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Redondear significa reemplazar una cantidad por otra que tiene una menor
cantidad de cifras, según ciertas reglas establecidas:
1.- El último dígito (o cifra) que se conserva es aumenta en una unidad si el primer dígito descartad
mayor que 5. De otra manera se deja igual.
2.- Si el primer dígito descartado es 5 o es 5 seguidos de ceros, entonces el último dígito que se conse
incrementa en 1 solo si es impar.
m=1 m=0
n=2 0.035 ≤ 0.5x 10
10 1-2+1= 0.5 n=2 0.0007 ≤ 0.5x 10
10 0-2+1= 0.05
n=3 0.035 ≤ 0.5x 10
10 1-3+1= 0.05 n=3 0.0007 ≤ 0.5x 10
10 0-3+1= 0.00
n=4 0.035 ≤ 0.5x 10
10 1-4+1= 0.005 n=4 0.0007 ≤ 0.5x 10
10 0-4+1= 0.00
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m=1 m = -3
n=3 0.0065 ≤ 0.5x 10
10 1-3+1= 0.05 n=3 0.0005 ≤ 0.5x 10
10 -3-3+1= 0.00
n=4 0.0065 ≤ 0.5x 10
10 1-4+1= 0.005 n=1 0.0005 ≤ 0.5x 10
10 -3-1+1= 0.00
n=5 0.0065 ≤ 0.5x 10
10 1-5+1= 0.0005 n=2 0.0005 ≤ 0.5x 10
10 -3-2+1= 0.00
A = e ; a = 2.718 : ∆a = | A – a
a |
δa = (∆a / a)*100%
∆a = | e – 2.718
2.718 | δa = ( 2.82
2.82 x10 -4 /2.718)*100%
∆a = 2.82 x10
x10 -4 δa = 0.01%
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A = 8! ; a = 39900 : ∆a = | A – a
a | δa = (∆a / a)*100%
δa = (420/39900)*100%
∆a = | 8! – 39900
39900 |
δa = 1.053%
∆a = 420
A = π A = a*(1 ± δa)
a = A / (1 ± δa) = π /
/ (1 ±10 -4 )
a = π /
/ (1 + 10 -4 ) = 3.138454
a = π /
/ (1 - 10 -4 ) = 3.144737
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A = 2 : a = A / (1 ± δa) = 2 / (1 ± 10 -4 )
a = 2 / (1 + 10 -4 ) = 1.412801
a = 2 / (1 - 10 -4 ) = 1.415629
1.412 801 ≤ 2 ≤ 1.415629
A = 3 7 : a = A / (1 ± δa) = 3
7 / (1 ±10 -4 )
a = 3 7 / (1 + 10 -4 ) = 1.911020
a = 3 7 / (1 - 10 -4 ) = 1.914846
1. 911020 ≤ 3 7 ≤ 1.914846
5.- CALCULAR LOS ERRORES DE LAS SIGUIENTES EXPRESIONES:
A3 5 BC 2
X , donde A = 7.48 ± 0.02 ; B = 65.84 ± 0.03 ; C = 215.37 ± 0.02 ; D = 3.48 ±
D E
4
E = 82.65 ± 0.01
418.5090 2.310546384.2369
x
A 3 = (7.48) 3 = 418.5090 146.6618 9.0912
5
B = (65.84) 1/5 = 2.3105
418.5090 107168.8031
C 2 = (215.37) 2 = 46 384.2369 x
146.6618 9.0912
D 4 = (3.48) 4 = 146.6618
E = (82.65) 1/2 = 9.0912 107587.3121
x
137.5706
x 782.0517
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2) 5 B C 2
(0.03 ) (0.02 )
δ BC = = 2 0.000277
5(65.84) (215 .37 )
∆BC = (107168.8031)(0.000277)=29.6704
33.0274
δ ABC = 0.000307
107587.3121
3) D 4
(0.01)
δ D = 4 0.011494
3.48
∆D = (146.6618 ) (0.011494) = 1 .68577
4) E
(0.01)
δ E = 0.000060496
2(82.65)
∆E = (9.0912 ) (0.000060496) = 0.00055
1 68632
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A 2 B C 3 4 D
X , donde A = 1.73± 0.001 ; B = 745 ± 0.002 ; C = 3.21 ± 0.001 ; D =
E 4 3 F
0.002 ; E = 1.89 ± 0.001; F = 617 ± 0.002
2.992927.2947 33.07625.4650
x
A 2 = (1.73) 2 = 2.9929 12.75998.5132
B = (745) 1/2 = 27.2947
81.6903 180.7617
C 3 = (3.21) 3 = 33.0762 x
108.6281
4
D = (892) 1/4 = 5.4650
E 4 = (1.89) 4 = 12.7599 262.452
x
3
F = (617) 1/3=8.5132 108.6281
x 2.4161
1) A 2 B
(0.001 ) 0.002
δ AB = 2 0.001157
1.73 2(745 )
∆ AB = (81.6903)(0.001157)=0.094549
2) C 3 4 D
(0.001 ) (0.002 )
δ CD = = 3 0.000935
(3.21) 4(892 )
∆CD = (180.7617)(0.000935)= 0.169037
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-0,6 -9,296
-0,4 -5,984
-0,2 -3,648
La raíz esta en el intervalo entre
0 -2
0,2 y 0,4
0,2 -0,752
0,4 0,384
0,6 1,696
0,8 3,472
1 6
1,2 9,568
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b) Método de la bisección
1 0 -2 1 0,5 1
2 0 -2 0,5 0,25 -0,46875
3 0,25 -0,46875 0,5 0,375 0,23828125 -0,1116
4 0,25 -0,46875 0,375 0,3125 -0,11767578 0,0551
5 0,3125 -0,11767578 0,375 0,34375 0,05914307 -0,0069
6 0,3125 -0,11767578 0,34375 0,328125 -0,02948761 0,0034
7 0,328125 -0,02948761 0,34375 0,3359375 0,01476383 -0,0004
-3 275,5
-2,5 189,3125
-2 121
-1,5 68,6875
-1 30,5
-0,5 4,5625 La raíz r 1 esta en el intervalo entre
0 -11 -0,5 y 0;
0,5 -18,0625 la r 2 esta entre 2 y 2,5;
la r 3 esta entre 4,5 y 5
1 -18,5
1,5 -14,1875
2 -7
2,5 1,1875
3 8,5
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c)
d)
6.10 La función x 3+2x 2 -3 tiene una raíz doble en x = 1. Use a) el método estándar de Newton-Rapsó
método de la secante modificada para resolver la raíz en x=1. Compare y analice la veloci
convergencia usando x o o=0.2.
=0.2.
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i
0 1 0,2 -2,912 0,92 3,36521739 57,759
1 2 3,36521739 57,7594135 47,4349338 2,14756178 16,128
2 3 2,14756178 16,1286444 22,4263119 1,42837779 3,994
3 4 1,42837779 3,9947927 11,8343005 1,09081726 0,6777
4 5 1,09081726 0,67770873 7,93291592 1,00538729 0,0378
5 6 1,00538729 0,03785633 7,05396001 1,00002062 0,0001
6 7 1,00002062 0,00014432 7,00020617 1 2,1251
7 8 1 2,1251E-09 7 1
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PRIMERA RAIZ
3,3
x ( k 1)
1,8
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0,15 0,183333
J ( x ( k 1) ) 1
- 0,275 - 0,058333
1,33
F ( x ( k 1) )
- 1,87
x = 3,44333271
y = 2,05666729
3,44333271
x (k 1)
2,05666729
0,1853969 0,1751804
J ( x ( k 1) ) 1
- 0,3103969 - 0,0501804
0,08642049
F ( x ( k 1) )
0,08642049
x = 3,41217144
y = 2,08782856
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0,1970627 0,180483
J ( x ( k 1) ) 1
- 0,3220627 - 0,055483
0,00194204
F ( x ( 1) )
k
0,00194204
x = 3,41143823
y = 2,08856177
1,9
x (k 1)
3,3
- 0,2946429 - 0,0625
J ( x ( k 1) ) 1
0,1696429 0,1875
0,9
F ( x ( k 1) )
- 1,5
x = 2,07142861
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- 0,3157895 - 0,0526316
J ( x ( k 1) ) 1
0,1907895 0,1776316
0,04591826
F ( x ( 1) )
k
0,04591826
x = 2,08834587
y = 3,41165413
2,08834587
x (k 1)
3,41165413
- 0,3222656 - 0,0555753
J ( x ( k 1) ) 1
0,1972656 0,1805753
0,00057238
F ( x ( k 1) )
0,00057238
x = 2,08856214
y = 3,41143786
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y = -x 2 +x+0.5
y+5xy = x 2
y +x 2 -x-0.5=0
y+5xy-x 2 =0
x = y= 1.2
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3
)
h
(
f 2
1
-2
h
8.10 Para el tanque esférico del problema 8.9, es posible desarrollar las siguientes formulas p
método de punto fijo:
h 3 (3V / )
h V
3r y h 3 3 rh 2
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60
50
40
30
) 20
h
(
F 10
0
-4 -2 0 2 4 6
-10
-20
-30
h
1 0 0,39894228 0,477464829
h3 3V /
2 0,39894228 0,424640422 0,063493636 h
3r
3 0,42464042 0,429742471 0,013077308
4 0,42974247 0,430824428 0,00279329
5 0,43082443 0,431056847 0,000600954
6 0,43105685 0,43110691 0,000129488
7 0,43110691 0,4311177 2,79099E-05
8 0,4311177 0,431120026 6,01615E-06
9 0,43112003 0,431120527 1,29684E-06
10 0,43112053 0,431120635 2,79547E-07
11 0,43112064 0,431120659 6,02591E-08
12 0,43112066 0,431120664 1,29895E-08
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8.18 En la figura P8.18a se muestra una viga uniforme sujeta a una carga distribuida
linealmente. La ecuación para calcular la curva elástica resultante es (véase la figura P8.18b)
W 0
y x 5
2 L2 x 3 L4 x (
120 EIL
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0,0008
0,0006
0,0004
0,0002
0
-100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
-0,0002
-0,0004
-0,0006
-0,0008
-0,001
-0,0012
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Un compresor está operando con una razón de comprensión, Rc, de 3.0 (la presión del gas que sale
veces mayor que la presión del gas que entra). Los requerimientos de potencia del compresor, Hp, se dete
mediante la ecuación dada abajo. Suponiendo que los requerimientos de potencia del compresor son
exactamente igual a zRT¡/MW, encuentre la eficiencia politrópica, n, del compresor, z es la compresibi
del gas bajo las condiciones de operación del compresor, R es la constante de los gases, Tí es la tempera
del gas a la entrada del compresor y MW es el peso molecular del gas.
n 1
zRT 1 n n
zRT 1
3 1
MW MW n 1
n n
n 1
f (n) 3 1 1
n 1
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n i-1=0,7
n i= 1,1
i
1 1 0,7 -0,12378978 1,1 0,15534654 0,87738972 0,01
2 2 1,1 0,15534654 0,87738972 0,01843513 0,84741522 -0,00
3 3 0,87738972 0,01843513 0,84741522 -0,00322459 0,85187767 5,58
4 4 0,84741522 -0,00322459 0,85187767 5,5827E-05 0,85180172 1,65
5 5 0,85187767 5,5827E-05 0,85180172 1,6582E-07 0,8518015 -8,55
6 6 0,85180172 1,6582E-07 0,8518015 -8,5567E-12 0,8518015
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q2 4T 1 T 2
q3 1.3 21 T 3
4/3
f (T 2 ) 1.3(T 2 25) 4 / 3 109 3.57 x1011 T 2 0.325(T 2 25) 4 / 3 273 4
0
2000
1000
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
-1000
-2000
-3000
-4000
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T 2 175.625188
T 1 434