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Guideline for Seismic
Upgrading of Building
Structures
Guideline for Seismic
Upgrading of Building
Structures
Prepared by:
Institute for Research in Construction
National Research Council of Canada
Funded by:
Public Works and Government Services Canada
British Columbia Buildings Corporation
Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation
Institute for Research in Construction
NOTICE
This Guideline has been prepared by the Institute for Research in Construction (IRC) for the
organizations listed above. With the agreement of these organizations the Guideline is being
made available to interested individuals or organizations for their information and review. This
Guideline is not to be interpreted as replacing or superseding applicable building regulations.
Neither IRC nor the sponsoring organizations assume any liability for the use of this document.
GUIDELINE FOR SEISMIC UPGRADING OF BUILDING STRUCTURES
Preface
Summary Background
This Guideline provides information This Guideline is based in part on
and advice on the seismic upgrading of NEHRP Handbook of Techniques for Seismic
existing building structures, and is intended Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings, 4 but the
for use by qualified structural engineers. It is material has been reorganized and shortened
a companion document to the recently considerably. Also, this document contains
published Guidelines for Seismic Evaluation of more guidance on innovative techniques than
Existing Buildings l and the Manualfor does the NEHRP Handbook.
Screening of Buildings for Seismic
Investigation,2 both of which are related to the The first draft of this Guideline was
National Building Code of Canada. 3 produced with the support of Public Works
and Government Services Canada. Based on
The Guideline describes conventional comments received, the draft has been
techniques of seismic upgrading of building improved for publication with the support of
structures and discusses their relative merits B.C. Buildings Corporation and Canada
based on the objectives of seismic upgrading Mortgage and Housing Corporation.
and the principal considerations in their choice
and design. It also describes innovative The Guideline was prepared by the
seismic upgrading techniques such as following persons:
supplementary damping and contains
references to more detailed information on D.E. Allen, IRCfNRC, Ottawa, Ontario
such techniques. It does not include Principal Investigator
techniques for upgrading of non-structural
building components. Main Contributors:
L. Bell CWMM, Vancouver, B.C.
S. Cherry University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, RC.
F. Knoll Nicolet Chartrand Knoll Ltee.,
Montreal, Quebec
R. Lo Klohn Crippen Consultants Ltd.,
Richmond, B.C.
l.R. Rainer IRCfNRC, Ottawa, Ontario
Table of Contents
4. UPGRADING TECHNIQUES·
CONVENTIONAL 13
4.1 New Shear Walls, Bracing or Moment
Frames 13
4.2 Upgrading Existing Moment
Frames 15
4.3 Upgrading Existing Braced
Frames 17
4.4 Upgrading Existing Shear Walls 18
4.5 Upgrading Existing Diaphragms 23
4.6 Techniques for Lateral Support of
Walls and Parapets 27
GUIDELINE FOR SEISMIC UPGRADING OF BUILDING STRUCTURES
Chapter 1
Introduction
Chapter 2
o
GUIDELINE FOR SEISMIC UPGRADING OF BUILDING STRUCTURES
Chapter 3
o
GUIDELINE FOR SEISMIC UPGRADING OF BUILDING STRUCTURES
LtChange in
centre of rigidity
Compatibility. This term refers to
the ability of parallel elements of the vertical
structure to work together to provide a system
that behaves well in an earthquake. A very
ductile but flexible moment frame is not
compatible with a stiff brittle shear wall.
.'\.oCI.... 0 •••• 0 •••• The provision of such a frame as a second line
of defence will not prevent collapse in
~ Add new stiff situations where shear walls that are required
elements to reduce to carry gravity loads suddenly collapse in an
eccentricity earthquake.
+~
•• system that is protected from deformations
•• affecting the integrity of the walls, i.e. through
elements that are of sufficient stiffness as well
Q as strength. This can be done in different
••
(ange in :entre
of rigidity
•
o•
• ways: by making the walls adequately strong
to resist the forces they will attract; by
improving their deformability; or by adding
•• independent but sufficiently stiff elements.
••
• • • • .[J • • • • .[J • • • • .[J • • • • CJ
o
GUIDELINE FOR SEISMIC UPGRADING OF BUILDING STRUCTURES
o
GUIDELINE FOR SEISMIC UPGRADING OF BUILDING STRUCTURES
Chapter 4
Upgrading Techniques -
Conventional
Conventional seismic upgrading 4.1 New Shear Walls,
techniques include standard strengthening Bracing or Moment
methods - placing connectors (anchors, nails,
welds, bolts, dowels, splices, etc.) between Frames
existing structural components; connecting new
components (members, overlays, infills) to New shear walls may consist of
existing components; building new sub-systems reinforced concrete, reinforced masonry,
such as shear walls, bracing systems or piles and plywood on studs, or steel. New bracing is
connecting them to the existing structure. generally steel but could be timber, and new
Another conventional technique, not discussed in moment frames are generally made of steel or
this chapter, is to remove one or more upper reinforced concrete. These systems can be
storeys of the building in order to reduce the placed within the building, as interior or
seismic forces to a safe level. These exterior walls or bracing (Figure 4-la, b), or
strengthening methods make use of standard outside the building as buttresses
construction procedures. Techniques requiring (Figure 4-1 c). Exterior buttresses may have an
specialized devices or materials, such as advantage in that work can be cmTied out
supplementary damping, base isolators and fibre- primarily from the outside, minimizing
reinforced plastic or cement overlays are disruption and damage to interior finishes,
considered in Chapter 5. Techniques for equipment, etc.
upgrading foundations are discussed in Chapter 6.
Preferably, new shear walls or
This chapter provides brief descriptions bracing should be continuous to the
of techniques that can be used for upgrading the foundations. If not, the diaphragms may have
building structure, including a discussion of to be upgraded where vertical shear walls or
their relative merits based on the objectives and bracing are offset between floors.
principles described in Chapter 3.
Choice of System: It is generally
The details shown in Figures 4-1 best to choose a new system that is compatible
to 4-16 are generic and are intended to with the existing structural system.
illustrate concepts. Each detail must be Compatibility in this Guideline usually refers
designed to be workable under the conditions to compatibility in the load-displacement
that actually exist. response to a horizontal force. A new ductile
moment frame, for example, is not compatible
Care must be taken in the detailing to with an existing blittle shear wall. If the new
ensure that load paths are achieved. In general, system is in the same line of resistance as an
the use of large gusset plates, long fillet welds existing system, or between two similar
or stitching with many anchors is existing systems joined by a rigid diaphragm,
recommended to avoid concentrated forces at then the new and old systems are essentially
the interface of old and new components. parallel and should, preferably, be compatible.
There is less need for compatibility if the stiff
A global structural outlook must be system is ductiie or if the incompatible
maintained when developing an upgrade systems are not acting in parallel.
solution since an inappropriate solution may
change the seismic characteristics of the
building. For example, infilling a metal deck
with concrete to increase its capacity will also
increase gravity loads and possibly increase
forces in some vertical elements because the
diaphragm is much more rigid.
GUIDELINE FOR SEISMIC UPGRADING OF BUILDING STRUCTURES
4'++--r-H--+-+--"!"T"~Grouted dowels
Concrete, masonry or
steel buttress wall
New reinforcing
Ties
~AngleS
~welds
~Straps
Diagonal Cross
Chevron v K
Eccentric
~
~Linkbeam
(ductile fuse)
.k. ,.
GUIDELINE FOR SEISMIC UPGRADING OF BUILDING STRUCTURES
n ,-,
::
,-,
:: n n n n n
'::: ~
'...
:C Dowels
.... :::' epoxy-grouted
in drilled holes
'... :::'
'::: :::.
'::: '*',
' ... ,....:'
Precast Concrete:
• Infills (Figure 4-5)
• Reinforced concrete overlays (Figure 4-6a)
• Connection strengthening
• Pilasters/beams
• Tie-downs
Unreinforced Masonry:
• Reinforced concrete overlays (Figure 4-6a)
• Vertical reinforcing (Figure 4-7)
• Pilasters/columns
• Wire mesh/cement plaster or FRC
• Replacement
Wood:
• Additional nailing
• Plywood/OSB overlays (Figure 4-6b)
• Metal tie-downs and anchors (Figure 4-8)
Brickwork
Dowels (min 3 wythes)
"""'Vi bolt
,........... strap
.......
Tension
splice
Tension
splice strap
Infills are often less costly, but they Concrete block walls can be upgraded
may be unacceptable for reasons of for both in-plane and out-of-plane forces by the
appearance. Overlays are less disruptive if installation of vertical reinforcement in the
applied from the outside, but heritage or hollow cores (Figure 4-7a). The concrete in
appearance considerations usually require them the roof bond beam is chipped out and a
to be applied from the inside or on interior reinforcing bar is inserted and anchored to the
shear walls. Concrete overlays increase shear foundation by a grout-filled hole.
capacity and provide lateral support to existing Alternatively, hollow cores may be opened by
masonry, but may require foundation saw-cuts near the top of each storey for
upgrading. Coupling beams between shear inserting reinforcing bars. The reinforced core
walls which behave in a ductile manner may is then filled with concrete. If intermediate
sometimes be cost-effective because they not bond beams exist, they are carefully chipped
only reduce wall overturning forces but out locally. An advantage of this procedure is
improve the overall ductility of the connected that work can be carried out from the exterior,
system. Consideration should be given to the Though the exterior face exhibits some
effects of relative movements between new patching, it is usually covered with an air
overlays/infills and existing shear walls, e.g., barrier, insulation and a new finish. A similar
shrinkage cracks and bowing. technique is used for brick masonry (minimum
thickness 300 mm) by drilling vertical cores
The continuity of the shear wall (l00 mm diameter) down through the masonry
system should be ensured by providing a and placing reinforcing steel and grout
continuous load path in shear, tension and (polymer cement) in the cored holes
compression. Existing concrete walls deficient (Figure 4-7b). The technique provides greater
in zone reinforcement can be upgraded by lateral stability and better rocking resistance of
adding concrete nibs or bolting on steel narrow walls. For both methods the
members. Foundation tie-downs for precast reinforcing may be post-tensioned.
walls to convert them into vertical cantilevers
or additional shear transfer connections may be Alternatively, unreinforced masonry
used as alternatives to strengthening existing can be upgraded by fibre-reinforced plasters
connections. Tie-down splices and shear (see 5.3) and by reinforced concrete overlays,
transfer connections may be required in wood including the option of removing the outer
shear walls, particularly for shorter walls, wythe to reduce weight and space.
whereas longer wood-stud shear walls may not
require tie-downs.
GUIDELINE FOR SEISMIC UPGRADING OF BUILDING STRUCTURES
rl°
Od Nails
T~.~~
Shear connectors (channels, angles etc.
or screws installed from above or below)
Edge reinforcing
Grouted dowel at openings
.~
/
Horizontal bracing
New chord
and anchor
angle (collector)
Clip angles
Masonry Concrete
Precast slab Precast slat
Chord
Increased for
shear transfer
"
:::..£-IA
III~
:: :
- - - -I It- - - - - - - - - - - - -
III
~I I- - -
(c) Splicing a glulam beam
====:=: ------------ ,,(1- ~ ==:::
I I I
I I I
I I r
I I I
I I I
I r I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
====. =t I I
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _
I
===:::
-- -1 i~ --------- -,~
:::J
Welds
I II ILl- '
Section A-A
Blocking
+ + + +
220min~/ i
Blocking
Joist
Grouted anchor
Anchor
Steel angle
Gap
Steel Twith
vertical siot
Chapter 5
p
(Ib) A (kN)
2000 8.9
700
350
Z
~
Metallic w
0
yield a:
0
damper LL
-350
-700
-0.36 -0.18 0.00 0.18 0.36
y (rad)
Figure 5-1. Hysteresis cruces for damping devices (Reprinted by permission)JO, 11
There are three main types of to the fundamental building frequency. The
damping devices - friction, metallic-yielding, damping devices, however, stiffen the
and viscous/viscoelastic. Types and building, consequently there is a decrease in
applications are described in Passive Energy its period T in addition to an increase in its
DissipationlO and Proceedings of Seminar on damping. This results in two benefits, first a
Seismic Isolation ll . An indication of their reduced dynamic amplification at the original
energy-dissipative behaviour is shown by building frequency due to the increased
hysteresis test curves in Figure 5-1. damping, second a reduced displacement due
to a decrease in period. This may not result in
Eccentric bracing, covered in a decrease in base shear, but this is not so
Appendix D of CSA Standard S16.1, 6 acts as serious because the added braced dampers
an energy dissipating element, except that the carry part of the lateral load. Figure 5-2b
'device' is part of the structure and therefore shows that increasing lateral stiffness as well
not supplemental or easily replaceable. as damping is particularly beneficial for
structures founded on soft soil.
It is important that the damping
devices be tested prior to installation for For efficient operation the supplementary
assurance of their behaviour. It should also be devices should be located in the regions of the
ensured that their behaviour is maintained building where significant inter-storey
during the life of the building. displacements occur. For stability of the
structure, the lateral resistance of the structure
Design Principles and Analysis. should increase with increasing displacement.
A general idea of the effect of supplemental It is therefore important that, except for the
damping on structural response can be devices, the structural system remain elastic,
obtained by examining the earthquake or nearly so, during the design earthquake. It
response spectrum for normal damping may be necessary to use conventional
(5 percent critical) and supplemental damping techniques to strengthen some structural
(25 percent critical approx.) such as shown for components, such as columns in lower storeys
two typical cases in Figure 5-2. Figure 5-2 that attract extra axial loads from the new
shows that if the structure is upgraded without braced devices. Because of the added
changing its period, the reduction in response damping, however, these loads are likely to be
is the difference between the lower and the smaller than those resulting from the presence
upper response spectrum values corresponding of the new bracing alone.
J< •
GUIDELINE FOR SEISMIC UPGRADING OF BUILDING STRUCTURES
<Il
/
/
/
10 i
.!!!
"0
~
30j
<Il
"0
1!! - - -- 1!!
1!! 0.5 201!!
i i i
CIl
10 i
CIl CIl OCll
0 0
2 3 4 5 0 2 3 4 5
Period, seconds Period, seconds
Figure 5-2. Exarnples of Earthquake Response Spectra for Acceleration and Di:,placement
(Reprinted by permission) 10
__ spectral acceleration, - - - spectral displacement
z ....z
o w
~
a:: ~
:E
w ~
w 0.05 u 0.05
..J
«
W 0.10 ..J
a.. 0.10
() CIl 0.20
U 0.20
« is
..J ..J
« «
a::
a:: ....
t; u
w
w a..
a.. CIl
CIl
TI PERIOD TI PERIOD
Currently there are three main types 5.3 FRP/FRC Overlays and
of base isolation devices: elastomeric, sliding Encasements
and hybrid. The most popular ones in use
consist of deep elastomeric pads laminated
Fibreglass has been used for many
with steel plates, which incorporate high
years to upgrade wood boats. Fibre-reinforced
damping rubber or a lead core to provide
plastics (FRP) and fibre-reinforced cements
energy dissipation. Sliding isolatio~ devices.
(FRC) incorporating glass, carbon a.nd ?ther
have also been used in North Amenca. Hybnd
materials are now being used for seIsmIC
isolation systems combine sliding with
upgrading of buildings. Current applications
elastomeric damping. More information on
include FRC overlays of masonry walls and
these devices is contained in Proceedings of
partitions, and FRP encasement of concrete
Seminar on Seismic Isolation. 11
columns and architectural terra-cotta.
A base isolation system should
Masonry Walls/Partitions. Fibre-
provide increasing resistance with increasin~
reinforced cement (FRC) strengthening of
displacement so that the building returns to Its
existing masonry is currently used for seismic
original position after the earthquake.
upgrading in New Zealand and Australia. 16
The FRC system is a plaster skin process
Requirements for the design of base (Figure 5-4) which can be used for improving
isolated buildings and for the testing and
both in-plane and out-of-plane strength of
maintenance of base isolators are contained in masonry walls. 17 The FRC process consists of
the NHERP Recommended Provisions. 5
one or more layers, depending on the strength
Although these requirements apply to new
required, of a particular high tensile strengt~
buildings, many of them would also be
woven fibreglass mesh which is embedded m
appropriate for existing buildings. The . a fibre-reinforced plaster. The process can be
NEHRP publication contains three analysIs
applied to one or both sides of a wall. Z?ne
procedures in order of increasing complexity steel with plaster thickening may be reqUIred at
and wider application - a static procedure, a
the ends of shear walls. The manufacturers
spectrum procedure and a time-history
have developed some specialized details for
dynamic procedure. The conditions for which
developing continuity and for connecting the
the procedures may be used relate to soils,
walls to the floors and roofs.
proximity of active faults, seismicity, bUil.ding
period, building irregularities and propertIes of
the isolation system. Fiberglass reinforced cement strengthening
I, ,.'
-..
'
"
"
.". , ... ,
,. - -..... ,
A
Section A·A
Chapter 6
Upgrading
Techniques - Foundations
Historically, few foundations on level Objectives (1) and (2) are generally
competent ground have failed during achieved by the application of conventional
ear1hquakes. Foundation failures have techniques for upgrading described in 6.1 or
occurred where the underlying soils have by the application of soil stabilization
comprised loose saturated sandy or silty soil, or techniques described in 6.2. Objective (3) is
very soft sensitive clays, or where foundations generally achieved by the application of
have been located on steep slopes. techniques described in 4.2 to 4.4 and 6.1.
Objective (4) is achieved by the application of
The advice of a competent soil stabilization techniques described in 6.2.
geotechnical engineer and/or geologist should Objective (5) is achieved by the application of
be sought whenever the building is located on conventional techniques described in 6.1 and
soft or loose soil or where geological seismic the use of special devices described in 5.2.
site hazards exist.
~ Attached to the
Preloading jack and foundation with
pocket (if required) brackets or
concrete cap
Reinforced concrete
needle beam (above or
below footings)
Drilled
concrete piers
1 00 -+_.l.-{I...;I:--_-is:::.:a;;,;,n.:;;d=---........,""'7=---~-I!......---....:S=.;i.:.:.lt---.lI-_r_...;c::.:.:la::..yL-_l1
\~-+-I__-!.--'---+-I\~
- t----\-T-"':7'±--:::::--~.,...-+-....;\1,-,
\ Vi ro - Comoaction \ \
-t----\T-1--:-;~--;::'__:_--+-~\~--+-c
\ Vibro - Reolacement \ 1<
-j-;::~q::;===~=~::::t:
2 \ Comoaction Pi es \ I{
- \
Jet Grout \
50 -t-----t\----;::::--:--:t::---:---\--, ,
\ Chemical i,Grout\\ <II
-
<Gravel Drains I Drainaae \i\ells \
- \
\ Comoactibn Grout \
-
\ \
~ I \ Soil r ixinq \
Soil stabilization techniques used for Some techniques are more adaptable
seismic upgrading of existing foundation soils for use inside an existing building, such as
are listed in Table 6-1, together with their chemical and compaction grouting, drainage
basic soil improvement functions. These wells and minipiling. Other techniques such
functions include: as minipiling or jet grouting may involve
• densification of loose soils or drilling inclined holes from outside the
strengthening of weak soils beneath building. Finally, there are techniques
existing structures and/or in adjacent areas involving equipment that is mainly suitable for
on sloping ground, use in open space, such as soil mixing, vibro-
• underpinning and strengthening the subsoil compaction and vibro-replacement, and
support of existing foundations, compaction piles. In adopting any of these
• improvement of subsoil for the installation techniques, careful selection of competent and
of new foundations, and experienced specialist contractors as well as a
• drainage of subsoils to mitigate seismic well-planned quality control program during
pore pressure build-up. construction are essential.
GUIDELINE FOR SEISMIC UPGRADING OF BUILDING STRUCTURES
Tremied concrete
Soil-cement
mixed in situ
References
1. Institute for Research in Construction, 10. Hanson, R.D., ed., Passive Energy
Guidelines for Seismic Evaluation of Dissipation. Earthquake Spectra 9
Existing Buildings. National Research (1993):319-636.
Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario,
1993,150 p. (NRCC 36941). 11. Passive Energy Dissipation and Active
Control. In: Seminar on Seismic Isolation
2. Institute for Research in Construction, (2 vol.), Applied Technology Council ATC
Manual for Screening of Buildings for 17-1, March 1993.
Seismic Investigation. National Research
Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, 12. Cherry, S. and A Filiaitrault, Seismic
1993,90 p. (NRCC 36943). Response Control of Buildings Using
Friction Dampers. Earthquake Spectra 9
3. Associate Committee on the National (1993):447-466.
Building Code, National Building Code of
Canada 1990. National Research Council 13. Skinner, R.E., WN. Robinson, and G.H.
of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, 423 p. McVerry, An Introduction to Seismic
(NRCC 30619). Isolation. John Wiley & Sons, New York,
N.Y.,1993.
4. Federal Emergency Management Agency,
NEHRP Handbook of Techniques for 14. Base Isolation and Passive Energy
Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Dissipation. Proc. of seminar and
Buildings. Report FEMA-ln, workshop, Applied Technology Council
Washington, D.C., 1992. ATC 17. March 1986.
5. Federal Emergency Management Agency, 15. Look, D.W, ed., The Seismic Retrofit of
"Provisions." Part 1 of NEHRP Historical Buildings. Proc. of conference
Recommended Provisions for the and workshop, Assoc. for Preservation
Development of Seismic Regulations for Technology (Western Chapter). San
New Buildings. Report FEMA-95 (2 Francisco, CA, 1991.
vol.), Washington D.C. 1991.
16. Refits Prepare Buildings for Earth
6. CSA Standard CAN/CSA SI6.1-M89, Tremors. Architecture NZ
Limit States Design of Steel Structures. (MaylJune 1993): 102-103.
Canadian Standards Association, Rexdale,
Ontario, 1989. 17. Smith, A.H., T.W Robertson, and D.J.A.
Hamp, POLYPLAST - A Plaster
7. CSA Standard CAN/CSA-086.1-M89, Strengthening System for Masonry Walls.
Engineering Design in Wood (Limit States In: Transactions of the Inst. of Prof.
Design). Canadian Standards Association, Engineers, New Zealand 20 (Nov.
Rexdale, Ontario, 1989. 1993): 1-9.
8. CSA Standard CAN3-A23.3-M84, Design 18. Seismic Retrofit Cuts Installation Costs.
of Concrete Structures for Buildings. Better Roads 63 (May 1993):20-22.
Canadian Standards Association, Rexdale,
Ontario, 1984. 19. ASCE, Fibre Wraps Migrate East. Civil
Engineering, 64 (July 1994):7, p. 11.
9. CSA Standard CAN3-S30A-M84,
Masonry Design for Buildings. Canadian 20. Earthquake Design in the Fraser Delta.
Standards Association, Rexdale, Ontario, Task Force Report. Department of Civil
1984. Engineering, Univ. of British Columbia,
Vancouver, B.C., 1991.
GUIDELINE FOR SEISMIC UPGRADING OF BUILDING STRUCTURES
Appendix A
Checklist of Seismic Upgrading
Techniques
This Appendix provides a checklist of overlay, anchorage details, etc.) for each
techniques cunently used to upgrade buildings category are described in more detail in
containing seismic deficiencies. The checklist Chapters 4 to 6, along with their relative
is organized in tables, where each table lists merits based on the principles described in
techniques for deficiencies related to a Chapter 3. For easy access, Tables Al to A6
subsystem of the existing building structure, list the appropriate pages and figures for each
i.e. moment frames, braced frames, shear walls, technique category in Chapters 4 to 6. More
diaphragms, lateral support of walls and detailed checklists of conventional techniques
foundations. for each category are contained in Chapters 4
and 6. To relate the deficiencies listed in
The techniques are listed in terms of Tables Al to A6 to those found by application
categories (infills, overlays, connections, new of the Guidelines for Seismic Evaluation, I see
walls or bracing, collectors, etc.). Specific Chapter 2.
techniques (nailing, concrete overlay, plywood
... .
GUIDELINE FOR SEISMIC UPGRADING OF BUILDING STRUCTURES