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Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Traverse
• is a succession of straight lines along or through
the area to be surveyed
• the directions and lengths of these lines are
determined by measurements taken in the field
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
PURPOSE
• for establishing a series or network of
monuments with known positions
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Definition:
• Traversing - the process of measuring the
lengths and directions of the lines of a traverse for
the purpose of locating the position of certain points.
• Traverse station - any temporary or permanent
point of reference over which the instrument is set-
up. It is usually marked by a peg or a hub driven on
the ground and identified by consecutive letters or
numbers as the survey progresses.
Traverse stations
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Definition:
Traverse lines
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
2 BASIC operations in traversing
Types of traverse
1. Open traverse
2. Closed traverse
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Geometrically Open Traverse
• does not create a closed shape because it ends
at some point other than the initially occupied
point or the initial backsight.
• this type of traverse is sometimes expedient for
the survey of a strip project such as pipeline or
highway
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Mathematically Open Traverse or
simply an Open Traverse
• begins at a point of known position and ends at
a point of previously unknown position
Previously
known unknown
position position
start &
end
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Mathematically Closed Traverse or
simply a Closed Traverse
• begins at a point of known position and ends at a point of
known position
• calculations can be made to check for errors, hence, this
method is preferred because the numbers can be
confirmed
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Types of Traverse (based on angle measured)
interior angle
traverse
azimuth
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48 traverse angle to the
traverse
Uses:
• interior angle traverse - principally used in
land surveying
• deflection angle traverse - location survey
of roads, railways, pipelines, canals, etc.
• angle to the right traverse - commonly used
in city, tunnel and mine surveys
• azimuth traverse - used in topographic and
other surveys where many details are to be
located by angular measurements
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Procedure for running a traverse
• Set up and level the transit or theodolite directly over a
known point (monument on the ground representing
that point)
• Establish the direction by known pt
sighting with the instrument a Assumed to have true
direction or previously B
second known point (or any established direction
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Procedure for running a traverse
• Point the telescope toward the backsight, then measure
an angle and a distance to the first unknown point -
foresight
• Move the instrument ahead to
the former foresight and backsight
duplicate the entire process. The B
former occupied point becomes
foresight
the backsight and a new A
unknown point becomes the C
foresight.
• This procedure is repeated at D
each point until measurements
have been taken to all the
needed points.
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
For Azimuth traverse
Table 1. Tabulation of Observed Data
occ ob rdng mean azimuth (fr N) bearing angle interior angle azimuth bearing
sum 3490.2
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Table 1. Tabulation of Observed Data
occ ob rdng mean azimuth (fr N) bearing angle interior angle azimuth bearing
sum 3490.2
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
PROCEDURE:
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Table 1. Tabulation of Observed Data
occ ob rdng mean azimuth (fr N) bearing angle interior angle azimuth bearing
sum 3490.2
540° 03 '
angular error = 3’
Correction per angle = 36’’Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Table 1. Tabulation of Observed Data
occ ob rdng mean azimuth (fr N) bearing angle interior angle azimuth bearing
sum 3490.2
540° 03 ' 540° 00' 00"
angular error = 3’
Correction per angle = 36’’Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Table 1. Tabulation of Observed Data
occ ob rdng mean azimuth (fr N) bearing angle interior angle azimuth bearing
sum 3490.2
540° 03 ' 540° 00' 00"
angular error = 3’
Correction per angle = 36’’Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Table 1. Tabulation of Observed Data
occ ob rdng mean azimuth (fr N) bearing angle interior angle azimuth bearing
sum 3490.2
540° 03 ' 540° 00' 00"
angular error = 3’
Correction per angle = 36’’Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Table 1. Tabulation of Observed Data
occ ob rdng mean azimuth (fr N) bearing angle interior angle azimuth bearing
sum 3490.2
540° 03 ' 540° 00' 00"
angular error = 3’
Correction per angle = 36’’Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Table 1. Tabulation of Observed Data
occ ob rdng mean azimuth (fr N) bearing angle interior angle azimuth bearing
sum 3490.2
540° 03 ' 540° 00' 00"
angular error = 3’
Correction per angle = 36’’Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
TRAVERSE COMPUTATION
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
PROCEDURE
1. Compute the latitude and departure of all
the traverse lines
2. Determine the error of closure
3. Determine the relative precision
4. Balance the survey or Adjust the survey
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
PROCEDURE:
1. Compute the latitude and departure of all the
traverse lines
N
B
LatitudeAB = AB cosθ θ
E
A
DepartureAB = AB sinθ
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
N
W E
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Determine the latitude and departure of the line
N
0° N 30° E
30° 30°
90 90
W ° ° E
0°
S
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Determine the latitude and departure of the line
N
0
°
90 90
W° 20° ° E
250°
S 70° W
0
S
°
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Table 1. Tabulation of Observed Data
occ ob rdng mean azimuth (fr N) bearing angle interior angle azimuth bearing
sum 3490.2
540° 03 ' 540° 00' 00"
angular error = 3’
Correction per angle = 36’’Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Table 2. Determination of Latitude and Departure.
STA mean Calculated LATITUDE DEPARTURE
Lat = d cos α
Dep = d sin α
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
PROCEDURE:
2. Determine the error of closure
Linear error of closure or linear closure - gives us an
idea of how much error there was in the field
measurements and suggests how well the measuring
was done
• the amount by which a closed traverse fails to satisfy the
requirements of a true mathematical figure, as the length
of line joining the true and computed position of the
same point.
– A small error is most likely due to the limitations on how
precisely the angles and distances can be measured with the
specific equipment.
– A large error would indicate that there is a blunder in the
measurements. Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Bearing of the side of error
tan θ = (-CD) / (-CL)
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Table 2. Determination of Latitude and Departure.
STA mean Calculated LATITUDE DEPARTURE
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Other way of writing the latitudes and departures
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Table 2. Determination of Latitude and Departure.
STA mean Calculated LATITUDE DEPARTURE
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Standards of accuracy evaluation:
Survey RP
1. For a survey in a waste land 1 / 500
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
There is no mathematically perfect survey even
using instruments and methods of high precision
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Methods in traverse adjustment/
balancing the traverse
• graphical
• arbitrary
• compass rule (Bowditch rule)
• transit rule
• least squares
• Crandall
• rectangular coordinates
• coordinate
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Compass Rule
“The correction to be applied to the latitude (or departure) of any course is equal to
the total closure in latitude (or departure) multiplied by the ratio of the length of the
course to the total length or perimeter of the traverse.”
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Compass Rule
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Table 2. Determination of Latitude and Departure.
STA mean Calculated LATITUDE DEPARTURE
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Table 3. Adjustment of latitude and departure using COMPASS RULE.
A B 0.144 0.072
B C 0.124 0.062
C D 0.140 0.070
D E 0.185 0.092
E A 0.280 0.140
Kl 0.00025
Kd 0.00012
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Compass Rule
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Table 2. Determination of Latitude and Departure.
STA mean Calculated LATITUDE DEPARTURE
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Table 3. Adjustment of latitude and departure using COMPASS RULE.
Kl 0.00025
Kd 0.00012
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Compass Rule
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Table 3. Adjustment of latitude and departure using COMPASS RULE.
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Transit Rule
• used when angular measurement is much better than
distance measurement
• this procedure was developed for chain and transit
surveys where angles could be measured rather
precisely. The distances, on the other hand, were
subject to all of the possible errors of break and slope
chaining over rough terrain.
• it distributes the traverse error in latitude proportionally to
the latitude of the individual legs. Traverse legs with the
largest change in latitude absorb the most error in
latitude.
• the traverse error in departure is distributed in proportion
to the departure of the individual legs.
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Transit Rule
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Transit Rule
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Other Methods in traverse adjustment
• graphical
• arbitrary
• transit rule
• compass rule (Bowditch rule)
• least squares
• Crandall
• rectangular coordinates
• coordinate
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Graphical
A
E
B
D C
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Graphical
parallel
Length of LEC
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Arbitrary
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Other methods (READING ASSIGMENT)
Crandall Method is also used when angular measurement
is much better than distance measurement. It also
distributes the error in a comparable way.