Deviance
- Act that violates a norm
- Action that is perceived as violating widely
shared values or norms
- Depends on time, place, situation, culture
- Can be understood within its social context
o Portrait of a nude lady
o Lady in two-piece swimsuit
Deviance depends on:
- Time
o Fashion and grooming change
- Place
o Where behavior or action occurs
determines whether is appropriate
or deviant
 Women driving is
common in the Philippines
but in Saudi Arabia it is
banned by law
- Situation
o Laughing in class
o Joke vs. Moment of Silence
- Culture
o Men greeting each other
 US: Hand shake
 Japan: Bow
 Europe: Kiss on cheek
The study of deviance has two concerns
- Why people violate laws
or norms
- How society reacts to this violation
Theories of Deviance
- STRUCTURAL- FUNCTIONALISM
(Emile Durkheim)
o Deviance is a common part of
human existence with positive as
well as negative consequences for
social stability
o Deviance helps to define the limits
of proper behavior
o Anomie
 Moral consensus has
weakened
 Some lose their sense of
belongingness
 Values and norms have
little impact
 Disoriented, frightened
and alone
 State of normlessness
- STRAIN THEORY (Robert Merton)
o Deviance results when socially
approved goals cannot be reached
by socially approved means
o Types of deviance that emerge
from this are:
 Conformity, innovation,
ritualism, retreatism,
rebellion
o Conformity
 Accepting socially
approved goals and the
use of legitimate means to
achieve that goal
o Innovation
 Accepting the goal of
success but rejected the
use of socially accepted
means
 Cheating,
corruption, drugs
o Ritualism
 People no longer set high
success goals
 People reject the
importance of success
once they realize that they
will never achieve it
o Retreatism
 Withdrawal from society
 Rejecting goals and
procedure
 Vagabonds, drug addicts,
alcoholics, street people
o Rebellion
 People reject and attempt
to change the goals and
the means approved by
society
 Rebels try to overthrow
the existing system and
establish a new (different
goals and mean)
 Reject goals of what for
them are unfair social
order
 NPA, MILF,
MNLF
- SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
o Deviance is learned through
interaction with others
o Product of face to face interactions
o Largely influenced by interpersonal
relationships between members of
society
o Differential Association
 Deviance is a learned
behavior
  People learn it from Social Control
different groups in which - Regulates people’s behavior and actions –
they are associated sanctions
o Social Disorganization - Techniques and strategies for preventing
 Crime is most likely to deviant human behavior in any society
occur in communities with - Without it, chaos and confusion would reign
weak social ties - 2 Types of Social Control
 A person is not born a o Formal Social Control
criminal, but becomes one o Informal Social Control
over time, based on his or
her social environment Formal Social Control
o Labeling - Produced and enforced by the state
 Society tends to react to a (government) and representatives of the state
rule-breaking act by that enforce its laws like police, military,
labeling it as deviant and other city, state, and federal agencies
 “I become a criminal
because you classify my Informal Social Control
acts as crime” - Enforced by family, primary caregivers,
 Once a person is labeled a peers, other authority figures like coaches
thief or drunkard, he/she and teachers, and by colleagues
may stuck with that label
for life, and maybe
rejected or isolated
o CONFLICT
 Class conflict within
society creates deviance
 It affects deviance in two
ways:
 Class interests
determine which Built-in controls
acts are - Rely on deterrents such as personal shame or
criminalized and fear of supernatural punishment or magical
how heavily they retaliation
are punished - Sanctions
o 2 Types of Sanctions
 Economic
 Formal and Informal
pressures lead to
Sanctions
offenses,
particularly Formal Sanctions
- Penal laws, fines, death penalty
property offenses,
Informal Sanctions
among the poor
- Unfavorable and favorable public opinion,
Types of Deviance
giving or withdrawing of affection, love or
- Primary Deviance
friendship; verbal admiration or criticism,
o Deviance involving occasional
breaking of norms that are NOT a reprimands or verbal commendations
part of a person’s lifestyle or self-
concept
o Honor roll student comes home
past curfew one night
- Secondary Deviance
o Deviance in which an individual’s
life and identity are organized “whatever you do, good or bad, people will always
around breaking society’s norms have something negative to say!!”
o The “robbers” in Ocean’s 11 had a
criminal history because they had
broken the law on multiploccasions
How Society is Organized
At the End of the Lesson........
- What determines a person’s status in
society?
- How do our social status/roles affect our
social interactions?
- What is the place of social institutions such
as the family, religion, and government in
our social structure?
Social Interaction
- Refers to the ways in which people respond
to one another
- Language, symbols, gestures
- We attach meaning to the actions of other
people
- Daily activity of people
- Family, neighborhood, friends, classmates,
teachers and other school employees
- Letter, telephone, cellphone, e-mail, social
media
- May involve formal pattern
- It can take place anywhere
Types of Social Interaction
- Cooperation
- Conflict
- Competition
- Coercion
- Exchange
- Conformity
Types of Social Interaction
1. Cooperation
a. Collaborative efforts to achieve a
common goal
b. Team sports, Group Peta
2. Conflict
a. Direct struggle between individuals
or groups over commonly valued
goals
b. Due to differences or
disagreements
3. Competition
a. One or more individuals in
opposing interaction toward
attaining a similar goal
b. Olympics, Quiz Bee, Beauty
Pageant
4. Coercion
a. Individual or groups are forced to
behave in a particular way
b. It can prove to be an effective
social control
c. Compelling people to comply with
laws out of instilling penalty
5. Exchange
a. A voluntary action performed in the
expectation of getting a reward in
return
b. Helping a friend in doing her
project expecting that in the future
she will help you in your
requirements
i. Utang na Loob
6. Conformity
a. Behavior that matches group
expectations
b. When we conform, we adapt our
behavior to fit the behavior of those
around us
Social Structure
- Refers to the way in which society is
organized into a predictable relationship
(societal institutions, politics, and religion)
and social practices (social roles)
Elements of Social Structure
- Status
- Roles
- Groups
- Networks
- Social Institutions
Elements of Social Structure
1. Social Status
a. Refers to any of the socially
defined positions within a society
b. Guides the social interaction that
occurs within any given setting
c. A person holds more than one
status simultaneously
Types of Social Status
- Ascribed Status – Assigned outside of your
control [Gender, age]
- Achieved Status – Achieved by an
individual through his/her own efforts
[Teacher, Volleyball player, Pilot,
Businessman]
- Master Status – Statuses that dominate
others and determine the person’s general
position
 o Problems of individuals in meeting
or fulfilling their roles

2. Social Role
a. Set of expectations for people who
occupy a given status [behavior,
obligations, privileges]
b. You occupy a status – you play a
role

Elements of Social Structure (SOCIAL ROLE) - Role Exit

- Reciprocal Role o Disengage from a social role that
o Role that can’t be fulfilled alone have been central to their lives
o A man can’t perform the role of a o A priest who decides to get out of
husband without a wife priesthood and decides to get
o Doctor-Patient; Athlete-Coach; married
Boss- Employee; Friend- Friend o Stages of Role Exit
- Role Expectations  Doubt – unhappiness,
o Behaviors and actions expected burnout, frustrations
o Doctors treat their patients, Parents  Search for Alternatives –
provide for their children, Police leave of absence,
uphold the law temporary separation
- Role Conflict  Action Stage/Departure
o An individual finds himself/herself – leave job, end marriage
pulled in various directions while  Creation of New Identity
trying to respond to the statuses
he/she holds at the same time 3. Social Groups
o Difficulty in time management a. Collection of individuals who
regularly interact with one another
b. Types of Social Group
i. Primary Group
ii. Secondary Group
iii. In-Group
iv. Out-Group
v. Reference Group

Types of Social Groups

- Role Strain - Primary Group
o An individual finds it difficult to o Small group characterized by
perform the role expected of them intimate, face-to-face association
and cooperation
 o Families, childhood/close friends,
highly influential group
- Secondary Group
o Larger, less intimate and more
specialized group
o Impersonal and objective- oriented
relationship for a limited time
o Members treat others as means to
achieve his/her objectives
o Professional relationship
- In-Group
o A group to which people feel they
belong
o It comprises everyone who is
regarded as “we” or “us”
- Out-Group
o A group in which people feel they 5. Social Networks
do not belong a. Series of social relationships that
o Viewed as “they” or “them” link a person directly to others, and
- Reference Group indirectly links him/her to more
o A group in which an individual people
compares himself/herself b. Age of Internet – Facebook,
o Strongly influence an individual’s Twitter, Instagram,
behavior, attitudes
o Source of role model 6. Social Institutions
 Favorite NBA team a. Integrated beliefs, norms and
values formed and patterned around
4. Formal Organization the social needs, activities and way
a. Group designed for a special of life of members of society
purpose and structured for b. Family, Religious (Church),
maximum efficiency Government, Educational (School)
b. Student organizations, professional , Economic, Health, Mass Media
associations and etc.
c. Bureaucracy – a component of
formal organization that uses rules
and hierarchical ranking to achieve
efficiency

Elements of Social Structure (Formal Organization)

- Characteristics of bureaucracy (ideal type)
according to Max Weber
- Division of labor
- Hierarchy of authority
- Written rules and regulations
- Impersonality
- Employment based on technical
qualification
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS introduction of Christianity and perhaps
- a group of social positions, connected by earlier 

social relations, performing a social role
• Suki relationships (market- exchange
partnerships) may develop between two
Institutions
people who agree to become regular
- Family
- Political institutions customer and supplier. 

- Economic system • Patron-client bonds also are very much a
- Non-state part of prescribed patterns of appropriate
- Education behavior. 

- Religion
• Friendship - Filipinos also extend the circle
- Health
of social alliances with friendship. 

Kinship Structure
- Identified as the primary socialization unit in 3. Kinship by MARRIAGE - A socially sanctioned
the Philippine Society sexual and economic union between men and women
- It refers to relations formed between (Howard and Hattis, 1992)
members of society developed through Aspects of Mate Selection
blood or consanguineal relationships, - Endogamy: Requires a person to marry
marriage or affinal relationships, adoption someone from its locality, own race, own
and other culturally accepted rituals. class, own religion
(Contreras) - Exogamy: Requires mate selection outside
certain groups, usually family or certain kin
Types of Kinship or from other categories (Incest is taboo)
1.Kinship by BLOOD (CONSANGUINEAL) 

Theories on mate selection
• Achieved by blood affinity or by birth 
 - Homogamy – tendency to select a mate with
• E.g. parents – children; siblings, personal’s characteristics similar to one’s
nieces/nephews; aunts/uncles 
 own
 - the idea “like marries like” applies
to this type
PRINCIPLES OF DESCENT 
 - Heterogamy – tendency to select a mate
different from one’s own - “opposite
A. Patrilineal form of descent – both males and
attracts” best characterize this idea
females 
 belong to the kin group of their FATHER
(agnatic succession) 
 Forms of Marriages
1. Monogamy : one woman and one man are married
• Only the MALES pass on to their children
only to each other (Serial monogamy – several
their family identity 
 spouses in her or his lifetime, but only one spouse at
• Salic Law; Fur (Sudan) 
 a time)
2. Polygamy : In this case, the husband or wife has
B. Matrilineal – persons are related if they can trace
more than one partner at the same time. (Saudi
their descent through females to the same woman
Arabia)
ancestor
a. Polygyny – a marriage of a man to several
• Only DAUGHTERS can pass on the family line to
their offspring women

• Rain Queen (province of Limpopo, South Africa) b. Polyandry : This family consists of a wife with
her eldest daughter is the heir, and males are not more than one husband.
 (Todas of Southern India,
entitled to inherit the throne at all
Nyinba in Nepal and Tibet)
2. Kinship by RITUALS - baptism, confirmation, and
Family ...

 marriage 
 - Set of people related by blood, marriage, or
• This mutual kinship system, known as agreed-upon relations who share primary
compadrazgo, meaning godparenthood or responsibility for reproduction and caring
sponsorship, dates back at least to the for members of society (Schaefer)
 - Is the basic or the most fundamental unit in
any society.
FUNCTIONS OF FAMILY
- Reproduction of the race and rearing the
young
- Cultural transmission or enculturation
- Socialization of the child
- Providing affection and a sense of security
- Providing the environment for personality
development and the growth of self concept
- Providing social status
Family Structures based on form
1. The Nuclear Family : this usually consists of
two generations of family, parents and their
own or adopted children residing in the same
household.
2. The Extended Family : This is also known
as the three generation family. Consisting of
grandparents, their children and their
grandchildren.
3. Transnational Families: Families who live
apart but who create and retain a „sense of
collective welfare and unity, in short
“familyhood,” even across national borders‟
(Bryceson and Vuorela 2002)
4. Separated Families: husband and wife
separated from each other.
5. Single Parent Family : It consists of one
parent and a child or children residing in one
household.
6. Reconstituted Family (Blended Family) :
This is a family where one or more parents
have been married previously and they bring
with them children from their previous
marriage(s)
Family Classification
A) On the Basis of Lineage (Kinship Pattern)
- “To whom are we related” In terms of
property, inheritance and emotional ties.
1. Patrilineal Family : Tracing kinship through
the male line
2. Matrilineal Family : Tracing the kinship
through the female line
3. Bilateral descent: Both sides of a person‟s
family are regarded as equally importance
B) On the Basis of Authority “ Who Rules?”
1. Patriarchal Family : The father is considered
the head.
2. Matriarchal Family: Authority is held by the
mother
3. Egalitarian family: Family in which spouses
are regarded as equal
C) On the basis of Residence “ Where do we
live?”
1. Patrilocal : When a married couple lives
with or near the husband‟s family.
2. Matrilocal : When a couple lives with or
near the mother‟s family.
3. Neo-Local : When a married couple sets up
a home separate from either side of their
families.
D). On the basis of Affiliation (Sociology in our
times (Kendall, 2017)
1. FAMILY OF ORIENTATION The family
into which a person is born and in which early
socialization usually takes place.
2. FAMILY OF PROCREATION The family
that a person forms by having, adopting or
otherwise creating children
Sociological Perspectives on the Family
1. Functionalist View
a. Family serves six functions for
society:
1. Reproduction
2. Protection
3. Socialization
4. Regulation of sexual behavior
5. Affection and companionship
6. Provision of social status
2. Conflict View
- In wide range of societies, husbands
exercised power and authority within the
family (Domestic violence)
- View family as economic unit that
contributes to social injustice as it transfer
power, property and privilege from one
generations to the next .... Inheriting the
privilege or the unfortunate social and
economic status.
3. Interactionist View
- Interested in how individuals interact with
each other, whether they are cohabiting
partners or longtime married couples,
conducted studies on the parents – child
relationship
4. Feminist View
- Interest in family as social institution
because “family” is the focus of women‟s
work
- Urge social scientists and agencies to
consider single parent, lesbian and single
women
 - 4Ps - provides conditional cash grants to the
Variations in Family Life and Intimate Relationships poorest of the poor, to improve the health,
nutrition, and the education of children aged
SOCIAL CLASS DIFFERENCES 0-18.
- Upper class – the emphasis is on the lineage
and maintenance of family position Patterns and Trends
- Lower class – they do not worry too much Marriage & Family
with “family name”. More on survival and 1. PARENTHOOD AND
oftentimes children assume adult GRANDPARENTHOOD
responsibilities – including marriage and - The most important role of parents is
parenthood socialization
of children
RACIAL and ETHNIC differences - “Boomerang generation” or “full-nest
- Native-American families draw on family syndrome”
ties to lessen many hardships they face
- Machismo: Sense of virility, personal worth, 2. Adoption
and pride in one‟s maleness • Process that “allows for the transfer of the legal
- Familism: Pride in extended family rights, responsibilities, and privileges of
- Muslim marriage “is governed by a complex parenthood” to a new legal parent or parents
set of social rules.” • “Transracial adoption” – adoption of non-white
child by white parents
Influences on family structure
- Industrialization 3. DUAL-INCOME FAMILIES
- Divorce 4. SINGLE-PARENT FAMILIES
- Class 5. Stepfamilies
- State benefits 6. Divorce / Annulment
7. Cohabitation- couples who choose to live
1. INDUSTRIALIZATION together without marrying practice
- According to Talcott Parsons the 8. Remaining Single
industrialization era brought with it 9. Marriage without children
increased geographical and social mobility, 10. Same sex marriage
resulting in the break down of the extended
family to the privatized nuclear family. Political and Leadership structures
A) Political Organizations
2. DIVORCE B) Authority and Legitimacy
- Government providing financial assistance
to single parents, many families broke up. Political Organizations
- And more single parent families were - Political organization - any organization that
formed as well as reconstituted ones. involves itself in the political process,
including political parties, non-
3. CLASS governmental organizations, advocacy
- Low incomes tend to have a higher divorce groups and special interest groups
rate due to financial conflicts. - 4 Types Political Organizations
- Lower class families are usually matrifocal o Bands
or single parent and tend to contribute to the o Tribes (Uncentralized )
financial and social instability of the society o Chiefdoms
- Middle class families tend to have less kids o States and Nations (Centralized and
than lower class ones although there is more Formal System )
financial stability.
- Higher class families have an average of one BAND
or two children, thus making most higher - Foraging : Nomadic
class families nuclear ones. - No formal political systems
- Decisions made by consensus of adult
4. STATE BENEFITS members
- State granting benefits to pregnant - Those who can’t fit in may move to another
teenagers and single mothers group if there are kinship ties
 - Control is self-imposed by individuals - Government is the instrument that provides
- Deterrents for order: shame, fear of divine mechanisms in determining, formulating,
punishment, magical retaliation and implementing the policies of the state

TRIBES Administration
- Small communities: hundreds or more - Refers to the group of persons in whose
alliances between tribes hands the reins of the government are held
- Horticultural and Pastoral for the time being
- Head is chosen by age and wisdom or skills
- Economic system uses redistribution Forms of Government
through tribute from one group to another A. According to the number of People who rule
1. MONARCHY
CHIEFDOMS 2. OLIGARCHY
- Few local communities who follow the 3. DEMOCRACY
power and rule of a leader who has absolute
power on them (based on supernatural forces B. According to the relationship between the National
and powers) & Local
- Horticultural and Pastoralism 1. FEDERAL
- Social Stratification (elite and the 2. UNITARY
commoner)

STATES... Nations
- State [political] - community of persons
more or less numerous occupying a definite
portion of territory completely free of
external control and possessing an organized
government to which a great body of
inhabitants render habitual obedience
- Nations [ethnic] - is a large group or
collective of people with common
characteristics attributed to them - including
language, traditions, mores (customs),
habitus (habits), and ethnicity UNITARY
Elements of State
- People
- Territory
- Government
- Sovereignty (Internal and External)

A. People
- Refers to the inhabitants of the state. There
is no strict requirement on their number, but
they must be of sufficient number to be self-
sufficing
B. Territory
- Territory is a fixed portion on the surface of
the earth inhabited by the people of the state
(land, water, airspace)
C. Sovereignity
- Sovereignty is the supreme authority of the
state in which it should be able to take
charge, exercise jurisdiction and enforce its
will to its subjects free from external control
D. Government
C. According to the status of those who hold the rein
of Government
1. CIVIL
2. MILITARY

D. According to the Relationship between the

Executive & Legislature
1. PARLIAMENTARY
2. PRESIDENTIAL

Principles governing the operations of governmental

powers (3 branches)
1. Separation of powers
2. System of check and balance
3. Blending of powers

Police Power
- Is the power of promoting the general
welfare by restraining and regulating the use
of liberty and property.
- Basis is the latin maxim salus populi est
suprema lex (the general welfare is the
supreme law)

Eminent domain
- Enables the State to acquire private property
upon payment of just compensation for
some intended public use.

Taxation
- It means the State is able to demand from
the members of society their proportionate
share or contribution in the maintenance of
the government.

Authority and Legitimacy

1. Traditional
LAW-MAKING,
EXECUTE, 2. Rational
FORMULATION OF
IMPLEMENT,
POLICIES INTERPRET LAWS,
ENFORCE
JUSTICE 3. Charismatic
MEMBERS OF THE PRESIDENT,
HOUSE OF GOVERNOR, INTERPRET LAWS,
REPRESENTATIVES, MAYOR, PUNONG JUSTICE
SENATORS, BOARD BARANGAY, SK
POLITICS
MEMBERS, CHAIRMAN
COUNCILORS - The exercise of power and attempts to
JUSTICES, JUDGES
maintain or to change power relations.

What is POWER? (Weber)

– Power is the ability to achieve desired ends despite
resistance from others.
– Power is the ability to carry out one’s will, even
over the resistance of others.
– Power struggles – workers with their bosses, power
struggle within family members, (all these attempts to
gain or keep power) these also consider as political
Legitimacy
• Weber perceive power into two type that is
legitimate power and illegitimate power.
– Legitimate power : is called as authority i.e. power
people accept as right.
– Illegitimate power : known as coercion i.e. power
that people do not accept as just.
• Authority - power that people perceive as legitimate
rather than coercive. This relations of power authority
is legitimate
Types of Authority
1. Traditional Authority
2. Rational Legal Authority
3. Charismatic Authority
Traditional Authority
- Traditional Authority; power legitimized by
respect for long-established cultural patterns.
- Characteristics of Traditional Authority:
a) preindustrial societies
b) populations collective memory – people’s
accept a system
c) usually one of hereditary leadership
d) strong power in political system, absolute
power and almost godlike e) Source of
strength for patriarchy, domination by men
- Examples of Traditional Authority:
o Chinese emperors
o Aristocratic rulers in medieval
Europe
- Traditional authority remains strong only as
long as everyone shares the same belief and
way of life (Hannah Arendt,1963).
- There are still hereditary rulers who claim a
traditional right to rule. But this claim is
easily out of step with modern society.
- Today's hereditary rules, their power over
society has been minimized, relinquished,
and regulated by another authority;
government.
o E.g. : In the United Kingdom,
Japan
Rational Legal Authority
- Weber defined rational legal authority
(bureaucratic authority) :as power
legitimized by legally enacted rules and
regulations.
- Rationally enacted rules also guide the use
of power in everyday life.
- Examples of Rational Legal Authority:
a) the authority of deans / classroom
teachers/ lecturers – rests on the offices they
hold in bureaucratic colleges and
universities
b) the police officer / police traffic / security
guard in uniform possessed rational legal
authority
• Traditional authority - comes from family
background – ascribed status
• Rational legal authority - comes from a position in
government organization
• Traditional monarch - rules for life
• Rational legal/modern rules - the president or the
prime minister accepts and gives up power according
to law, which shows that presidential authority lies in
the office not in the person
Charismatic Authority
- Charismatic authority: is power legitimized
by extraordinary personal abilities that
inspire devotion and obedience.
- Depends less on a person’s ancestry or
office and more on personality.
Charismatic authority characteristics:
a) Using their personal skills to turn an audience into
followers
b) Make their own rules and challenge the status quo
Examples:
a) Jesus of Nazareth
b) Adolf Hitler
c) India’s liberator, Mahatma Gandhi
d) US civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr.
 - Survival of a charismatic movement, Weber
explained, requires the “routinization of
charisma” – the transformation of
charismatic authority into some combination
of traditional and bureaucratic authority.
- Example: After the death of Jesus, followers
institutionalized his teachings in a church,
built on tradition and bureaucracy.
Routinized in this way, the Roman Catholic
Church has lasted for 2000 years.

Economic Systems
- Economic System - patterned activities
regulating the production of goods and
services, their distribution and consumption
Economy Types
1. Traditional
2. Command
3. Market
4. Mixed

Economic Organization
- It is the act of coordinating the other factors
of production – land, labor and capital,
entrepreneurs. Organization performs a very
important function in modern production,
which is carried on a large-scale.
Organization is done by the entrepreneur.

-

-
A. Reciprocity – exchange of commodities between
individuals (Barter)
B. Transfer – resources are given with no expectation
of return
Financial aids Government Subsidies Social security
C. Redistribution – when resources of individual or
groups are collected and distributed proportionally or
equally to participating members
D. Market Transaction – exchange of goods and
services (buying and selling)
NON-State Institutions
1. FINANCIAL INSTITUTION – aid people
in terms of money and investments
a. Commercial banks
b. Insurance Companies – PhilAm
Life , Prudential Life
2. CORPORATION - has the right to enter into
contracts, loan and borrow money, sue and
be sued, hire employees, own assets and pay
taxes.
3. COOPERATIVES -is an autonomous
association of people united voluntarily to
meet their common economic, social and
cultural needs and aspirations through a
jointly owned and democratically controlled
business.
4. TRADE UNION - An organization whose
membership consists of workers and union
leaders, united to protect and promote their
common interests.
5. TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY – is a
catalyst for change, aiming to achieve
international changes toward policies and
practices.
6. DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES – are
organizations with specific goals and aims
7. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION –
translate agreed upon values into rights and
obligations
EDUCATION
A. Formal
B. Non-formal
C. Informal
- Education is the process of enhancing the
holistic abilities of the individual.
EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
TYPES OF EDUCATION
CHARACTERISTICS
FORMAL
1. Institutional Activity (schools, colleges,
universities)
2. Follows a hierarchical structure (primary,
secondary, tertiary)
3. Standardized curriculum
4. Teacher-student relationship
NON-FORMAL
1. Organized and systematic education activity either
separately or as a special feature
2. Curriculum is flexible, diversified in content and
method
INFORMAL
1. Lifelong process naturally derived from experience
2. Do not require educational institution nor
curriculum.
Education-transmission of knowledge, skills and
understanding
- Formal education – Organized, guided by a
formal curriculum, leads to a formally
recognized credential such as a high school
completion diploma or a degree, and is often
guided and recognized by government at
some level.
- Non-formal education - This type of
education may be led by a qualified teacher
 or by a leader with more experience. Though 4.Organization – organized structure through which
it doesn’t result in a formal degree or specialists can be recruited and trained. It promotes
diploma, non-formal education is highly interaction among the members (unity and solidarity)
enriching and builds an individual’s skills
and capacities Types of Religion
o Homebased Schooling Animism
o Special Education for Children - Belief in spirits/ghost of ancestors
with special needs - Spirits may inhabit bodies of people or
o School for the Blind animals as well as winds, trees, mountains
and stones
FUNCTIONALIST VIEW ON EDUCATION - Ex. Atang
1. Socialization
2. Cultural Transmission Theism
3. Academic Skills/Expert and talented personnel - Belief in divine beings (gods and godesses)
4. Agent of change/Innovation - Gods or godesses are powerful beings
5. Child Care worthy of being worshipped
6. Postponing Job Hunting
Form of Theism
CONFLICT THEORY VIEW ON EDUCATION Monotheism
1. Individualism - The belief in one God
2. Screening and Allocation: Tracking - Ex. Judaism, Christianity, Islam
3. Credentialized Society Polytheism
- The belief in many gods
FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION - Ex. Ancient Egypt and Greece, Hinduism
- Productive Citizenry
- Self-actualization

Issues
1. Unequal access to education
2. ESL
3. Dropouts
4. School Violence/Bullying
5. Standardized testing
6. Gender bias 1. Judaism
- The Hebrews founded Judaism , the oldest
Religion known monotheistic religion
- Sacred text: Torah (Christian Old
Elements of Religion Testament)
1.Ritual/Prayer – means for individuals to - Basic teachings: Ten Commandments- the
communicate with god Hebrew code of laws
or supernatural beings - Holy City: Jerusalem
2.Belief – statement to which members of a particular
religion adhere. Every religion endorses a belief 2. Christianity
system - Founder: Jesus of Nazareth
3.Experience/Emotion – feeling or a perception of - Holy City: Jerusalem
being in direct contact with the ultimate reality - Sacred text: Christian Bible (Old Testament
 and New Testament)
- Monotheistic
- Christ is the Savior who brings the good
news of salvation after death
- There are numerous forms of Christian
beliefs and pratices
- Major churches: Roman Catholic (headed by
Pope), Eastern Orthodox, Protestant Faiths
(Lutheran, Calvinist, Church of England)

3. Hinduism Health care institutions

- POLYTHEISTIC No Single Founder
- Holy books: Vedas, Bhagavad Gita, Health care
Mahabarata - Any activity intended to improve health
- Reincarnation- rebirth of one’s soul
- Beliefs: 2 types of health care in the Philippines
o Karma - all the good and bad deeds - Traditional
done in one’s life - Non-traditional
o Dharma - duties one must fulfill in
life Traditional Healing
o Moksha - union with Brahman at - TRADITIONAL medicine as "the sum total
the end of life cycle of the knowledge, skills, and practices based
4. Buddhism on the theories, beliefs, and experiences
- Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) indigenous to different cultures, whether
500’s BC explicable or not, used in the maintenance of
- No Single God- believe in universal spirit health as well as in the prevention,
- Basic teachings: diagnosis, improvement
o Four Noble Truths and Eightfold - Examples: BABAYLAN
Path
- The ultimate goal is to achieve a state of
nirvana of salvation

5. Islam
- World’s largest religion
- Founded by Mohammad in the 17th century
- North Africa, Middle East and some parts of
Asia
- Allah (Monotheism)
- Five daily prayers, profession of faith,
payment of welfare tax, fasting, pilgrimage
to Mecca

Filipino specific syndromes and attributions on

illnesses
USOG
- A filipino belief regarding the discomfort
 brought about a stranger or visitor who is - Western medicine is science-based and
oriented to physical causes of illness\
thought to have an evil eye or who brings an
evil wind. HEALTHCARE IN OTHER NATIONS
1. CHINESE MEDICINE (acupuncture)
BUGHAT 2. Ancient Greece
- (binat) 3. Urine Therapy in India ( Prime Minister
Morarji Desai )
- Ailments (headache, chills, body pains,
4. Ear Candling
malaise, dizziness, muscle weakness and 5. Bee Sting Therapy
some it is blindness).
- Health is a HUMAN RIGHT
Faith healing
Social and political stratification

Social Inequality
- Describes a condition in which members of
society have differing amounts of wealth,
prestige, or power

System of stratification
Social inequality
- Ascribed status: social position assigned to
person by society without regard for the
Alternative Medicine person’s unique talents or characteristics
- Achieved status: social position that person
attains largely through his or her own efforts

Social Stratification
- Social stratification is “...The division of
society into levels, steps or positions”
- Stratification is different than mere
inequality, which refers to the uneven
distribution of opportunities and rewards to
individuals and groups.

Social Desirables
- Refers to factors that are accepted or desired
in a society
o Social status
o Popularity
o Acceptance
o Approval
- 3 MOST DESIRED QUALITIES
o Wealth
o Power
o Prestige
Non- Traditional
Dimensions of Social Stratification
MEDICINE - Wealth—the economic assets of an
- An institutionalized system for the scientific individual, including income, monetary
diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the assets and other holdings
illness. o Marx argues differentiation in
wealth creates social, economic and
Western healing system political inequality.
 - Power— the capacity of an individual to Philippines
influence another person to perform an act - Pre– colonial period – open caste system
that he or she would not do otherwise o Maharlikas
o Wealth combined with Power leads o Timawa
to PRESTIGE o Aliping Namamahay
- Prestige— level of honor in a society o Aliping Saguiguilid
attached to different groups with reference - Today – open caste system
to the group’s occupation o Mayaman
o May Kaya
SOCIAL MOBILITY SYSTEM o Walang wala
- The shift in social status or rank of an
individual within the frame of a social CASTE SYSTEM
structure. - “Caste” – BREED; RACE (Spaniard); Also
- Movement of individuals or groups from “Varna” in Sanskrit – “COLOR”
one position in a society’s stratification - Hindu Caste System (Closed System)
system to another - Castes: Hereditary ranks that are usually
religiously dictated and tend to be fixed and
Open Versus Closed Stratification Systems immobile
- Open system: Position of each individual
influenced by the person’s achieved status ESTATE SYSTEM
- Closed system: Allows little or no - Estates (feudalism): Peasants worked and
possibility of moving up land leased to them in exchange for military
protection and other services
Types of Social Mobility - Related to political group participation
- Horizontal mobility: Movement within same - RANKING
range of prestige; transfer of position to o King
another area but no changes in position o Clergy
- Vertical mobility: Movement from one o Nobility
position to another of a different rank o Commoners
o Upward mobility
o Downward mobility
- Intragenerational mobility: Social position
changes within person’s adult life; within
the same generation
- Intergenerational – occurs when changes
take place from one generation to another

Types of Stratification Systems

- Class system
- Caste system
- Estate system
- Slavery

Class system
- Social ranking based primarily on economic
position in which achieved characteristics
can influence social mobility
- 3 fold classification
o UPPER Class – the ELITE group;
institutional leaders, capitalists Forms of Stratification
o MIDDLE Class – the scientific and - Slavery: Individuals owned by other people,
technical individuals; engineers, who treat these human beings as property,
accountants, lawyers just as if they were household pets or
o LOWER Class – the working class; appliances.
and poor
SOCIAl INEQUALITY
It is the GAP between the rich and the poor
VISIBLE in many other social Institutions:
1. CAPITAL (Social, Political, Symbolic)
Economic (Marx) – Class – Institutionalized in the
form of property rights
Basis of Inequality:
Symbolic/Social (Weber) – Power/hierarchy --
Institutionalized in the form of educational
qualifications Cultural / Knowledge (Bourdieu) –
Status/Recognition – Institutionalized in the form of
title and nobility
2. ETHNIC MINORITIES and PERSON
WITH DISABILITIES (PWD)
SOCIAL EXCLUSION – it refer to alienating or
dividing individuals or a group in a certain society
RACE and ETHNICITY have been the basis of
social division in the world (Ifugao’s Culture and
Clothing)
PERSON WITH DISABILITIES (PWD)
They suffer from social exclusion and discrimination
because of their disabilities
Establishments should provide PWD friendly
facilities
3. GENDER INEQUALITY
Violence against women and children
Gender discrimination among LGBTQI
4. GLOBAL INEQUALITY
It refers to the unequal distribution of scarce
resources and values across territories
-Developing (poor agricultural) vs Developed
countries (industrialized)
-First world (developed, capitalist, industrial
countries ) vs third world (developing)
-Global south (Philippines, struggling countries) vs
Global north (Singapore, US, UK,Japan)
GLOBAL INEQUALITY
THEORIES OF INEQUALITY (Conflict Theory)
Max Weber View
There are other factors and elements to consider in
determining’s social class including power, wealth,
and prestige
As people acquire more wealth, prestige or
popularity, they also acquire more power
Karl Marx’s View
Social relations depend on who controls the primary
mode of production
– Capitalism: Means of production held largely in
private hands and main incentive for economic
activity is accumulation of profits
– Bourgeoisie: Capitalist class; owns the means of
production
– Proletariat: Working class
THEORIES OF INEQUALITY (Functionalism)
Davis and Moore’s View
The main function of stratification is “ placing and
motivating individuals in the social structure”
Each member has specific roles and responsibilities
to accomplish
The more difficult the task is , the more wealth it
entails
It also believe that unequal distribution of work
among people enables them to exert more effort to
achieve their goals
SOCIAL CHANGE
CHANGE is a state of becoming different from the
status quo
SOURCES OF CULTURAL,SOCIAL AND
POLITICAL CHANGE
1. INNOVATION – it is in the form of new
scientific knowledge, new beliefs and
additional inventions
With Technology, new ideas and concepts can
revolutionize how a population behaves in response
to their environment
2. DIFFUSION
It involves the process of transferring cultural traits
and concepts from one human group to the other
American heritage of Filipinos is still observable
today. (Neocolonialism)
It allows for the incorporation of new perspectives
and practices in the existing cultural fabric of a
society
3. ACCULTURATION The process of
learning a culture other than one’s own,
geared towards 2nd culture (Create 2nd
culture but not totally changed)
4. ASSIMILATION The gradual process of
culture that allows for the indistinguishable
cultural similarity between two different
cultural groups. (You adapt and your own
culture disappear)
Social Contradictions and Tensions
CONFLICTS: due to societal differences or
inequalities
Between ethnic groups
Lower class vs higher social class in terms of rights
and privileges
Unequal Access to resources
Gender inequalities and discrimination
ETHNIC CONFLICT
-ARMED CONFLICT (May pinaglalaban)
Nonstate actors clamor for their rights that are
perceived to be held from them by the state.
New People’s Army
Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (BIFF)
ACT OF TERRORISM – highly political activities
that are meant to a give a statement to states