15

Science
Class 10th
1. Consumption of denatured alcohol results in 6. (a) Salt XY contains X + and Y -. X + (cation) comes from
coagulation of protoplasm causing acute nausea, metal part of the base while Y - (anion) comes from
blindness and even death. (1) non-metal part of the acid. (1)
2. When one organism depends on another organism Or
(other plant or animal) for its food, it is called a (a) HCl(aq )+ AgNO 3 (aq ) ¾® AgCl(s)+ HNO 3 (aq ).
heterotroph and its mode of nutrition is called
It is only a double displacement reaction. Here,
heterotrophic nutrition. For example, most bacteria and
HCl does not act as an acid. (1)
fungi, and all the higher animal are heterotrophs. (1)
3. 3. (a) In the given food chain, grass is the producer, 7. (b) The threads-like structures of the bread mould,
Rhizopus, are called hyphae. (1)
grasshopper is the first consumer (herbivore),
forg is the first carnivore and snake is the 8. (b) Given, u = - 15 cm, v = - 30 cm
second carnivore. (1) 1 1 1 1 1
Using lens formula, = - = -
3. (b) According to 10% energy law, only 10% of the f v u -30 (-15)
energy is transferred from one trophic level to Þ f = 30 cm
the susbsequent trophic level. Hence, 10% of 100 100 10
energy accumulated by the deer would be \ Power of lens, P = = = D = 3.3 D
f (cm) 30 3 (1)
acquired by the tiger. (1)
3. (c) Lindeman in 1942 game the 10% law of energy
9. (c) In food chain (c), wolf, snake and tiger represent
carnivores, but there is no herbivore to eat grass.
transfer. (1)
Thus, it does not represent a true food chain.
3. (d) On an average 90% of the energy is lost at each However, options (a) and (b) both have producer,
level in a food chain. This means longer the herbivore and carnivore to complete their respective
food chain lesser would be the energy reaching food chains. (1)
the top consumer of the food chain. Therefore,
Or
the energy reaching the top consumer (man),
would be more in food chain (i) than (ii) (b) In 1731, Amrita Devi Bishnoi sacrificed her life
along with 363 other people, for the protection of Khejri
Grass (100 units ®
trees in Khejrali village near Jodhpur in Rajasthan.
Goat (10 units) ® Man (1 unit)
Phytoplanktons (100 units) ® Crab (10 units) 10. (d) In parallel combination of resistors, voltage across
® Fish (1 unit) ® Man (0.1 unit) (1) each resistor is same while current through each
resistor is different. (1)
4. 4. (i) Substance E may be used as a preserative,
e.g. vinager. (1) 11. (a) The basic character of elements decreases along
a period and increases down a group. Therefore, A
4. (ii) Substance B may be used in antacids, e.g. milk forms the strongest base. (1)
of magnesia. (1)
12. (c) Due to power of accommodation of eye, focal
4. (iii) (a) Substance D may be used in cakes to make
length of human eye can be increased, decreased or
them fluffy, e.g. baking soda. (1)
fixed. (1)
4. (iv) (a) Substance C is a strong acid, e.g. conc. HCl. Or
(1) (b) In the phenomenon of refraction of light, speed
5. (c) This is due to atmospheric refraction. The rays and wavelength of light are changed while frequency
of light remains same. (1)
from top and bottom portion of the sun on horizon are
refracted by different degrees. This causes the
apparent flattening of the sun. (1)
13. (a) The movement of a plant part in response to light (Z = 1) and chlorine (Z = 17 ). Carbon atom has four
stimulus is called phototropism. Therefore, the valence electrons (2, 4), hydrogen has one while
movement of a sunflower in accordance with the path chlorine has seven electrons in the valence shell (2, 8,
of sunlight is due to phototropism. (1) 7). In order to complete its octet, carbon shares three
valence electrons with three hydrogen atoms while one
14. (a) Noble gases are called inert gases because they is shared with the electron of chlorine atom. (2)
don’t need to react with other elements to fill their
outer shell (octet), as they already possess full The electron dot structure of covalent molecule may
valence shell. (1) be written as,
15. Metal (X) which reduces Fe 2O 3 and MnO 2 to Fe and H H
×
Mn respectively is aluminium (Al). (1) xx
H × C × Clx x or H C Cl
xx
Reactions involved are as follows: ×
3MnO 2 (s)+ 4Al(s) ¾® 3Mn(l )+ 2Al 2O 3 (s) + Heat H H
(1)
Fe 2O 3 (s)+ 2Al(s) ¾® 2Fe(l )+ Al 2O 3 (s) + Heat (2)
19. (i) TV had electromagnet installed in it. When a
16. (i) Differences between presbyopia and magnet was brought closer to the screen, the two
hypermetropia are as follows : magnetic field lines interfered and spoiled its
functioning. (2)
Presbyopia Hypermetropia
1. It can be only sightedness or both (ii) Electromagnets are also present in CD players
1. Only
far and short-sightedness. far-sightedness.
and mobiles. (1)
2. Reason Ciliary muscles become Or
2. Reason Eyeball
weak and cannot adjust the focal becomes shorter or (i) The batteries are connected in parallel. (1)
length. the focal length of (ii) The circuit diagram of given combination is as
the lens increases. shown below :
(2) R
(ii) Twinkling of stars takes place due to the phenomenon
of atmospheric refraction of star light. The light + –
coming from star passes through varying optical
densities of air at different level. Due to this,
continuous refraction of light takes place through + (2)
–
these levels. So, the intensity of star light reaching
our eyes increases and decreases continuously 20. Fossils are formed in a layer by layer sequence. It is a
and they appears to twinkle at night. (1) slow process that is totally dependent on where the
organism dies. The process of fossilisation is
17. Characteristics of sexual reproduction are as follows described below
(i) It takes place with the help of gametes. I. About 100 million years ago, some invertebrates
(ii) Fertilisation (fusion of male and female gamete) died on the sea bed and got buried in the sand.
always takes place. As time passed, more sand accumulated and
(iii) It is a comparatively slower method of multiplication. sand-stones were formed.
(iv) Abundant variations occur during this type of II. Millions of years later, the dinosaurs died and
reproduction. were buried in the mud.
(v) It is an important factor for evolution. III. The mud also got compressed into the rocks
(vi) It mainly occurs in higher organisms. (½ ´ 6 = 3 ) present over those which contained the previous
invertebrate fossils.
Or
IV. Agains millions of years later, the bodies of
Advantages of vegetative propagation are as follows : horse-like creatures were also fossilised in rocks
(i) The plants that cannot produce viable seeds such above the rocks containing the dinosaur fossils.
as banana, seedless grapes and oranges, etc., V. Later due to erosion, flow of water exposed the
can be easily grown by vegetative propagation. horse-like fossils. On digging deeper, older
(ii) It is an easier, less expensive and a rapid method fossils were also found. (3)
of producing new plants. 21. Since, resistors R1, R2 and R3 are connected in
(iii) A large number of genetically identical plants can parallel, hence equivalent resistance (Req ) is
be produced in a short period of time. (1×3) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7
= + + = + + =
18. The molecule of chloromethane (CH 3Cl ) consists of Req R1 R2 R3 1 2 4 4 (2)
three elements, i.e. carbon (Z = 6), hydrogen (Z = 1)
 4 23. (i) Al reacts with conc. HNO 3 to form a protective
\ Req = W
7 layer of aluminium oxide on its surface, which
\ Total power consumption in electric circuit is prevents it from further reaction.
V2 10 2 2Al(s)+ 6HNO 3 (conc. )¾® Al 2O 3 (s)
P= = Þ 175 W
Req 4 / 7 Alumina
(a passive
protective layer)
Now, give an alternate solution for total power
consumption through the electrical circuit. (1) + 6NO 2 (g )+ 3H 2O(l ) (1½)
Alternate solution Therefore, Al becomes passive that’s why
Given, R1 = 1 W, R2 = 2 W, R3 = 4 W and V = 10 V aluminium containers can be used to transport
Since, resistors R1, R2 and R3 are connected in conc. HNO 3 .
parallel, hence voltage across each resistor is same (ii) NaOH reacts with Al to evolve dihydrogen gas.
as 10 V. Hence, power consumed through resistor R1, The pressure of the evolved hydrogen gas can be
V 2 10 2 used to open drains.
P1 = = = 100 W
R1 1 2Al(s)+ 2NaOH(aq )+ 2H 2O(l )¾®
Power consumed through resistor R2 , 2NaAlO 2 (aq )+ 2H 2 (g ) (1½)
V 2 10 2 Or
P2 = = = 50 W (i) NaCl is a salt of strong acid (HCl) and strong
R2 2
base (NaOH). Therefore, its solution is
Power consumed through resistor R3 , neutral with pH = 7. (1)
V 2 10 2
P3 = = = 25 W (ii) CuSO 4 is a salt of strong acid (H 2SO 4 ) and
R3 4 (2) weak base [Cu(OH)2 ]. Therefore, its solution
In parallel combination of resistors, total power is acidic with pH < 7. (1)
consumption by electrical circuit, (iii) Na 2CO 3 is a salt of strong base (NaOH) and
P = P1 + P2 + P3 weak acid (H 2CO 3 ). Therefore, its solution is
P = 100 + 50 + 25 basic with pH > 7. (1)
Þ P = 175 W (1)
24. Yes, the statements is correct.
22. (i) The differences between exocrine and endocrine Plants respire throughout the day, while
glands are as follows photosynthesis takes place only in the presence of
Exocrine glands Endocrine glands
sunlight. In daytime, CO 2 produced during respiration
is used by the plants in photosynthesis. So, CO 2 is not
They may or may not have ducts. They are ductless glands.
released into the air. The oxygen produced during
They secrete enzymes. They secrete hormones. photosynthesis, is released into air through stomata.
They either function in situ and They pour their secretions At night, when there is no photosynthesis, no oxygen is
pour their secretions directly near directly into the blood. released. Also, CO 2 produced during respiration is not
its target or do it through ducts.
used by the plants. So, it is released into the air. (3)
(1½)
25. (i) Distilled water does not contain H + and OH - ions.
(ii) The differences between the movement in So, it does not conduct electricity. The rain water
sensitive plant and our legs are as follows : contains dissolved oxides of sulphur and nitrogen
Movement in sensitive (from the air). These gases produce acids with
Movement in legs rain water releasing large amounts of H + and OH -
plant
It occurs in response to It is a voluntary action ions. So, rain water conducts electricity. (2½)
an external stimulus like performed and (ii) Chips packets are flushed with nitrogen gas to
touch. controlled according shield the chips from oxygen supply. Nitrogen
to our will. does not cause rancidity of food. This helps in
Plant cells change their Movement of legs preserving the taste and smell of food and the
shape by changing the (voluntary action) is shelf life for the chips is prolonged. (2½)
amount of water in controlled by Or
them. cerebellum. (i) Sodium oxide, Na 2O
No nerves are involved Nerves carry the (ii) Copper (II) oxide, CuO
in movement in a message for
(iii) Carbonic acid, H 2CO 3
sensitive plant. movement in legs.
(iv) Copper (II) hydroxide, Cu(OH)2
(1½) (v) Methane, CH 4 (1×5=5)
26. (i) Tungsten has a high melting point (3380 °C). It In case of iodine deficiency in our diet, there is a
does not melt at high temperature. It retains as possibility that one can sufffer from goitre, which is a
much of heat generated, so that it becomes very disease characterised by swollen neck. (3)
hot and emits light. That is the reason why 28. (i) There are various physical properties of elements
tungsten is used as filament of electric lamps. (1) such as melting points, boiling points, heat of
(ii) Conductors of electric heating devices are made fusion, vaporisation, etc., which show periodic
of alloys because alloys do not oxidise (burn) variations. The cause of periodicity in properties is
readily at high temperature unlike metals. Also, the repetition of similar outer electronic
alloys have a greater resistivity (generally) as configuration after certain regular intervals. e.g.
compared to their constituent pure metals. (1) All the elements of group 1 have similar outer
(iii) Copper and aluminium wires are used for electronic configuration.
transmission of electricity because they have low K L M N
resistivity. So, they conduct the electric current Li = 2 1
without heavy heat losses. (1) Na = 2 8 1
(iv) Resistance is inversely proportional to the area of K =2 8 8 1
cross-section of the wire. Thus, if the wire is thick Therefore, due to similar outermost electronic
(large area of cross-section), then resistance is configuration, all the elements of group 1 have
less. If the wire is thin (less area of cross-section), similar properties, e.g. sodium and potassium
then resistance is large. (1)
both are soft and reactive metals. They all form
(v) Due to its higher cost the silver wire is not used for basic oxides and their basic character increases
electricity transmission. (1) down the group. Hence, from above examples we
27. Six examples of reflex actions of the body are as can say that the properties of the elements are a
follows periodic function of their atomic number. (3)
(i) When we see a speeding car moving towards us, (ii) Atomic number of the given element is 16. Hence,
we move aside. the element is sulphur (S).
(ii) We withdraw our hands on being pricked by a pin. K L M
(iii) We withdraw our hands on touching a very hot Electronic configuration = 2, 8, 6
surface. Number of valence electrons in sulphur is 6, present in
(iv) We close our eyes on seeing direct Sun or an M-shell. Its valency is 2 as it requires 2 electrons to
extremely bright source of light. complete its octet. (2)
(v) We cover our ears by hands on hearing a loud
noise. 29. (i) Given, u = -10 m, f = + 6 cm, h = 5 cm
(vi) We shiver on feeling cold. (½×6=3) Using lens formula,
1 1 1
Reflex arc in all the above cases is same because in - =
all the cases, the stimulus is being received by sense v u f
organs. Then, this information is carried to the spinal 1 1 1 1 1 1
- = Þ = +
cord through sensory nerves. Thus, information from v (-10 ) 6 v 6 (-10 )
the spinal cord is sent to the effectors such as 1 -10 + 6 1 -4 1
muscles via motor neurons. Þ = Þ = =
Sensory Motor
v -60 v -60 15
Receptors ¾¾¾® Spinal cord ¾¾¾® Effectors Þ v = 15 cm
neurons neurons (2)
Since, v is positive, thus image is located on the
Or other side of the lens.
(i) (a) The information in the neuron is acquired at the v 15
end of the dendrite tip. \ m= = .
= -15
u -10
(b) The information travels from the dendrite to the
Since, m is negative and greater than 1, so image is
cell body and then along the axon to its end. real, inverted and larger than the object.
(c) The information travels in the form of an electrical h¢
impulse. Also, m=
h
(d) The impulse is converted into a chemical signal at
the end of the axon. (½×4=2) where, h ¢ is the height of the image.
h¢
(ii) The use of iodised salt is advisable because iodine is Þ -15
. = Þ h = - 7.5 cm
5
essential for the synthesis of thyroxine. Thyroxine
Thus, the image is 15 cm away from the convex lens
regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism in
and is located on the other side of the lens. It is real,
the body so as to provide the best balance for growth.
inverted and 7.5 cm high. (3)
 (ii) (a) As, absolute refractive index of glass, The advantages of wind energy are as follows
Speed of light in vacuum (i) It is an environment-friendly and an efficient
am g =
Speed of light in glass source of renewable energy.
4 Speed of light in vacuum (ii) It requires no recurring expenses for the
Þ =
3 2 ´ 10 8 production of electricity.
4 (iii) It does not cause any pollution. (2)
Speed of light in vacuum = ´ 2 ´ 10 8
3 The limitations of harnessing wind energy are as follows
= 2.6 ´ 10 8 m/s (1) (i) It can be established only at those places, where
wind blows for most of the time in a year.
(b) Absolute refractive index of water,
Speed of light in vacuum (ii) The minimum wind speed necessary for
am w = satisfactory working of a wind generator is
Speed of light in water 15 km/h that is not always persistent.
3 2.6 ´ 10 8 (iii) Wind energy farm requires quite a large area of
Þ = land, i.e. nearly 2 hectares land is needed for
2 Speed of light in water
1 MW generation of electricity.
2.6 ´ 10 8 ´ 2 (iv) The setting up of wind energy farm is very
Speed of light in water = = 1.7 ´ 10 8 m/s
3 (1) expensive.
Or (v) As the tower and blades are exposed to vagaries
of nature like rain, Sun, storm and cyclone, they
Yes, the lens can form a complete image but of less
intensity and brightness. (1) need high level of maintenance. (2)

A Or
F2 (i) The producers convert solar energy into chemical
B¢ 2F2
B 2F1 F1 O energy in the form of organic compounds. The
A¢ primary consumers (herbivores) derive their
nutrition from the producers. According to the
10 cm
20 cm energy transfer law, only 10% of energy is
30 cm transferred from one trophic level to the other.
(1)
Given, height of object, ho = 4 cm, focal length, f = 20 So, the energy that is captured by the producers
cm and distance of object, u = - 15 cm does not revert back to the Sun and the energy
transferred to the herbivores does not come back
Using lens formula,
to the producers. It just keeps on moving to the
1 1 1 1 1 1
= - Þ = + next trophic level in one direction. That is why the
f v u v f u flow of energy in the food chain is always
1 1 15 - 20 -5 unidirectional. (2½)
= + = =
20 (-15) 300 300
(ii) A large number of pesticides and chemicals are
\ v = - 60 cm (2) used to protect our crops from pests and
As, we know that magnification, diseases. Some of these chemicals are washed
h v v -60 down from the soil, while some enter the
m = i = Þ hi = ho ´ = 4 ´ = 16 cm
ho u u -15 waterbodies. From the soil, they are absorbed by
plants along with water and minerals, and from
Hence, a virtual, excet and magnified image of size the waterbodies, they are taken up by aquatic
16 cm is formed on same side as that of object. (1) plants and animals. This is how these chemicals
30. Moving air is called wind. The energy possessed by enter the food chain.
the wind is due to its high speed. Kinetic energy of As these chemicals cannot decompose, they
wind is utilised for works like accumulate progressively at each trophic level.
l
Generating electricity This increase in the concentration of harmful
l
In water lifting pump to pump out water from the chemicals with each step of the food chain is
ground. called biomagnification. As human beings
l
Rotatory motion of windmill is used to lift water from occupy the top level in any food chain, these
a well. (1) chemicals get accumulated in our bodies in
maximum amount. (2½)