanoic acid is called glacial acetic
alcohol. acid.
Chemical properties:
Ethanol Ethanoic acid
1.Enthonic acid reacts with NaOH to form sodium
1.Ethanol does not react with
ethanoate. CH3COOH + Naoh ==> CH 3COONa +
NaOH.C2H5OH. ==> No reaction.
H2O

2. Ethanol does no react with 2. Enthanoic acid reacts with Na 2CO3and gives Co 2
Na 2CO3Solution. C 2H5 + Na 2CO3 gas. 2CH3COOH + Na 2CO3 ===> 2CH 3COONa +
===> No reaction. Co 2 + H 2O

3.Enthanol on oxidation gives the

enthanoic acid in presence of acidified
KMNO4

3. No reaction with acidified KMNO 4

KMNO4 + H 2SO4

C2H5OH =========> CH 3COOH

[0]

Question 8. Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water? Will a
micelle be formed in other solvents such as ethanol also?
Answer: Soap molecule consists of two parts - one part is hydrophobic and other part is
hysdrophilic. Hydrophobic part of soap is dissolvbed with dirt and hydrophilic part rem,ains
suspend in water. Thus, many more molecules of soap are attached to dirt having their one end
suspended in water. So, micelle is formed. Since ethanol is not polar as soaps, so, micelles will
not be formed in othert slvent such asd enthonal also.
Question 9. Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications?
Answer: Carbon and its compounds give large amount of heat on combustion due to high
percentage of carbon and hydrogen. The compounds have optimum ignition temperature and
are easy to handle. Their combustion can be controlled. Therfore carbon and its compounds
are used as a fuel.
Question 10. Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.
Answer: Hard wter contains soluble salts of Ca and Mg. When soap is dissolved in hard water,
insoluble salts of Ca +2 are formed which are called scum. Ca +2 ==> (RCOO) 2CA + 2Na + Salt
of calcium. scum. Mg+2 + RCOONa ==> (RCOO) 2Mg + 2Na + salt of magnesium. soap. scum

Question 11. What change will you observe if you test soap with litmus paper (red and
blue)?
Answer: The litmus paper will turn red due to the basic nature of soap.
Question 12. What is hydrogenation? What is its industrial application?
Answer: The addition of hydrogen to unsaturar hydrocarbon in the presense of a catalyst is
called hydrogenation. Ni/HCH2 H - C = C - H + 2H 2 ===================> CH 3CH3 Ethyne
473K Enthane Thye reaction is extermely useful in the hydrogenation of oils. The edible oils
which are used for cooking are mostly groundnut oil, cotton oil etc. These are unsaturated
compounds. These are hydrogenated to preper solid fat which is known as vanaspati ghee in
the industries. Ni/​ Edible oils + H2 ========> Fats.

Question 13. Which of the following hydrocarbons undergo addition reactions:C2H 6,

C3H8, C H6, C2H2 and CH 4

Answer: Among the said hydrocarbons only C 3H6 and C 2H2undergo addition reaction because
they are unsaturated hydrocarbons having double and triple bond between two carbon atoms
respectively.
H H
| |
H - C = C - C - H ====> C3 H6 (Propyne)
| |
H H
H - C = C - H ==> C2H2(Ethyne)

Question 14. Give a test that can be used to differentiate chemically between butter and
cooking oil.
Answer:Butter is a saturated fat so it is does undergo catalytic hydrogenation but oil being
unsaturated hydrocarbon can be hydrogenated in the presense of catalyst. Thus, the following
reactions can be used to differnetiate between butter and cooking oil. H2/Catalyst Ni Butter
===================> No reaction. Ni/Pd Oil + H2 ==========> Butter. Catalyst 15.
Explain the mechanism of the cleaning action of soaps. Answer:Soap or detergent
 molecules are made up of two parts. One end is long hydrocarbon chain which is water
repelling (hydrophobic). The other end is anion of carbolxylic or sulphonic acid group which is
water attracting (hydrophilic). So, when soap is dissolved in water, it forms group of many
molecules known as milecules as shown below. the tail stick inwards and the headas outwards.
In the case of soap, negative end is -COO-and in the case of detergent is -SO 3- These micelles
dissolve oily droplets or dirt by the hydrophobic ends. When water is agitated, the oily dirt tends
to lift of form the dirty surface and dissociates into fragments.This gives an opportunity to other
tails tostick to oil.The solution now contains small globules of oil surrounded by soap or
detergent molecules. The negatively charged heads present in water pervent the small globules
from comming togeher and form clusters. Thus, the oily dirt is removed from the object.

Additional Questions
Question 1.Name thwe alcohol which constitutes glycerides .
Answer:
. Question 2.Describe the process of making soap in the laboratory .
Answer:.
Question 3.How is it that we can use deetergents for washing clothes even when the
water is hard, but not soaps? What change has been made in the comp-sition of
detergents to make them biodegradable?
Answer:Take about 50ml of cotton seed oil in 400ml beaker. Add to it 100 ml of 20% solution of
sodium hydroxide. Heat it for about 45minutes with constant stirring. The mixture becomes thick
and the oil and water layers merge into each other . Then add about 20g of common salt and
stir the mixture. A pale yellow solid float on the surface. It is separated and cooled. It forms a
cake which is soap. (i) Detergents are sodium salts of sulphonic acid They can be used for
washing clothes even when the water is hard because their calcium and magnesium salts are
soluble in water. Soaps are sodium salts of fatty acids. They react with Ca2+ and Mg 2+ ions to
form salts which are insoluble in water and form scum. (ii) Nowadays, the detergents are made
up of molecules in which the branching is kept minimum. Hence, they become easily
degradable.

Posted by Jagdish Singh at 23:19

9 comments:

Greesh 6 January 2013 at 09:11

THANKS A LOT!!!
These are very useful for me.

Reply

Preeti Chauhan 27 November 2013 at 19:19

gud

Reply

prem gupta 2 October 2015 at 14:23

HELPED A LOT! ! !

Reply

Unknown 28 February 2016 at 17:41

Thanks a lot!

Reply

A student 22 February 2017 at 12:20

Thanks alot

Reply

shariq khatri 22 May 2018 at 12:40

Thank you because you have been willing to share information with us. we will always appreciate all you
have done here because I know you are very concerned with our. carbon

Reply

Unknown 5 September 2018 at 22:34

Thank u

Reply

Unknown 25 December 2018 at 03:21

Thanks a lot ....... So much useful

Reply
 Unknown 25 March 2019 at 12:03

Very easy nd helpful to me

Reply

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