VERTICAL FARMING - AGRICULTURE OF THE FUTURE

Vertical farming is the method of growing plants and crops over each other, mostly in buildings with many storeys.

They often look like skyscrapers with glass around them, similar to a giant greenhouse. We can see such farming

methods in cities. For agriculture experts vertical farming will be in widespread use in the future because the

world’s population is growing constantly and there is more need for farming land.

The idea comes from Dickson Despommier, a professor at Columbia University, who in 1999, developed a method

of growing food in city skyscrapers that could be as tall as thirty storeys. Today, many countries such as Korea,

Japan, Abu Dhabi and Singapore carry out such projects. Vertical farming offers many advantages. We can grow

crops on a smaller area of land, we can recycle water and use over and over again. Plants grow on minerals and do

not need soil. We can harvest many farming products more than once per year. With some fruits, like

strawberries, up to 30 harvests can be possible.

This new form of farming can also help nature and the environment recover from mistakes humans make when

farming. We could save many resources, and we can preserve forests as well as limiting desertification. Burning

less fossil fuels will result in fewer emissions, a reduction of global warming and healthier environments.

Especially tropical regions with their high risk of getting diseases like malaria will benefit.

Vertical farming can protect crops from bad weather or disasters like hurricanes, storms, droughts or floods. The

same weather conditions all year round provide ideal conditions for perfect crops.

With traditional farming, 30% of all food does not find its way to the consumer, either because it becomes spoilt

during transport or bacteria infest it. Vertical farming produces food where we need it.

On the other side, building such vertical farms can prove to be a costly undertaking. We need a lot of energy

during the beginning of such a project. Because plants require large amounts of sunlight, we need to provide

buildings with artificial sunlight the whole year.

 But compared to traditional farms that take up a lot of space, vertical farming has a low carbon footprint. It can

do without fossil fuels because it relies on energy from the sun. Overall transportation costs are lower because we

consume the products the cities in which we produce them.

This could be extremely cost effective because trends show that more and more people are moving to cities. In

the middle of the 21st century, about 80% of the world’s population will live in urban areas.

Critics are not sure whether vertical farming projects can really be profitable in the long term. They claim that

initial costs are too high and suggest that such farms actually need more light and power than normal regions.

Heating and cooling costs will also be enormous.

They also say that we cannot grown all crops in this way. Wheat and maize, for example, among the world’s most
important food source, will be almost impossible to grow because they are too large and heavy. Such farming
methods could only apply for lightweight produce, like small fruits, lettuce and other vegetables.

• actually = really, in reality, in fact, in actuality, gerçekten

• advantage = the good side of something, superiority, upper hand, dominance, avantaj
• agriculture = farming, agriculture, agronomy, husbandry, çiftçilik, tarım
• amount = sum, add up to, total, aggregate, miktar
• apply = emloy, use, exrcise, exert, uygulamak
• artificial = made by man, unnatural, synthetic, man-made, yapay
• bacteria = very small living things, some of which cause illnesses, bakteri
• benefit = help, do good to something, improve, aid, help, yararlanmak
• carbon footprint = the total amount of greenhouse gases that you produce in a certain time, karbon ayak izi
• century = a period of a hundred years, hundred, 100, C, asır, yüzyıl
• claim = maintain, argue, assert, suggest iddia etmek
• compare to = kıyaslamak
• constantly = always all the time, invariably, forever, perpetually, durmaksızın
• consume = use, devour, eat (up), gulp (down), tüketmek
• consumer = a person who buys things in a store, consumer durables, tüketici
• cost effective =cheap, fiyat olarak en uygun
• costly undertaking = a project that needs a lot of money, maliyeti göze almak
• critic = person who is very sceptical about a topic, critical, eleştiren, eleştirmen
• crop = a plant, such as wheat or rice, which is grown by farmers and used as food, cultivate, graze, pasture,
mahsul, ekin
• desertification = the process in which farming land is changed into deserts, çölleşme
• develop = create, bring out/forth, advance, expand (on/upon), geliştirmek
• disaster = a sudden event, like a flood or an earthquake, which can cause great damage,
catastrophe, calamity, cataclysm, felaket, facia
• disease = illness, sickness, affliction, ailment, hastalık
• drought = long period of dry weather, when there is not enough water for plants and animals to live, drouth,
kuraklık
• enormous = very large, huge, immense, gigantic, kocaman
• environment = the world around us, surroundings, environs, atmosphere, çevre, ortam
• especially = above all, particularly, specially, specifically, özellikle
• food source = place where food comes from, gıda kaynağı
• fossil fuel = coal, oil, wood or gas; forms of energy that have been produced over millions of years from dead
plants and animals, fosil yakıt
• greenhouse = glass building used for growing plants; light gets in and is turned into heat, nursery, glasshouse,
sera,
• harvest = to gather crops from the field, reap, gather, pick, hasat, hasat etmek
• infest = fill with, plague, beset, istila etmek, zarar vermek
• initial = at the beginning, ilk, başlangıç
• lettuce = round vegetable with green leaves that are eaten raw in salads, boodle, bread, cabbage, salata, marul
• lightweight = not heavy, light, hafif
• limit = control, check, curb, bridle, limit
• long term = not soon, but in the course of a longer time period, uzun vadeli
• maize = corn, mısır
• overall = general, complete, total, complete, comprehensive, tüm, etraflı
• preserve = conserve, keep, keep safe, protect, guard, korumak
• produce = food types, crops, make, develop, turn out, üretmek
• profitable= money-making, beneficial, productive, lucrative, kazançlı
• protect = guard ,care for, defend, guard, safeguard, korumak
• provide = offer, give, supply, furnish, equip, sağlamak
• recycle = to use again, reprocess, reuse, geri dönüşümü sağlamak
• reduction = something becomes less; to lower, decrease, diminution, step-down, eksiltme
• rely = depend on, depend on/upon, lean on/upon, count on/upon,bağlı olmak, güvenmek
• require = need, order, command, ask (for), call (for), gerekmek, ihtiyacı olmak
• resource= source, supply, reserve, kaynak
• result in = lead to, give rise to, engender, bring about yol açmak, sonuçlanmak
• similar = like, almost identical, comparable, equivalent, benzer
• skyscraper = very tall modern building in a city, gökdelen
• soil = top layer of earth on which plants grow, dirty, stain, begrime, toprak
• spoil-spoilt = food becomes bad, so that you cannot eat it any more, yiyeceğin bozulması, ruin, damage, go off,
decay
• storey = floor or level of a building, floor, level, tier, apartman katı
• suggest = advise, recommend, propose, advance, urge, önermek
• traditional = old fashioned ,normal, usual, customary, habitual, routine, geleneksel
• urban = city, kentsel
• wheat = plant that white bread is made from, pale yellow, straw, buğday
• whether = if, -ip -mediğini
• widespread use = here: used very much, yaygın kullanım
 COMPUTERS

Earliest computer viruses spread via physical media, such as floppy disks. Modern viruses propagate rapidly

throughout the Internet. In May 2000, the “ILOVEYOU” virus made international headlines as it spread around the

world in a single day and it crashed millions of computers and cost approximately $5 billion in economic damages.

Since then, criminals have learned to prevent their viruses from crashing computers and have made detection of

these viruses much more difficult. For example, we first detected the highly advanced Conficker worm in 2008

and this warm ensures that the typical computer user will not realize that the virus is present by operating

silently.

Spread (v) circulate, disperse, extend, stretch yaymak, yayılmak

Via (prep) through, by means of, by, yoluyla
Propagate (v) breed, reproduce, multiply, proliferate çoğalmak, üremek
Rapidly(adv) fast, quickly, fast, speedily, promptly, swiftly hızlıca
Throughout(adv) all over, all through, / during, through her tarafında, süresince
Make the headlines(v) hit the headlines, manşet olmak
Crash(v) collapse, break down, crumple çökmek, çökertmek
Cost(v) take, harm, hurt mal olmak
Approximately (adv) almost, roughly, about, around, more or less, nearly, some, yaklaşık
Damage(n) harm, blow, destruction, loss zarar, hasar
Prevent(v) hamper, hinder, inhibit, stop, impede, block, obstruct, keep sth/smb from Ving, engellemek
Detect(v) catch, find, discover, recognise, notice, identify bulmak, yakalamak
Detection(n) discovery, finding, bulma
Advanced(adj) leading, developed, sophisticated, ileri, gelişmiş
Ensure(v) guarantee, make sure, assure, garanti etmek, sağlamak
Typical(adj) normal, ordinary, common tipik, genel
Realise(v) understand, comprehend, grasp, know, recognise fark etmek,
Silently (adv) calmly, quietly, sessizce
Operate(v) function, work, run işlemek, çalışmak
Present (adj) there, ready, attendant, here, near, burada, mevcut
 THE FOOD CHAIN

The food chain is the order in which animals and plants eat each other in order to survive. Every living creature

needs to eat other creatures below it. Every ecosystem has a different food chain, depending on which animals

and plants live there.

The lowest part of the food chain are the plants. We call them producers because they produce their own food

using the sunlight's energy. We call this process photosynthesis. Animals are the consumers of the food chain.

They eat other plants and animals.

Some animals only eat plants. Among this group of herbivores are rabbits, mice and cows. Carnivores are animals

that eat other animals, like wolves, foxes or lions. Each food chain has a predator, the strongest animal that others

cannot eat. Hawks or polar bears are such predators that dominate their habitats.

Many creatures belong to more than one food chain. Many other animals as well as insects eat grass, for example.

Food chains that are connected to each other are called food webs.

When an animal dies, warms, bacteria and other organisms eat it up. These so-called decomposers break down

animals and plants into small parts and enrich soil so that other plants can grow better. The nature converts the

nutrients of dead animals and plants into soil so that plants can use them again.

Nature determines the balance of plants and animals within a food chain. For example, if there are too many

zebras in a tropical habitat, many of them will die because they cannot get enough food to feed on. This also

means that there is less food for predators, like lions, to eat. And when there are fewer lions, the zebra population

will grow again.

Words

• bacteria = very small living things, some of which cause illness and disease, bakteri

• balance = equal amounts of something, weigh, estimate, ponder, dengelemek

• carnivore = animal that eat the meat of other animals, etobur hayvan

• connect = link, join/link/tie (together), unite, bağlamak

• consumer = user, consumer durables, tüketici

• convert = change, modify, alter, transform, dönüştürmek

• creature = something living, being, organism, entity, yaratık, varlık

• decompose = to break down into many very small parts, disintegrate, separate, fall/come apart, çürütmek

• depend on = affected by other things, devolve on, depend upon, ride, güvenmek

• determine = decide, settle, clinch, arbitrate, kararlaştırmak

• dominate = control, command, rule, govern, hükmetmek

• ecosystem = animal and plants that live in a certain area and how they exist in their environment, ekosistem

• enrich = to make better, endow, enhance, improve, zenginleştirmek

• habitat = living area, abode, home, haunt, habitat

• hawk = large bird that hunts and eats other, smaller birds, peddle, monger, huckster, doğan

• herbivore = animal that only eats plants, otçul hayvan

• nutrient = chemical or food that gives plants and animals what they need to grow,

alimentary, alimental, nourishing, besin maddesi, gıda

• organism = animal, plant, person or any other living thing, structure, body, canlı varlık, organizma

• photosynthesis = when green plants turn sunlight into energy, fotosentez

• predator = animal that kills and eats all other animals in a region, marauder, vulture, piranha, yırtıcı hayvan

• soil = the top layer of earth; on which plants can grow, dirty, stain, toprak

• survive = to live on, continue, last, live (on), persist, sağ kalmak, yaşamak
 THE HUMAN BRAIN

The human brain is a very powerful organ. It controls all parts of the body and allows you to think, feel, move

your arms and legs and it helps you stay healthy. The brain looks like a pink sponge and consists of a mass of

nerve cells. The skull protects it. An adult's brain weighs about 1.5 kilograms.

Main Parts of the Brain

Cerebrum

The biggest part of the brain is the cerebrum. It makes up about 85 % of the brain's weight. Its surface has a lot of

wrinkles and cracks. The cerebrum is the thinking part of the brain. It controls your muscles and makes them

move when you want them to. When you think hard, try to solve a math problem or draw a picture you use your

cerebrum. It is also the area which stores your memory. The cerebrum has two halves. Some scientists think that

the right half helps you think about things like music, colours or shapes. The left half helps you think logically and

controls your speech. The right half of the cerebrum controls the left side of your body and the left half controls

the right side.

Cerebellum

The cerebellum is a lot smaller than the cerebrum and sits at the back of the brain. It's very important because it

controls balance, movement and the way your muscles work together. It allows you to stand on your feet without

falling down or lets you balance your weight on a surf– or snowboard.

Brain Stem

The brain stem is below the cerebrum and in front of the cerebellum. It connects the brain to your spinal cord.

This part of the brain controls the functions your body needs in order to stay alive and it is in charge of things that

happen automatically. The brain stem manages breathing, body temperature, pain , hunger and heartbeats. It

tells your heart to pump more blood when you go jogging and need more oxygen, or it tells your stomach to

digest the food that you eat. It sends messages back and forth between your brain and other organs of your body.
The Nervous System

There are millions and millions of nerve cells which we call neurons. Almost all of them are there when you are

born but they are not connected with each other. When you learn things as a child the brain starts to create

pathways between the neurons. As time goes on things become easier for you to do and you don't have to think

about them because you do them automatically.

Brain disorders

Injuries, illnesses and other diseases that you may inherit from your parents or grandparents can damage your

brain. Disorders that destroy brain cells are very serious because the body cannot replace lost cells. A stroke

occurs when the brain cells do not get enough oxygen, which is transported throughout your body by blood. If this

happens the brain can no longer work in the damaged area. Many stroke victims are not able to use a certain side

of their body and, very often, they lose the ability to speak clearly. High blood pressure often causes strokes or

they occur when arteries become harder. Some stroke victims die, others recover partly. The rapid growth of

cells leads to brain tumours. Such fast-growing cells destroy healthy ones. As they grow, they create pressure and

may damage other areas of the brain. Doctors may sometimes remove tumours be with operations. Some

bacteria or viruses result in diseases and they can also damage to the human brain. One of the most common

illnesses is meningitis, a disease that affects the membranes that cover the brain and the spinal cord. Sometimes

the brain of an unborn baby does not develop the way it should. In Down's syndrome there is an extra

chromosome that causes mental disorder. In other cases, genetic errors cause brain damage in later life.

Huntington's disease, for example, occurs mostly during middle age. It leads to jerky movements of the body.

Alzheimer's disease often occurs after the age of 60. Many victims suffer from a loss of memory and they often

cannot care for themselves.

Today, modern medicine has ways and methods of looking into the human brain. The EEG (

electroencephalogram) records the activity in the brain. Computed tomography makes pictures by sending many

X-rays through the brain. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses powerful magnets to show how atoms in your

brain change.
What can you do for your brain?

• Eat healthy food

• Don't drink alcohol or smoke cigarettes

• Wear a helmet when you ride a bike, go snowboarding or roller skating. It protects you from head injuries.

• Use your brain by doing a lot of things that forces it to work. Activities like reading, playing music and solving

puzzles keep your brain active.

Interesting facts about the brain

• In an unborn baby , the brain develops much quicker than other organs

• The brain reaches its full weight when you are 6 years old.

• The brain does not feel any pain. As a result, doctors can perform operations on people who are conscious.

• Brain cells begin to die if they don't get oxygen for three to five minutes.

• The brain gets 20% of your body's oxygen even though it only makes up 2 % of your weight.

• Everyone's brain has the same features but no brain looks exactly like any other.

Words

• ability =the power to do something, adeptness, aptitude, facility, kabiliyet

• activity = something that happens, action, movement, motion, etkinlik

• affect =to have an effect on; influence, attack, act upon, strike, etkilemek

• allow = let, acknowledge, admit, grant, izin vermek

• area = place, yer

• artery = a tube that carries blood from your heart to the rest of your body, damar

• balance =to spread your weight so that you do not fall, denge

• blood pressure =the force with which blood travels through your body, nabız, kan basıncı

• breathe = to take air into your lungs and send it out again, nefes alma, solunum
• cause =reason for, make, induce, sebep olmak

• cell = the smallest part of a living thing that can exist by itself, hücre

• certain =special, determined, set, fixed, kesin, belirli

• common = very popular, çok yaygın

• connect = join together, join/link/tie (together), bağlamak

• conscious = to be awake; if you are able to see and understand the things around you,

aware, awake, alert, bilinçli olmak

• crack =a line that splits an object apart, but it doesn’t break, çatlak,

• create = make, produce, form, bring into being, oluşturmak, yaratmak

• destroy =damage, demolish, tear/pull down, raze, tahrip etme

• develop = grow, advance, expand (on/upon), geliştirmek

• digest = to change food that you have eaten into things your body can use, sindirim

• disease = illness, sickness, affliction, ailment, hastalık

• disorder = an illness which does not let parts of your body work in the correct way, rahatsızlık

• drug = here : medicine, ilaç

• error = mistake, mistake, inaccuracy, fault, yanlışlık, hata

• feature =characteristic, special quality, present, promote, publicize, özellik

• force =to make someone or something do something, make something happen, make, oblige, require,

zorlamak

• functions =job, task, work, fonksiyon, işlev

• genetic =what you get from your parents, genetik

• growth =to get bigger, büyüme, çoğalma

• in charge of = to control, yükümlü, sorumlu

• inherit = get, come into, fall/be/become heir to, miras olarak almak

• injury = when you are hurt in an accident, yaralanma

• jerky =rough, sudden movements, with many starts and stops, anserine, dopy, dopey, düzensiz
• loss = if you lose something, deprivation, bereavement, privation, zarar, kayıp

• manage = control, handle, administer, run, işletmek

• membrane = a thin piece of skin that covers or connects parts of your body, membran

• memory = the ability to remember things that have happened, hafıza

• mental = everything that has to do with your brain, mental, akli

• movement = when you change your position or move from one place to another, hareket

• occur = to happen, take place, arise, meydana gelmek

• oxygen = the gas that is in the air and that we need to survive, oksijen

• pain = the feeling you have when your body hurts, ağrı

• partly = not fully, partially, part, kısmen

• pathway = many nerves that give information to each other, yol, patika

• pressure =force, weight, persuade, influence, prevail upon/on,

• protect =defend, guard, care for, defend, safeguard, korumak

• rapid = fast, quick, fast, swift, hızlı

• reach = get to, reach out, hold out, extend, ulaşmak, erişmek

• record = to write down on a machine, write (down), transcribe, document, kaydetmek

• recover = to become healthy again, regain, get/take/win/make back (again), iyileşme

• remove = to take away, take off, doff, shed, cast off, sökmek, kaldırmak

• replace =put back, return, change, put in place of, substitute, yerine geçmek

• scientist =a person who is trained in science, bilim adamı

• serious = very bad, dangerous, grave, solemn, earnest, ciddi şekilde

• shape = the form that something has, form, fashion, mould, şekillendirmek

• skull = the bones of the head, kafatası

• solve = to find a way to do something, work/figure out, unravel, disentangle, çözüm

• speech = the ability to speak, speaking, talking, articulation, konuşma

• spinal cord = the thick string of nerves that lies in your back . It transports messages to and from your brain,

omurilik

• sponge =soft material that can absorb water; it is used for washing and cleaning, sünger

• store = to keep things in a place, depo

• stroke =when an artery with blood suddenly breaks open or is blocked ; when this happens a person may not

be able to use some muscles; it can even lead to death, felç, inme

• surface =the top part of an object, appear, show up, emerge, yüzey

• victim =here: people who have this illness, kazazede, hasta

• weigh =how heavy something is, consider, ponder, contemplate, ağırlık, tartmak

• weight =how heavy something is, load, charge, ballast, ağırlık yapmak

• wrinkles = lines in your skin, yüz kırışıklığı

• X-ray = light that goes through a person's body. It can show you pictures of inside organs, x-ışını, röntgen

çekimi
 COFFEE - A POPULAR HOT DRINK

Coffee is one of the most popular hot drinks in the world. Almost a third of the world’s population drinks

coffee. People often meet at cafes or coffee shops for a coffee break during the middle of the morning or stop

work in the afternoon to drink coffee.

We produce about 7 million tons of coffee every year. Brazil is, by far, the world’s largest coffee producer. About a

third of the world’s production comes from this South American country. Other coffee producing countries

include Vietnam, Indonesia and Columbia.

The United States is the biggest coffee consumer in the world. People in this country consume about 1.2 billion

kilograms of coffee every year. Drinking coffee is extremely popular in European countries, like Italy, France and

Germany, as well as in Brazil.

The coffee plant

Coffee grows as a green-leaved tree or bush with blossoming white flowers. The coffee shrub originally comes

from Ethiopia but, in the course of time it spread to Southeast Asia and South America.

There are two basic types of coffee. Arabica accounts for about 70% of the world’s coffee production. Farmers

grow it in the higher regions of central and South America and it is popular for its flavor and fragrance. Robusta

has spread throughout central and eastern Africa. Although it makes up only thirty per cent of the total coffee

production, it has become more important because it can resist diseases better. It also has smaller beans and can

grow at lower altitudes than Arabica.

Coffee plants grow in the warm and moist climate of the tropics and subtropics. Most coffee trees grow best

between 1000 and 2500 meters above sea level.

Coffee trees produce fruits called berries. At first they are yellow, and then become red as they mature. An

average coffee tree can produce enough berries to make about a pound (half a kilo) of roasted coffee.
Farmers grow coffee seeds in nursery beds. After a year, the farmers plant them in specially prepared fields. It

takes a coffee tree about six years to produce a full harvest of coffee berries. The largest ones can get up to six

meters tall, but farmers normally trim them to a height of 1.5 to 4 meters.

Harvesting and processing coffee

Farmers pick most coffee berries by hand, which makes sure that they only use the good berries. After separating

berries from leaves and other waste materials, they take out, clean and dry the the beans. Only the best beans

make it to the market. Then in factories, workers put them into bags and ship them to countries where people

roast them.

At their destination, we combine the beans to make different blends of coffee. Roasting for about 15 minutes

brings out the true flavor of the coffee.

Effects of coffee

Coffee contains caffeine, a substance that stimulates parts of the body, especially heart and muscles. People

often drink coffee to help them stay awake or keep them alert. Although coffee has some negative effects, it is

not thought to be a harmful drink. Children and people who have heart problems should not drink coffee it in

great quantities. In decaffeinated coffee, we extract ther caffeine in a chemical process.

History of coffee

Coffee originated in the east African highlands in the 6th century. Then people brought it to Arabia where they

used it as food and medicine. During the 11th century, the first coffee drinks came up. In the 16th and 17th

centuries, coffee became widely popular in Europe when the Turks brought it to Central Europe. In the 17th and

18th century coffee conquered North and South America

Coffee houses soon became popular all over the world. In the 1900s chains of coffee shops developed in Europe

and America. Today, Starbucks is the largest coffeehouse chain in the world, with over 20,000 stores in 60

countries.
Words

• account for = to produce a certain amount of , açıklama, tekabül etmek

• add = put into, join, unite, combine, eklemek, toplamak

• although = while, rağmen

• altitude = height, elevation, EL, ALT, rakım

• average = normal, mean, norm, usual, ortalama

• basic = main, important, fundamental, essential, key, temel

• berry = small fruit or seed of a plant, taneli ufak meyve

• billion = a thousand million, milyar

• blend = when you mix many different types, mix, mingle, combine, karışım

• blossom = when a tree produces flowers, flower, prime, peak, çiçek açma

• boiling = very very hot, stewing, simmering, kaynama

• brew = when the taste of coffee or tea gets into hot water, ferment, cook, boil, demlemek

• by far = much more or better than anything else, far and away, out and away, açık farkla

• century = a hundred years, hundred, 100, C, asır, yüzyıl

• chain = shops owned by the same company, string, series, combination, zincir, seri

• coffee break = a short time when you stop working and have a cup of coffee, kahve molası

• combine = put together, unite, unify, join, birleştirmek

• conquer = here: to become popular in, overcome, vanquish, beat, fethetmek, başarmak

• consumer = here: country whose people drink a lot of coffee, tüketici

• contain = to have in it, hold, have in it, bear, kapsamak, içermek

• course of time = as time goes on, geçen zaman içinde

• crush = to press something into many small pieces, squash, squelch, mash, ezmek

• decaffeinated = without caffeine, kafeinsiz

• decorate = to make something look prettier, embellish, adorn, ornament, süslemek

• destination = place where something is going to, finish, terminus, stop, varış yeri

• develop = grow, advance, expand (on/upon), geliştirmek

• dissolve = melt, break up, liquefy, disperse, disintegrate, eritmek

• especially = above all, particularly, specially, specifically, özellikle

• extract = take out, draw/pull (out), remove, withdraw, almak (bilgi, vb)

• extremely = very, exceedingly, outrageously, aşırı

• filter = material that you pour something into and only the liquid gets through, filter out, strain, screen,

süzmek, filtre

• flaked = small thin pieces of, pul pul

• flavor = taste , aroma, spirit, tone, feel, tat, lezzet

• flow = run. move smoothly through, stream, pour, run, akmak, akım

• foam = when liquid turns into a mass of bubbles, bubble, froth, spume, köpürmek

• force = make something happen, make, oblige, require, zorlamak

• fragrance = nice smell, scent, aroma, smell, güzel ve hoş koku

• full harvest = here: when trees can produce the highest amount of coffee, tam hasat

• ground coffee = to use a machine to break into powder or very small pieces, kahve değirmeni

• harmful = dangerous, destructive, pernicious, deleterious, zararlı

• height = how high something is, altitude, elevation, level, yükseklik

• highlands = high, flat areas, dağlık bölge

• include = are also, incorporate, embody, comprise, kapsamak, içermek

• instant coffee = coffee in powdery form, granül kahve

• market = place where you buy and sell something, sell, merchandise, retail, supermarket

• mature = be become fully grown or ripe, yetişkin, olgun

• moist = wet, damp, wettish, dampish, nemli

• muddy = not clear, obscure, dull, dim, bulanık, çamurlu

• nursery bed = place where new plants and trees are grown, fidanlık
• originally = at first, beginning, initially, aslen

• originate = come from, create, bring about, engender, kaynaklanmak

• package = put into boxes or bags, paketlemek

• pad = here: filling, cushion, wad, stuff, yumuşak maddededen oluşan koruyucu madde

• pick = harvest, select, choose, cull, seçmek

• popular = liked by many people, favourite, favoured, in favour, popüler

• population = people, nüfus

• pot = container, pan, saucepan, cauldron, çanak

• pour = to make a liquid flow out of something, flow, run, gush, dökmek

• powdery = to break into very very small pieces, pulverized, small-grained, fine-grained, toz gibi

• process = to make a product ready to be sold, treat, prepare, (make/get) ready, işlemek

• quantity = amount, miktar

• resist = to defend itself against, stop, hinder, prevent, direnmek

• roast = to heat quickly so that you give something a certain taste, ridicule, guy, blackguard, fırında kızartma

• sea level = the average height of the sea, used as a standard for measuring mountain peaks and other objects,

deniz seviyesi

• seed = small hard object of a plant from which a new plant can grow, scatter, sow, distribute, tohum

• separate = divide , split, disjoin, pull/take/break apart, ayırmak

• shrub = bush, plant, ağaççık

• spread = expand from one place to another, spread out, diffuse, distribute, yaymak

• stimulate = to make something become active, rouse, arouse, waken, uyarmak

• substance = stuff, material, matter, stuff, cisim, madde

• take place = happen, meydana gelmek

• trim = cut, curtail, shorten, prune, kırpmak

• waste = not needed, squander, misuse, throw away, boşa harcamak

• widely = very, extensively, thoroughly, universally, geniş ölçüde