14

Science
Class 10th
1. The electricity generated by a solar panel during day 6. (d) Capillaries act as the connective link between
time is utilised to charge the storage batteries. The veins and arteries. These are deeply embedded inside
batteries operate on inverter system during night and the tissues; help in exchange of materials between
the inverter supplies alternating current to light up the blood and surrounding cells that takes place across
bulb. (1) the thin walls of capillaries. (1)
2. Key difference between nervous system and 7. (b) Rainbow is natural spectrum caused by dispersion
endocrine system is as follows of sunlight by tiny water droplets present in
atmosphere. Since, deviation in red colour is least,
Nervous system Endocrine system hence red colour appears on the upper side while
This system has direct This system does not deviation of violet colour is most so, it appear on the
connection and control have a direct connection lower side of rainbow. (1)
over the tissues or with the organs or
Or
organs. tissues controlled by it.
(b) Due to atmospheric refraction, light coming from
(1)
distant stars after passing through atmospheric layers
3. 3. (a) The compound X is ethanol. It's chemical of different refractive indices deviates from its original
formula is CH 3CH 2OH. (1) path. Thus, the apparent position of the star is slightly
3. (b) Hydrogen gas is evolved when ethanol reacts higher (above) than its actual position. (1)
with sodium. On bringing a burning matchstick 8. (d) The two versions of a trait are situated on copies of
near to the gas, it burns with a pop sound. (1) the same chromosome. Each parent contributes one
The chemical equation is copy of the gene for a particular character. Only one
– + copy is present in the gamete due to reduction
2C 2H 5OH + 2Na ¾® 2C 2H 5 O Na + H 2 ­
division but, at the time of fusion, the diploid condition
Alk.KMnO is again obtained and maintained. (1)
3. (c) CH 3CH 2OH ¾¾¾¾®
4
CH 3COOH
Heat
X Y 9. (a) Metal carbonates give CO 2 on reaction with acids.
The compound Y is ethanoic acid. (1) CaCO 3 + 2HCl ¾® CaCl 2 + H 2O + CO 2 (1)

3. (d) Esters are formed when X (alcohol) reacts with Or

Y (carboxylic acid). (1) (b) Sour milk contains lactic acid. (1)
10. (a) Given, angle of refraction, r = 45 °
4. 4. (i) Gigantism (1) 4. (ii) (c) Insulin (1) Angle of deviation in second medium, d = 15 °
4. (iii) (d) Adrenal glands (1) \Angle of incidence, i = r - d
4. (iv) A – Growth hormone B – Adrenaline = 45° - 15°
C – Goitre D – Insulin (1) = 30°
1 sin i
\Refractive index, m 2 = [By Snell’s law]
5. (a) Lime juice is acidic in nature because it contains sin r
citric acid. Human blood is slightly basic. Lime water sin 30° 1/ 2 1
= = =
and ant-acid are basic in nature as they contain sin 45° 1 / 2 2 (1)
hydroxide ions. (1)
11. (c) Pupil controls the amount of light entering the eye.
Or
(b) The growth of plant roots occurs away from light
(stimulate) this movement is knwon as negative
phototropism. (1)
12. (d) Metallic character increases down a group and
decreases across a period. Thus, the correct order will
be
K > Mg > Al > B (1)
13. (c) Sexual reproduction occurs between two parents
of the same species and not of different species. It
creates new genetic combinations and thus, each
offspring show unique genetic combinations. (1)
14. (a) CH 3COOH + NaOH
Ethanoic acid Sodium hydroxide
(Acid) (Base)
¾® CH 3COONa + H 2O
Sodium ethanoate
(Salt)
Water
Carboxylic acid reacts with bases to produce salts and
the reaction is called neutralisation reaction. (1)
15. (i) The petals are brightly coloured to attract
pollinators like insects to facilitate
cross-pollination.
(ii) Plants who have lost the ability to produce viable
seeds or do not produce seeds at all are
propagated by vegetative methods. (1)
(iii) Scrotum remains outside the body of human
males to provide optimum temperature for the
sperm production that is about 2-2. 5°C lower
than normal body temperature. (1)
Or
An egg is a female gamete, which has a haploid
number of chromosomes. During fertilisation, it fuses
with the haploid male gamete to form a zygote which
is diploid. Thus, the ratio of chromosome number
between egg and its zygote is 1:2. (2)
Sperms and eggs are genetically different in terms of
sex chromosomes. The sperm contains one
X and one Y-chromosome, whereas an egg will
always have two X-chromosomes. (1)
16. The cycle frame is made up of iron. Upon exposure to
air, iron combined with oxygen and water vapours
present as moisture in environment to form a chemical
compound with the formula Fe 2O 3. xH 2O. It is known
as hydrated ferric oxide and is in the form of a brown
mass known as rust. Since, a chemical reaction had
taken place in the formation, of rust, the change was
permanent and could not be reversed.
3
Fe(s)+ O 2(g )+ xH 2O(l ) ¾® Fe 2O 3. xH 2O(g )
Iron 2 Moisture Hydrated ferric oxide
Air (Rust)
17. The diagram is showing the flow of electrical impulse
(1) from one neuron to another which takes place in
following manner.
All the information from the environment is detected
by the receptors (sense organs) present in the body,
which transfer it to the sensory neuron. The information
acquired at the end of the dendritic tip of a neuron
causes a chemical reaction that produces an
electrical impulse.
This impulse travels from the dendrite of the sensory
neuron to its cell body (cyton) and then along the axon
to its end. At the end of axon, the electrical impulse
causes the release of some chemicals
(neurotransmitters). These chemicals cross the gap
(synapse) and start a similar electrical impulse in the
dendrite of the next neuron.
A similar synapse allows the delivery of such impulses
from neurons to other cells, such as muscle cells or
gland. (3)
18. Resistance of electric iron, R = 10 W
Current flowing through iron coil, I = 2 A
Time, t = 10 min = 10 ´ 60 s = 600 s (1)
\Heat developed in the iron coil,
H = I 2 Rt = 2 ´ 2 ´ 10 ´ 600
(1)
= 24000 J = 2.4 ´ 10 4 J (1)
\Power consumed in the coil of iron,
H 2.4 ´ 10 4
P= = = 40 W
t 600 (1)
Alternate solution
Given, resistance of electric iron, R = 10 W
Current flowing through iron, I = 2A
Time, t = 10 min = 600 s
By Ohm’s law,
Voltage across iron coil, V = IR = 2 ´ 10 = 20 V (1)
\Heat developed in the coil of iron,
V2 20 ´ 20
H= ´t = ´ 600 = 2.4 ´ 10 4 J
R 10 (1)
Power consumed by the coil of iron,
P = VI = 20 ´ 2 = 40 W (1)
19. Structures which have the same basic structure
(or same basic design), but perform different
functions are called homologous structures, e.g.
forelimbs of reptiles, amphibians, birds and mammals.
Yes, homologous structures in different organisms
are inherited from a common ancestor. As in the
above example, the mammals as well as birds,
reptiles and amphibians all have four limbs. The basic
structure of these limbs is similar though it has been
modified to perform different functions in various
vertebrates. Thus, showing that they have evolved
(3) from a common ancestor. (3)
 The given figure represents homologous organs Thus, carbon achieves noble gas electronic
showing the forelimbs of vertebrates. configuration by sharing its four electrons either with
same or different atoms, i.e. it forms covalent
compounds. (1)
21. Placenta is a special tissue that helps the human
embryo in obtaining nutrition from the mother’s blood.
It is a disc-like structure embedded in the uterine wall.
It contains villi on the side facing the embryo. It
contains blood spaces on the mother’s side, which
Frog Lizard surround the villi. (2)
Bird
Functions
Human
Homologous organs showing (i) It provides a large surface area for glucose and
the forelimbs of vertebrates O 2 to pass from the mother’s blood to the
embryo.
20. Representation of given conditions in equation is (ii) It also removes metabolic wastes generated by
K 2Cr2O 7 / H 2SO 4 X, conc. H 2SO
the embryo. (1)
X(C 2H 6O) ¾¾¾¾¾¾® Y ¾¾¾¾¾¾®
4
Z
Neutral Heat Acid Warm Sweet
smelling 22. (i) Given, v = - 100 cm, u = ¥
1 1 1
Using lens formula, = -
(i) Since, Y is an acid which on heating with X in the f v u
1 1 1 -1
presence of a few drops of concentrated H 2SO 4 Þ = - =
gives a sweet smelling compound Z, therefore, Z f -100 ¥ 100
must be an ester and X must be an alcohol. Þ f = - 100 cm = - 1m
(ii) X is an alcohol with molecular formula C 2H 6O 1 1
Power of lens, P = = = - 1D
should be ethanol (CH 3CH 2OH). f (in metre ) -1 (2)
(iii) Ethanol X on oxidation with K 2Cr2O7 / H 2SO 4
Hence, a concave lens of focal length –1m and
gives an acid Y, therefore, acid Y must be ethanoic
power –1D is required.
acid
(iv) If X = ethanol (CH 3CH 2OH) (ii) Given, magnification, m = 4
Y = ethanoic acid (CH 3COOH) Object height, ho = 2 m
then , Z = ethyl ethanoate (CH 3COOCH 2CH 3 ) (2) Image height, hi = ?
Complete reaction h
We know that, m = i
K 2Cr2O 7 / H 2SO 4 ho
CH 3CH 2OH ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾® CH 3COOH
Ethanol ( X) Heat Ethanoic acid Þ hi = mho = 2 ´ 4 = 8 m (1)
(molecular formula =C 2H 6O) (Y )
23. (i) Ammonia readily dissolves in water forming
CH CH OH(x)
¾¾¾¾¾¾®
3 2
CH 3COOCH 2CH 3 + H 2O ammonium hydroxide. This compound further
Conc. H 2SO 4 Ethyl ethanoate ( Z ) ionises to give hydroxyl (OH - )ions in the solution.
Warm (1) Due to this reason ammonia is considered a
Or base. The solution of ammonia is basic. (1½)
Atomic number of carbon is six. This means that it has (ii) An acid molecule dissociates in an aqueous to
four electrons in its outermost shell and it needs four produce H + ions and corresponding anions A– .
more electrons to attain noble gas electronic These free ions carry the electrical charge from
configuration. It does not form C 4+ cation, as the one place to other, hence conduct electricity. (1½)
removal of four valence electrons will require a huge
amount of energy. (1) 24. (i) If the current is increased, then the deflection in
the compass also increases. (1/2)
The cation formed will have six protons and two
electrons. This makes it highly unstable. Carbon is This is because the magnetic field is directly
unable to form C 4- anion as its nucleus with six protons proportional to the magnitude of current passing
will not be able to hold ten electrons due to its small size. through the wire. Thus, more the magnetic field,
(1) greater would be the deflection in compass. (1)
 (ii) So, natural resources should be used
continuously in such a way that economic growth
Uniform Non-uniform
magnetic field magnetic field and ecological conservation go hand in hand. (3)
(ii) The recycling of waste materials require financial
resources and leads to the wastage of energy.
Whereas, reuse of an article reduces the pressure
N S
S N
N on our natural resources and decreases the
+ – – amount of garbage formed. (1)
K +
(iii) Kulhs represent an old age concept of water
Magnetic field harvesting tanks that are used in Himachal
Magnetic field lines lines due to a Pradesh. (1)
of force due to a current through
current carrying a circular loop 26. (i) Propanoic acid (1)
solenoid (ii) Ethanal (1)
(1½) (iii) 2-iodopropane (1)
Or (iv) Propan-1-ol (1)
Differences between series combination and parallel
(v) Propan-2-ol (1)
combination of resistance are as follows:
Or
Series combination Parallel combination H CH 3 H H
1. The equivalent 1. The reciprocal of ½ ½ ½ ½
resistance is equal equivalent resistance (i) 2- methyl but-2-ene H ¾C ¾ C== C ¾C ¾H
to the sum of the is equal to the sum of ½ ½
individual the reciprocal of H H (1)
resistances. individual resistances. H H
2. The equivalent 2. The equivalent ½ ½
resistance is thus resistance is less (ii) 2-methyl propene H ¾C ¾C ==C
greater than the than the resistance of ½ ½ ½
resistances of either either resistor. This is H CH 3 H (1)
resistor. This is also also known as Cl
known as maximum minimum effective ½
effective resistance. (iii) 3, 3, 3-trichloropropanal Cl ¾ C ¾CH 2 ¾CHO
resistance. ½
3. The current through 3. The current through Cl (1)
each resistor is each resistor is (iv) 2- methylbutanal CH 3 ¾ CH ¾CHO
same. different. ½
4. The potential 4. The potential CH 2 ¾CH 3 (1)
difference across difference across
CH 3
each resistor is each resistor is same.
½
different.
(v) 3, 3-dimethylbut-1-ene CH 3 ¾C ¾ CH==CH 2
(3) ½
25. (i) The concept of sustainable development implies CH 3 (1)
the utilisation of natural resources in such a way 27. (i) In electrolytic refining of impure copper :
that they meet the present basic needs of humans l
The anode will be an impure copper.
and at the same time a sufficient amount of these
l
The cathode will be a strip of pure copper.
resources is kept preserved for the needs of our
future generations. Forest resources need to be
l
The electrolyte will be an acidified copper
sulphate solution. (3)
used in a manner, which is environmentally and
developmentally feasible. The benefits of the (ii)
controlled exploitation should go to the local Na x
+ O [Na]+[ xx O ] 2– or Na2O
people. Na x
If resource exploitation will be too high, then the
economic and social development will be faster, Cl –
Mg xx + [Mg2+] [ x Cl ]2 or MgCl2
but the environment will further deteriorate. Cl (2)
28. (i) Given, object distance, u = -10 cm Or
Radius, R = 30 cm (i) (a) The nature of the lens is convex. (1)
R 30 (b) Diagram to show the formation of the image
Focal length, f = = = 15 cm
2 2 as asked in the question is given below :
Image distance, v = ? AB = 6 mm (size of object)
Using mirror formula, A¢B¢=15 mm (size of image)
1 1 1 OB = 15 cm (distance of object)
= +
f v u
A¢
1 1 1
Þ = + M
15 v (-10 )
1 1 1
Þ = + A O F2 2F2
v 15 10
B¢ 2F1 F1 B C2
1 2+ 3 5
Þ = = C1
v 30 30
N (1)
\ v = + 6 cm (1½)
(c) The position of the object lies between
Position of image is 6 cm behind the convex optical centre and focus of convex lens, to
mirror. get an image of the type given above as the
- v h2
Q Magnification, m = = image is erect, enlarged and on the same side
u h1 as that of the object. (1)
+6
= = 0.6 cm (ii) (a) He is suffering from myopia because power
+10 of lens is negative, this means that corrective
h lens is concave lens. (1)
Þ 0.6 = 2
h1
(b) Given, power of lens, P = - 2.5 D
\ h2 = 0.6 ´ 5 = 3 cm \ Focal length of lens, f =
1
Thus, the size of the image is 3 cm. The nature will P
1
be virtual and erect. (1½) Þ f =
-2.5
(ii) (a) When lenses of +10 D and - 20 D are taken.
= - 0.4 m
Total power,
= - 40 cm (1)
P = +10 D - 20 D = -10 D
[Q P = P1 + P2 ] 29. (i) Effective resistance,
100 R = P + Q = 5 + 10 = 15 W
\ Total focal length, f = = - 10 cm Current, I = 1. 2 A
-10
é 100 ù Q V = IR = 1. 2 ´ 15 = 18 V
Q f in cm =
ëê P ûú (1) \ Voltmeter reading = 18 V (1)
(b) When lenses of 10 D and - 5 D are taken. (ii) Combined resistance,
P ´ Q 5 ´ 10
Total power, P = 10 D - 5 D = 5 D RP = =
P + Q 5 + 10
\ Total focal length,
50
100 = = 3.3 W
f = = 20 cm 15 (1)
5 (1)
 (iii) Current, I = 6 A, I2 = 3 A Or
(a) The current in resistor P is (i) Digestion of carbohydrates starts from the buccal
I1 = I - I2 = 6A -3 A = 3A (1) cavity. The food is mixed with saliva, which
(b) The power supplied to resistor, Q = VI contains salivary amylase. It breaks down starch
= 18 ´ 3 = 54 W into simple sugars. In stomach, digestion of
(QV is same for both circuits) (1) carbohydrates is temporarily stopped. In small
(c) The energy transformed in resistor Q in 300 s, intestine, pancreatic juice acts on starch.
E = P ´ t = 54 ´ 300 = 16200 J (1) Pancreatic amylase further breaks down starch
into simple sugars. (2)
30. (i) The glucose breakdown pathway in case of
aerobic respiration is as follows : (ii) Digestion starts from the mouth where salivary
glands are present. Salivary glands produce
In cytoplasm
Glucose Pyruvate + Energy amylase which breaks down starch into simple
(1) (2) sugars. So, amylase is the first enzyme to mix with
Presence of In mitochondria food in the digestive tract. (1)
oxygen
(3)
(4) (iii) The diagram of the human alimentary canal with
the labelled parts is as follows :
Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
(5) (6) (2)
(c) Oesophagus
(ii) ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) stores the energy
produced at the end of the aerobic respiration
pathway. Endothermic processes in cell use this
ATP to drive various biological reactions. When
the terminal phosphate linkage in ATP is broken
using water, the energy equivalent to 3.5 kJ/mol is Liver (a)
released. (2) Pancreas (b)
(iii) Lack of oxygen in muscles often leads to cramps
during vigorous muscular activity. This results
due to conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid in Human alimentary canal
(2)
muscles. (1)