Theoretical Base Of Physical

Science Education – Edu 04

ASSIGNMENT

Submitted by,
Anjana .S.D
Physical science
Roll No: 27
Topic :
Development Of
Science In Modern
Period
 Introduction
The blossoming of the renaissance in Europe inaugurated
a new era of intellectual awakening which gave birth to
modern science. The astronomical science has entered a
new stage in the understanding of the universe and the
physical world. The development of medical science has a
strong effect on the fate of mankind. At present scientific
and technological knowledge is expanding at a
tremendous speed.
 Content
Birth of modern science in the
fifteenth and sixteenth century
In the fifteenth century a great intellectual
movement popularly known as the renaissance,stimulated a
remarkable progress in science .The spirit of renaissance spread
over different countries of Europe and new discoveries were
made in astronomy, medical science ,and technology.
Progress In Astronomy: For thousands of years , man
considered the heavenly bodies primarily as a religious and
superstitious symbol. The spirit of renaissance provided impetus
to the astronomical development. The copernical revolution in
astronomy liberated men’s mind from baseless superstition.
Most astronomers ,before the time of Copernicus had believed
that the earth was the centre of the universe. He believed that the
sun was the centre of the solar system. The German astronomer
Johannes kepler formulated his three laws of planetary motion.
Galileo played a truly outstanding part in the development of
modern science. The renowned scientist was the first man to see
the true face of the moon , the first to observe the infinite
multitudes of stars beyond the sight of the naked eye. Galileo is
considered one of the fathers of modern science.
Progress In Medical Science: Medicine is the science which
deals with disease and its prevention ,cure and treatment. During
the middle ages medicine was largely in the hands of church.
Disease was believed to be a punishment for sin and was treated
mainly with fasting and prayers. The renaissance was a great
period for the growth of medicine and physicians were in search
of medical truth. Andreas Vesalius produced the first great study
of anatomy and revolutionised the medical field. Ambroise pare
,a French surgen advanced surgery in this period by simplifying
surgical practice.
Progress In Technology: Man has been developing various
techniques for his survival ever since the stone age.
Technological discoveries transformed the mechanism of human
life from the primitive hand made work into a machine. Printing
was an important technique devised by the german inventor
Gutenberg in about 1445. Another scientist Leonardo da- vinci
practically studied art, architecture, sculpture, science, anatomy,
mathematics, optics etc…. which contributed much to the
progress of technology.
 Science In The Seventeenth Century
In the seventeenth century the development of
mathematics and scientific investigations revealed the laws of
universe. Astronomy gained popularity as sensational
discoveries in astronomy challenged the classical views of
planetary motion . The scientific techniques becomes more
elaborate in this century, which laid a solid background for
future scientific progress.
Progress in physics and mathematics : As a science , physics
originated in the theories of galileo , kepler and newton . The
scientific theories have made their principal contributions to the
progress of mathematics. Isaac Newton transformed the
structure of physical science with his three laws of motion. The
law of universal gravitation proposed by Newton showed that
gravitation acted in the same way through out the universe. The
theory was the keystone of the scientific revolution in the
seventeenth century. Apart from his work on gravitation and the
law of motion , newton was intensively interested in optics.
With the help of prism he examined the 7 colurs which
constitute sun light. For his out standing contributions he has
been rightly acclaimed as the father of physics.
Progress In Chemistry And Medical science: The chemical
investigation in the seventeenth century began to show a more
realistic attitude towards the identity of chemical substances.
Robert boyle an outstanding chemist laid the foundation upon
which modern chemical theory has been built. Earlier the greek
philosophers had told that all the substances had resulted from
the union of air, earth, fire and water. Boyle asserted there are
possibilities for the discovery of new elements. In the
seventeenth century medical theory replaced the classical
assumption of human function and brought revolutionary
changes in the ideas of physiology. William Harvey discovered
the circulation of blood and established the high hand marks in
the history of medical science. Marcello malpigi was an
outstanding microscopist in the second half of the seventeenth
century. Malpigi was the first to observe the blood capillaries
and thus to complete the knowledge of the structural basis for
the circulation of blood.
Science In The Age Of Revolution In
The Eighteenth Century
The eighteenth century was the period of industrial as
well as chemical revolution which were supremely important to
the progress of science and technology. This period is popularly
called the age of revolution in the development of science and
technology.
Inventions in textile industry: The eighteenth century witnessed
tremendous progress in textile industry. The out break of
industrial revolution brought about a radical change in the
spinning and weaving technology. Man made textiles were
replced by machine made products which thoroughly
transformed the method of production of textiles.
Progress In Mathematics: In the eighteenth century
mathematics was vastly extended to calulus. Leonhard euler
made important contribution practically every area of pure and
applied mathematics. Lagrange is regarded as the last great
eighteenth century mathematician. He made great contributions
to the theory of numbers to celestial mechanics.
Progress In chemistry: In the eighteenth century chemistry
began to shape as an independent science. The scientist, Henry
cavandish produced hydrogen by dissolving metals like
zinc,iron, and tin in strong acids. He was the first man to have a
clear idea of the composition of water. In 1774 joseph priestley
first produced oxygen by heating the oxide of mercury with a
strong burning lens. The French chemist Antoine Lavoisier
discovered that air was a mixture of gases and the role oxygen in
combustion. Thus he laid the ground work for modern chemistry
and has been rightly called the father of chemistry.
Progress In Astronomy: The new planets were discovered
during this century which marked the opening of the modern era
in astronomy. In this age of revolution two geniuses , William
Herschel and simon laplace made notable contribution to the
study of astronomy.
Progress in natural science: For the first time the sharp
distinction between the species in the different areas of the
world was made vivid by the attempts of the scientists Boffon
and Linnaues. They were the greatest names in natural science
in the eighteenth century.
Progress in medical science: John hunter was the pioneer of
scientific surgery and through his efforts surgery became a
science. The development of surgery in the eighteenth century
owes much to his contribution. Edward jenner discovered
vaccination for the prevention of small pox. It was one of the
most epidemic diseases in England upto the nineteenth century.
Science In The Nineteenth Century
(Golden Age Of Science)

The nineteenth century witnessed a tremendous

progess in the scientific development which had been the
pleasant dream of the scientists in the past. All branches of
science made notable advance and amazing progress was found
in all fields.
Progress In Biology: Charles Darwin ,an English naturalist
firmly established the theory of organic evolution of species.
Progress In Physics and mathematics: Mathematics obtained
new life from the work of physicists. Electricity is the one of the
great wonders of the modern world. Michael faraday invented
electricity. In the 1840,s Michael faraday, the inventor of
electromagnetic induction , made an important contribution to
the theory of light.
Progress in chemistry: The atomic theory developed by John
Dalton laid the foundation of chemical reaction. The French
chemist, Louis Pasteur is the founder of the science of
microbiology. His germ theory of disease freed man from the
terrible nightmare diseases.
 Science In The Twentieth Century
The discovery of x ray , radium and their application in the
medical field have changed man’s attitudes towards all diseases.
The physician’s most potent weapon in this period is the
chemical substance called anti biotics.
During the two world war periods new innovations were
introduced to save the dying soldiers. Advanced surgical
operations were developed.
The psychologists developed a method of treatment known
as psychoanalysis.
In the year 1905 Albert Einstein , one of the great
theoretical physicist propounded a theory of relativity.
Physicists developed the method of disintegration of atoms.
The invention of radio ,radar, television, and computer
resulted in new means of communication.
The satellite communication and aviation brought countries
together and established cultural unit of human race.
 CONCLUSION

During the modern period new discoveries were

made in astronomy, medical science ,and technology
etc…. At present scientific and technological
knowledge is expanding at a tremendous speed.
References
1.History Of Science And Technology, S. Varghese Jeyaraj
2.www. thegreatcoursesdaily.com
3.www.friesian.com
 Multiple Choice Questions
1.Law of planetary motion was proposed by?
A. Newton b. Galelio
c. Kepler d.einstein
Ans: c
2. Printing Was Devised By?
A.Gutenburg B.Farady
C.Newton D.John Hunter
Ans: A
3. Who Is The Father Of Physics?
A.Einstein B.Newton
C. Galelio D.None Of These
Ans: B
4. William Harvey Discovered …….?
A. Circulation Of Blood
B. Structure Of Body
C. Blood Capillaries
D. None Of These
Ans: A
5. Who Is Considered One Of The Father Of Modern Science?
A.Einstein B.Newton
C. Galelio D.None Of These
Ans: C
6. Who Propound The Theory Of Relativity?
A.Einstein B.Newton
C.Faraday D. None Of These
Ans: B
7. Who Developed Atomic Theory?
A. Rutherford B.John Dalton
C.Thomson D. Chadwick
Ans: B
8. The Year Of Invention Of Electromagnetic Induction?
A. 1856 B.1845
C.1876 D.1840
Ans: D
9. Louis Pasteur Is The Founder Of….?
A. Bio Chemistry
B. Radio Chemistry
C. Micro Biology
D. None Of These
Ans: C
10. The Vaccination Discovered By Edward Jenner Is For The
Prevention Of……?
A.Plauge B.Measles
C. Small Pox D.Malaria
Ans: C