Simulation and Analysis

JEPPIAAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE
JEPPIAAR NAGAR, RAJIV GANDHI SALAI

CHENNAI – 600 119
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

VII – SEMESTER
ME 6711 SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS LAB
NAME : _____________________________
REGISTER NO. : _____________________________
DEPARTMENT : _____________________________
BATCH : _____________________________
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
Jeppiaar Nagar, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Chennai-119
This is a certified Bonafide record book of ______________________

Register No ________________ Submitted for the Anna University practical
Examination held on ____________ in ME 6711 simulation and analysis
Laboratory during the year 2019- 2020
Signature of the Lab in charge Signature of the Internal examiner
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INDEX
Submission Staff
Date Name of the exercise
date sign
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Vision of Institution
To build Jeppiaar Engineering College as an institution of academic excellence in
technological and management education to become a world class university.
Mission of Institution
 To excel in teaching and learning, research and innovation by promoting the principles of
scientific analysis and creative thinking.
 To participate in the production, development and dissemination of knowledge and interact
with national and international communities.
 To equip students with values, ethics and life skills needed to enrich their lives and enable
them to meaningfully contribute to the progress of society.
 To prepare students for higher studies and lifelong learning, enrich them with the practical
and entrepreneurial skills necessary to excel as future professionals and contribute to
Nation’s economy.
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Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,
PO1 engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of
complex engineering problems.
Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze
PO2 complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified
PO3
needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the
cultural, societal, and environmental considerations
Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge
PO4 and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation
of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources,
PO5 and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to
complex engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual
PO6 knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the
consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
PO7 engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
PO8
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a
PO9
member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with
the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to
PO10
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding
of the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work,
PO11
as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary
environments.
Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability
PO12 to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of
technological change.
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Vision of the Department
To create excellent professionals in the field of Mechanical Engineering and to uplift the
quality of technical education on par with the International Standards.
Department Mission
1. To reinforce the fundamentals of Science and Mathematics to Mechanical Engineering
and critically and relatively investigate complex mechanical systems and processes.
2. To engage in the production, expansion and practice of advanced engineering
applications through knowledge sharing activities by interacting with global communities
and industries.
3. To equip students with engineering ethics, professional roles, corporate social
responsibility and life skills and apply them for the betterment of society.
4. To promote higher studies and lifelong learning and entrepreneurial skills and develop
excellent professionals for empowering nation’s economy.
PEO’s
1. To enrich the technical knowledge of design, manufacturing and management of
mechanical systems and develop creative and analytical thinking in research.
2. To relate, strengthen and develop the theoretical knowledge of the Mechanical
Engineering by exhibiting various concepts applied through diverse industrial exposures
and experts’ guidance.
3. Facilitate the students to communicate effectively on complex social, professional and
engineering activities with strict adherence to ethical principles.
4. Create awareness for independent and lifelong learning and develop the ability to keep
abreast of modern trends and adopt them for personal technological growth of the nation.
PSO’s
1. To understand the basic concept of various mechanical engineering field such as design,
manufacturing, thermal and industrial engineering.
2. To apply the knowledge in advanced mechanical system and processes by using design
and analysis techniques.
3. To develop student’s professional skills to meet the industry requirements and
entrepreneurial skills for improving nation’s economy stronger.
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ME –6711 SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS LAB
COURSE OUTCOMES
C706.1 simulate the working principle of air conditioning system, hydraulic and pneumatic cylinder
and cam follower mechanisms using MATLAB.
C706.2 analyze the stresses and strains induced in plates, brackets and beams and heat transfer
problems.
C706.3 calculate the natural frequency and mode shape analysis of 2D components and beams.
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ME6711 SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
A. SIMULATION
1. MATLAB basics, Dealing with matrices, Graphing-Functions of one variable and two
variables
2. Use of Mat lab to solve simple problems in vibration
3. Mechanism Simulation using Multibody Dynamic software
B. ANALYSIS
1. Force and Stress analysis using link elements in Trusses, cables etc.
2. Stress and deflection analysis in beams with different support conditions.
3. Stress analysis of flat plates and simple shells.
4. Stress analysis of axi – symmetric components.
5. Thermal stress and heat transfer analysis of plates.
6. Thermal stress analysis of cylindrical shells.
7. Vibration analysis of spring-mass systems.
8. Model analysis of Beams.
9. Harmonic, transient and spectrum analysis of simple systems.
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EXP NO: 1 STRESS ANALYSIS OF A PLATE WITH A CIRCULAR HOLE
Date:
AIM
To determine the displacement and bending stress of a given plate with a circular hole using
Finite Element Analysis bases ANSYS structure and view the displacement and bending
stress plots.
PROCEDURE
A flat rectangular plate with a hole shown in the following figure:
PREPROCESSING: DEFINING THE PROBLEM
GIVE THE EXAMPLE TITLE

Utility Menu > File > Change Title
FORM GEOMETRY
CREATE THE MAIN RECTANGULAR SHAPE
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Rectangle > By 2 Corners
CREATE THE CIRCLE

Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Circle > Solid Circle
SUBTRACTION
Modeling > Operate > Booleans > Subtract > areas
DEFINE THE TYPE OF ELEMENT

It is now necessary to define the type of element to use for our problem:
Preprocessor Menu > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete
Add the following type of element: Solid (under the Structural heading) and the Quad 185
element, as shown in the above figure.
Click on the 'Options...' button. Click and hold the K3 button, and select 'Plane strs w/thk',
DEFINE GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES

Preprocessor menu > Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete
Enter a thickness of 10. This defines a plate thickness of 10mm
ELEMENT MATERIAL PROPERTIES

Select Preprocessor > Material Props > Material models > Structural > Linear > Elastic >
Isotropic
We are going to give the properties of Steel. Enter the following when prompted:
EX 200000
PRXY 0.3
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MESH
To tell ANSYS how big the elements should be, Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls >
Manual Size > Areas > All Areas
Select an element edge length of 10
Now the frame can be meshed.
In the 'Preprocessor' menu select Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free and select the area when
prompted
SOLUTION PHASE: ASSIGNING LOADS AND SOLVING

You have now defined your model. It is now time to apply the load(s) and constraint(s) and
solve the resulting system of equations.
DEFINE ANALYSIS TYPE

Ensure that a Static Analysis will be performed (Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis).
APPLY CONSTRAINTS
As shown previously, the left end of the plate is fixed.
In the Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Lines
Select the left end of the plate and click on 'Apply' in the 'Apply U,ROT on Lines' window.
APPLY LOADS
As shown in the diagram, there is a load of 20N/mm distributed on the right hand side of
the plate. To apply this load:
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Pressure > On Lines
When the window appears, select the line along the right hand edge of the plate and click
'OK'
Calculate the pressure on the plate end by dividing the distributed load by the thickness of
the plate (1 MPa).
Fill in the "Apply PRES on lines" window as shown below.
SOLVING THE SYSTEM

Solution > Solve > Current LS
DEFORMATION
General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed Shape > Def + undeformed to view both the
deformed and the undeformed object.
Observe the locations of deflection.
DEFLECTION
General Postproc > Plot Results > Nodal solution... Then select DOF solution, USUM in the
window.
Alternatively, obtain these results as a list. (General Postproc > List Results > Nodal
Solution...)
STRESSES
General Postproc > Plot Results > Nodal Solution... Then select Stress, von Mises in the
window. You can list the von Mises stresses to verify the results at certain nodes
General Postproc > List Results. Select Stress, Principals SPRIN
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RESULT
Component has been analyzed.
Min valve:
Max valve:
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EXP NO: 2 STRESS ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE BRACKET
DATE:
AIM
To determine the displacement and bending stress of a given simple bracket using Finite
Element Analysis bases ANSYS structure and view the displacement and bending stress
plots.
PROCEDURE
The 2D Plane Stress Bracket will introduce Boolean operations, plane stress, and uniform
pressure loading. The problem to be modeled in this example is a simple bracket shown in
the following figure. This bracket is to be built from a 20 mm thick steel plate. A figure of the
plate is shown below. This plate will be fixed at the two small holes on the left and have a
load applied to the larger hole on the right.
GIVE THE BRACKET EXAMPLE A TITLE

Utility Menu > File > Change Title
FORM GEOMETRY
CREATE THE MAIN RECTANGULAR SHAPE
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Rectangle > By 2 Corners (X=0, Y=0, WIDTH=
80, HEIGHT =100)
CREATE THE CIRCULAR END ON THE RIGHT HAND SIDE

The center of the circle is located at (80, 50) and has a radius of 50 mm the following code is
used to create a circular area:
CYL4, XCENTER, YCENTER, RAD1
CYL4, X co-ord for the center, Y co-ord for the center, radius
NOW CREATE A SECOND AND THIRD CIRCLE FOR THE LEFT HAND SIDE USING THE
FOLLOWING DIMENSIONS
parameter Circle 2 Circle 3
XCENTER 0 0
YCENTER 20 80
RADIUS 20 20
CREATE A RECTANGLE ON THE LEFT HAND END TO FILL THE GAP BETWEEN THE TWO
SMALL CIRCLES.
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XCORNER 20
YCORNER 20
WIDTH 20
HEIGHT 60
BOOLEAN OPERATIONS - ADDITION

We now want to add these five discrete areas together to form one area.
To perform the Boolean operation, from the preprocessor menu select:
Modeling > Operate > Booleans > Add > Areas
CREATE THE BOLT HOLES

We now want to remove the bolt holes from this plate.
Create the three circles with the parameters given below:
parameter circle 1 circle 2 circle 3

WP X 80 0 0
WP Y 50 20 80
radius 30 10 10
Preprocessor > Modeling > Operate > Booleans > Subtract > Areas
Select the base areas from which to subtract (the large plate that was created)
Next select the three circles that we just created. Click on the three circles that you created
and click “OK”

As in the verification model, PLANE82 will be used for this example
Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete
Use the 'Options...' button to get a plane stress element with thickness
Under the Extra Element Output K5 select nodal stress.
DEFINE GEOMETRIC CONTANTS

Preprocessor > Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete
Enter a thickness of 20mm.

Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Library > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic
EX : 200000
PRXY : 0.3
MESH SIZE
Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > Manual Size > Areas > All Areas
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Select an element edge length of 5. Again, we will need to make sure the model has
converged.
MESH
Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free and select the area when prompted

You have now defined your model. It is now time to apply the load(s) and constraint(s) and
solve the resulting system of equations.

Solution' > 'New Analysis' and select 'Static'
APPLY CONSTRAINTS
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Nodes
You may want to zoom in to select the points Utilty Menu / PlotCtrls/
Pan, Zoom, Rotate...) Click at the center of the bolt hole and drag the circle out so that it
touches all of the nodes on the border of the hole.
Click on 'Apply' in the 'Apply U,ROT on Lines' window and constrain all DOF's in the 'Apply
U,ROT on Nodes' window.
Repeat for the second bolt hole.
APPLY LOADS
There is a single vertical load of 1000N, at the bottom of the large bolt hole. Apply this force
to the respective keypoint ( Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment >
On Keypoints Select a force in the y direction of -1000)
The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown below.
SOLVING THE SYSTEM

Solution > Solve >current LS
POST-PROCESSING VIEWING THE RESULTS

We are now ready to view the results. We will take a look at the deflected shape and the
stress contours once we determine convergence has occured.
CONVERGENCE USING ANSYS

As shown previously, it is necessary to prove that the solution has converged. Reduce the
mesh size until there is no longer a sizeable change in your convergence criteria.
DEFORMATION
General Postproc > Plot Results > Def + undeformed to view both the deformed and the
undeformed object. The graphic should be similar to the following
Observe the locations of deflection. Ensure that the deflection at the bolt hole is indeed
DEFLECTION
To plot the nodal deflections use General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal
Solution then select DOF Solution - USUM in the window.
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Alternatively, obtain these results as a list. (General Postproc > List Results > Nodal
Solution...)
Are these results what you expected? Note that all translational degrees of freedom were
constrained to zero at the bolt holes.
STRESSES
General Postproc > Plot Results > Nodal Solution... Then select von Misses Stress in the
window.
You can list the von Misses stresses to verify the results at certain nodes
General Postproc > List Results. Select Stress, Principals SPRIN
RESULT
Component has been analyzed.
Min valve:
Max valve:
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EXPNO:03 STRESS ANALYSIS OF AN AXISYMMETRIC COMPONENT
Date:
AIM
To determine the displacement and bending stress of a given axisymmetric component
using Finite Element Analysis bases ANSYS structure and view the displacement and
bending stress plots.
PROCEDURE
The model will be that of a closed tube made from steel. Point loads will be applied at the
center of the top and bottom plate to make an analytical verification simple to calculate. A
3/4 cross section view of the tube is shown below.
As a warning, point loads will create discontinuities in the your model near the point of
application. If you chose to use these types of loads in your own modelling, be very
careful and be sure to understand the theory of how the FEA package is appling the load and
the assumption it is making. In this case, we will only be concerned about the stress
distribution far from the point of application, so the discontinuities will have a negligable
effect.
GIVE EXAMPLE A TITLE

Utility Menu > File > Change Title ... Axisymmetric Tube
OPEN PREPROCESSOR MENU

ANSYS Main Menu > Preprocessor
CREATE AREAS
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Rectangle > By Dimensions
:
Rectangle X1 X2 Y1 Y2
1 0 20 0 5
2 15 20 0 100
3 0 20 95 100
ADD AREAS TOGETHER

Preprocessor > Modeling > Operate > Booleans > Add > Areas
Click the Pick All button to create a single area.
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Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete...
TURN ON AXISYMMETRY
While the Element Types window is still open, click the Options... button. Under Element
behavior K3 select Axisymmetric.
DEFINE ELEMENT MATERIAL PROPERTIES

Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic
In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel:
Young's modulus EX: 200000
Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3
DEFINE MESH SIZE

Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Areas > All Areas
For this example we will use an element edge length of 2mm.
MESH THE FRAME

Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free > click 'Pick All' Your model should know
look like this:

Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Static
APPLY CONSTRAINTS
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > Symmetry B.C. > On Lines
Utility Menu > Select > Entities
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Nodes > Pick All
UTILITY MENU > SELECT > ENTITIES

Click sale All
APPLY LOADS
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Keypoints
Pick the top left corner of the area and click OK. Apply a load of 100 in the FY direction.
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Keypoints
Pick the bottom left corner of the area and click OK. Apply a load of -100 in the FY
direction.
The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown in the figure below.
SOLVE THE SYSTEM

Solution > Solve > Current LS SOLVE
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POSTPROCESSING: VIEWING THE RESULTS
HAND CALCULATIONS
Hand calculations were performed to verify the solution found using ANSYS: The stress
across the thickness at y = 50mm is 0.182 MPa.
DETERMINE THE STRESS THROUGH THE THICKNESS OF THE TUBE

Utility Menu > Select > Entities...
Select Nodes > By Location > Y coordinates and type 45,55 in the Min,Max box, as shown
below and click OK.
General Postproc > List Results > Nodal Solution > Stress > Components SCOMP The
following list should pop up.
PLOTTING THE ELEMENTS AS AXISYMMETRIC

Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style > Symmetry Expansion > 2-D Axi-Symmetric...
RESULT
Compoment has been analysed.
Min valve :
Max valve:
18
EXP No : 04 STRESS ANALYSIS OF CANTILEVER BEAM
Date:
AIM
To determine the displacement and bending stress of a given Cantilever Beam using Finite
plots.
PROCEDURE
The simplified version that will be used for this problem is that of a cantilever beam shown
in the following figure:
GIVE THE EXAMPLE TITLE

Utility Menu > File > Change Title (stress analysis of cantilever beam)
ENTER KEYPOINTS
For this simple example, these keypoints are the ends of the beam.
We are going to define 2 keypoints for the simplified structure as given in the following
table
coordinate
keypoint x y z
1 0 0 0
2 50 0 0
0
From the 'ANSYS Main Menu' select:
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS
FORM LINES
The two keypoints must now be connected to form a bar using a straight line.
Select: Preprocessor > Modeling> Create > Lines > Lines > Straight Line

It is now necessary to create elements on this line.
From the Preprocessor Menu, select: Element Type Add/Edit/Delete. Click on the 'Add...'
button. The following window will appear:
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For this example, we will use the 3D elastic straight pipe element as selected in the above
figure. Select the element shown and click 'OK'. You should see Type 1 PIPE16' in the
'Element Types' window.
Click on the 'Options...' button in the 'Element Types' dialog box. The following window will
appear:
Click and hold the K6 button (second from the bottom), and select 'Include Output' and
click 'OK'. This gives us extra force and moment output.
Click on 'Close' in the 'Element Types' dialog box and close the 'Element Type' menu.

We now need to specify geometric properties for our elements:
In the Preprocessor menu, select Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete
Click Add... and select 'Type 1 PIPE16' (actually it is already selected).
Click on 'OK'.
Enter following geometric properties:
Outside diameter OD: 25
Wall thickness TKWALL: 2
This defines an outside pipe diameter of 25mm and a wall thickness of 2mm. Click on ‘OK’.
'Set 1' now appears in the dialog box. Click on 'Close' in the 'Real Constants' window.

You then need to specify material properties:
In the 'Preprocessor' menu select Material Props > Material Models...
Double click Structural > Linear > Elastic and select 'Isotropic'
(double click on it , We are going to give the properties of Aluminum. Enter the following
field:
EX : 70000
PRXY: 0.33
Set these properties and click on OK'.
Close the 'Define Material Model Behavior' Window.
MESH SIZE
In the Preprocessor menu select Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines > All Lines
MESH
In the 'Preprocessor' menu select Meshing > Mesh > Lines and click 'Pick All' in the 'Mesh
Lines' Window
SAVING YOUR WORK

Utility Menu > File > Save as.... Select the name and location where you want to save your
file.

The Solution Menu, select 'Analysis Type > New Analysis'.
Ensure that 'Static' is selected and click 'OK'.
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APPLY CONSTRAINTS
In the Solution menu, select Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On
Keypoints. Select the left end of the rod (Keypoint 1) by clicking on it in the Graphics
Window and click on 'OK' in the 'Apply U,ROT on KPs' window.
This location is fixed which means that all translational and rotational degrees of freedom
(DOFs) are constrained. Therefore, select 'All DOF' by clicking on it and enter '0' in the Value
field and click 'OK'.
APPLY LOADS
As shown in the diagram, there is a vertically downward load of 100N at the end of the bar
In the Structural menu, select Force/Moment > on Keypoints.
Select the second Keypoint (right end of bar) and click 'OK' in the 'Apply F/M' window. Click
on the 'Direction of force/mom' at the top and select FY.
Enter a value of -100 in the 'Force/moment value' box and click 'OK'.
The force will appear in the graphics window as a red arrow.
SOLVING THE SYSTEM

We now tell ANSYS to find the solution:
Solution > Solve > Current LS Postprocessing: Viewing the Results
RESULTS USING ANSYS
DEFORMATION
Main Menu'. In this menu you will find a variety of options, the two which we will deal with
now are 'Plot Results' and 'List Results'
Select Plot Results > Deformed Shape.
DEFLECTION
For a more detailed version of the deflection of the beam,
Plot results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solution.
'DOF solution' and 'USUM'. Leave the other selections as the default values. Click 'OK'.
Menu and selecting Plot Controls > Style > Contours > Uniform Contours
The deflection can also be obtained as a list as shown below. General Postproc > List Results
> Nodal Solution ... select 'DOF Solution' and 'ALL DOFs' from the lists in the 'List Nodal
Solution' window and click 'OK'.
STRESSES
For line elements (ie beams, spars, and pipes) you will need to use the Element Table to
gain access to derived data (ie stresses, strain to derived data (ie stresses, strains).
From the General Postprocessor menu select Element Table > Define Table...
Click on 'Add...'
As shown above, in the 'Item,Comp' boxes in the above window, select 'Stress' and 'von
Mises SEQV'
Click on 'OK' and close the 'Element Table Data' window.
Plot the Stresses by selecting Plot Elem Table in the Element Table Menu
The following window will appear. Ensure that 'SEQV' is selected and click 'OK
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BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS
General Postproc > Element Table > Define Table... . Click 'Add...'.
In the window,
A Enter IMoment as the 'User label for item' - this will give a name to the data
B. Select 'By sequence num' in the Item box
C. Select 'SMISC' in the first Comp box
D. Enter SMISC,6 in the second Comp box
E. Click 'OK'
This will save all of the bending moment data at the left hand side (I side) of each element.
Now we need to find the bending moment data at the right hand side (J side) of each
element.
Again, click 'Add...' in the 'Element Table Data' window.
Enter JMoment as the 'User label for item' - again, this will give a name to the data
A. Same as above
B. Same as above
C. For step D, enter SMISC,12 in the second Comp box
D. Click 'OK'
Click 'Close' in the 'Element Table Data' window and close the 'Element Table 'Menu. Select
Plot Results > Contour Plot > Line Elem Res...
From the 'Plot Line-Element Results' window, select 'IMOMENT' from the pull down menu
for LabI, and 'JMOMENT' from the pull down menu for LabJ. Click 'OK'. Note again that you
can modify the intervals for the contour plot.
RESULT
Component has been analysed.
Min valve :
Max valve:
22
EXP NO : 05 STRESS ANALYSIS OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM
DATE:
AIM:
To determine the displacement and bending stress of a given simply supported beam using
Finite Element Analysis bases ANSYS structure and view the displacement and bending
stress plots.
PROCEDURE
A distributed load of 1000 N/m (1 N/mm) will be applied to a solid steel beam with a
rectangular cross section as shown in the figure below. The cross-section of the beam is
10mm x 10mm while the modulus of elasticity of the steel is 200GPa.
1. OPEN PREPROCESSOR MENU
2. GIVE EXAMPLE A TITLE

Utility Menu > File > Change Title ... SSB with Distributed Load
3. CREATE KEYPOINTS
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Key points > In Active CS
Keypoint Coordinates
(x,y)
1 (0,0)
2 (1000,0)
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4. DEFINE LINES
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > Straight Line
Create a line between Key point 1 and Key point 2.
5. DEFINE ELEMENT TYPES

For this problem we will use the BEAM3 element. This element has 3 degrees of freedom
(translation along the X and Y axis's, and rotation about the Z axis).
6. DEFINE REAL CONSTANTS

Preprocessor > Real Constants... > Add...
In the 'Real Constants for BEAM3' window, enter the following geometric properties:
Cross-sectional area AREA : 100
Area Moment of Inertia IZZ: 833.333
Total beam height HEIGHT: 10
This defines an element with a solid rectangular cross section 10mm x 10mm.
7. DEFINE ELEMENT MATERIAL PROPERTIES

Young's modulus EX: 200000.
8. DEFINE MESH SIZE

Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > Manual Size > Lines > All Lines...
For this example we will use an element length of 100mm.
9. MESH THE FRAME

Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Lines > click 'Pick All'
10. PLOT ELEMENTS

Utility Menu > Plot > Elements
You may also wish to turn on element numbering and turn off key point numbering
Utility Menu > Plot Ctrls > Numbering...
1. DEFINE ANALYSIS TYPE

Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Static
2. APPLY CONSTRAINTS
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Key points
Pin Key point 1 (ie UX and UY constrained) and fix Key point 2 in the y direction (UY
constrained).
3. APPLY LOADS
We will apply a distributed load, of 1000 N/m or 1 N/mm, over the entire length
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of the beam.
Select Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Pressure > On Beams
Click 'Pick All' in the 'Apply F/M' window.
As shown in the following figure, enter a value of 1 in the field 'VALI Pressure value at node
I' then click 'OK'.
4. SOLVE THE SYSTEM

1. PLOT DEFORMED SHAPE

General Post proc > Plot Results > Deformed Shape
PLDISP.2
2. PLOT PRINCIPLE STRESS DISTRIBUTION

As shown previously, we need to use element tables to obtain principle stresses for
line elements.
1. Select General Post proc > Element Tabl > Define Table
2. Click 'Add...'
3. In the window that appears
a. enter 'SMAXI' in the 'User Label for Item' section
b. In the first window in the 'Results Data Item' section scroll down and
select 'By sequence num'
c. In the second window of the same section, select 'NMISC,
d. In the third window
enter'1' anywhere after the comma
4. click 'Apply'
5. Repeat steps 2 to 4 but change 'SMAXI' to 'SMAXJ' in step 3a and change '1' to '3' in
step 3d.
6. Click 'OK'. The 'Element Table Data' window should now have two variables in it.
7. Click 'Close' in the 'Element Table Data' window.
8. Select: General Post proc > Plot Results > Line Elem Res...
9. Select 'SMAXI' from the 'Lab I' pull down menu and 'SMAXJ' from the 'Lab J' pull down
menu
ANSYS can only calculate the stress at a single location on the element. For this example, we
decided to extract the stresses from the I and J nodes of each element. These are the nodes
that are at the ends of each element.
For this problem, we wanted the principal stresses for the elements. For the BEAM3
element this is categorized as NMISC, 1 for the 'I' nodes and NMISC, 3 for the 'J' nodes.
A list of available codes for each element can be found in the ANSYS help files. (ie. type
help BEAM3 in the ANSYS Input window).
RESULT
Min valve :
Max valve:
25
EXP NO: 06 STRESS ANALYSIS OF FIXED BEAM
Date:
AIM
To determine the displacement and bending stress of a given FIXED BEAM using Finite
plots.
PROCEDURE
The simplified version that will be used for this problem is that of a fixed beam shown in
the following figure:
GIVE THE SIMPLIFIED VERSION A TITLE

Utility Menu > File > Change Title (stress analysis of cantilever beam)
ENTER KEYPOINTS
For this simple example, these key points are the ends of the beam.
coordinate
Key point
x y z
1 0 0 0
2 500 0 0
FORM LINES
The two key points must now be connected to form a bar using a straight line.
Select: Preprocessor > Modeling> Create > Lines > Lines > Straight Line. Pick key point #1
(i.e. click on it). It will now be marked by a small yellow box.
Now pick key point #2. A permanent line will appear.
When you're done, click on 'OK' in the 'Create Straight Line' window.

It is now necessary to create elements on this line. From the Preprocessor Menu, select:
Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete. Click on the 'Add...' button. The following window will
appear:
For this example, we will use the 3D elastic straight pipe Element as selected in the above
figure. Select the element shown and click 'OK'. You should see 'Type 1 PIPE16' in the
Element Types' window.
Click on the 'Options...' button in the 'Element Types' dialog box.
26
The following window will appear:
Click and hold the K6 button (second from the bottom), and select 'Include
Click on ' Close' in the 'Element Types' dialog box and close the Element Type' menu.

We now need to specify geometric properties for our elements:
In the Preprocessor menu, select Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete
Click Add... and select 'Type 1 PIPE16' (actually it is already selected). Click on 'OK'.
Enter the following geometric properties:
Outside diameter OD: 25
Wall thickness TKWALL : 2
This defines an outside pipe diameter of 25mm and a wall thickness of 2mm. Click on 'OK'.
Set 1' now appears in the dialog box. Click on 'Close' in the 'Real Constants' window.

You then need to specify material properties:
In the 'Preprocessor' menu select Material Props > Material Models...
Double click Structural > Linear > Elastic and select 'Isotropic' (double click on it)
We are going to give the properties of Aluminum.
Enter the following
EX 70000
PRXY 0.33
Set these properties and click on 'OK'.
Close the 'Define Material Model Behavior' Window.
MESH SIZE
In the Preprocessor menu select Meshing > Size Cntrls > Manual Size > Lines > All Lines
MESH
In the 'Preprocessor' menu select Meshing > Mesh > Lines and click 'Pick All' in the 'Mesh
Lines'
SAVING YOUR WORK

Utility Menu > File > Save as.... Select the name and location where you want to save your
file.

From the Solution Menu, select 'Analysis Type > New Analysis'
Ensure that 'Static' is selected and click 'OK'.
APPLY CONSTRAINTS
In the Solution menu, select Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Key
points
27
Select the left end of the rod (Key point 1) and Select the right end of the rod (Key point 2)
by clicking on it in the Graphics Window and click on 'OK' in the 'Apply U,ROT on KPs'
window.
This location is fixed which means that all translational and rotational degrees of freedom
(DOFs) are constrained. Therefore, select 'All DOF' by clicking on it and enter '0' in the Value
field and click 'OK'.
APPLY LOADS
As shown in the diagram, there is a vertically downward load of 100N at the end of the bar
In the Structural menu, select Force/Moment > on Key points. Select the mid-point of the
beam and click 'OK' in the 'Apply F/M' window. Click on the 'Direction of force/mom' at
the top and select FY. Enter a value of -100 in the 'Force/moment value' box and click 'OK'.
The force will appear in the graphics window as a red arrow.
The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown below.
SOLVING THE SYSTEM

We now tell ANSYS to find the solution:
Solution > Solve > Current LS processing:
POST PROCESSING: VIEWING THE RESULTS
DEFORMATION
From the Main Menu select General Postproc from the 'ANSYS Main Menu'. In this menu
'Plot Results' and 'List Results' Select Plot Results > Deformed shape.
Select 'Def + undef edge' and click 'OK' to view both the deformed and the Undeformed
object Observe the value of the maximum deflection in the upper left hand corner
DEFLECTION
From the 'General Postproc' menu select Plot results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solution
Select 'DOF solution' and 'USUM'. Leave the other selections as the default values. Click
'OK'.
Menu and selecting Plot Controls > Style > Contours > Uniform Contours
General Postproc > List Results > Nodal Solution ... select 'DOF Solution' and 'ALL DOFs'
from the lists in the 'List Nodal Solution' window and click 'OK'.
STRESSES
From the General Postprocessor menu select Element Table > Define Table...Click on 'Add...'
As shown above, in the 'Item, Comp' boxes in the above window, select 'Stress' and 'von
Mises SEQV' Click on 'OK' and close the 'Element Table Data' window.Plot the Stresses by
selecting Plot Elem Table in the Element Table Menu .The following window will appear.
Ensure that 'SEQV' is selected and click 'OK', If you changed the contour intervals for the
Displacement plot to "User Specified" you may need to switch this back to "Auto calculated"
to obtain new values for VMIN/VMAX.
Utility Menu > Plot Ctrls > Style > Contours > Uniform Contours ...
LIST THE STRESSES

From the 'element table' menu, select 'list elem table'
From the 'list element table data' window which appears ensure 'seqv' is high lighted
Click 'ok'.
28
BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS
General Postproc > Element Table > Define Table... . Click 'Add...'.
A, Enter I Moment as the 'User label for item' - this will give a name to the data
B. Select 'By sequence num' in the Item box
C. Select 'SMISC' in the first Comp box
D Enter SMISC,6 in the second Comp box
E. Click 'OK'
Click 'Add...' in the 'Element Table Data' window.
Enter J Moment as the 'User label for item' - again, this will give a name to the data
A Same as above
B. Same as above
C. For step
D, enter SMISC,12 in the second Comp box
Click 'OK'
Click 'Close' in the 'Element Table Data' window and close the 'Element Table' Menu. Select
Plot Results > Contour Plot > Line Elem Res...
RESULT
Min valve :
Max valve:
29
EXP NO: 07 MODE FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF A 2D COMPONENT
Date:
AIM:
To determine the frequency and three mode shapes of a given 2D Component using Finite
Element Analysis based ANSYS software and view the three mode shapes.
PROCEDURE
The purpose of this tutorial is to outline the steps required to do a simple modal analysis of
2D component.

Utility Menu > File > Change Title...
GIVE EXAMPLE A JOBNAME

Utility Menu > File > Change Jobname...
Enter 'Dynamic' for the jobname
CREATE KEYPOINTS
We are going to define 2 key points (the beam vertices) for this structure as given in the
following table:
Key point Coordinates (x, y)
1 (0,0)
2 (1,0)
DEFINE LINES
30
DEFINE ELEMENT TYPES
For this problem we will use the BEAM3 (Beam 2D elastic) element. This element has 3
degrees of freedom (translation along the X and Y axis's, and rotation about the Z axis). With
only 3 degrees of freedom, the BEAM3 element can only be used in 2D analysis.
DEFINE REAL CONSTANTS

i. Cross-sectional area AREA : 0.0001
ii. Area Moment of Inertia IZZ : 8.33e-10
iii. Total beam height HEIGHT : 0.01
This defines an element with a solid rectangular cross section 0.01 m x 0.01 m.

Young's modulus EX : 2.068e11
Poisson's Ratio PRXY : 0.3
To enter the density of the material, double click on 'Linear' followed by 'Density' in the
'Define Material Model Behavior' Window
Enter a density of 7830
Note: For dynamic analysis, both the stiffness and the material density have to be specified.
DEFINE MESH SIZE

Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > Manual Size > Lines > All Lines... For this example
we will specify 10 element divisions along the line.
MESH THE FRAME

SOLUTION: ASSIGNING LOADS AND SOLVING

Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Modal
SET OPTIONS FOR ANALYSIS TYPE:

Select: Solution > Analysis Type > Analysis Options..
As shown, select the Subspace method and enter 5 in the 'No. of modes to extract'
Check the box beside 'Expand mode shapes' and enter 5 in the 'No. of modes to expand'
Click 'OK'
APPLY CONSTRAINTS
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Key points Fix Key point
1 (ie all DOFs constrained).
Fix Key point 2 (only Uy is constrained).
31
SOLVE THE SYSTEM
VERIFY EXTRACTED MODES AGAINST THEORETICAL PREDICTIONS

Select: General Postproc > Results Summary... The following window will appear
The following table compares the mode frequencies in Hz predicted by theory and ANSYS.
Percent
Mode Theory ANSYS Error
1 8.311 8.300 0.1
2 51.94 52.01 0.2
3 145.68 145.64 0.0
4 285.69 285.51 0.0
5 472.22 472.54 0.1
VIEW MODE SHAPES

Select: General Postproc > Read Results > First Set This selects the results for the first mode
shape Select General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed shape . Select 'Def + undef edge'
The first mode shape will now appear in the graphics window.
To view the next mode shape, select General Postproc > Read Results > Next Set . As above
choose General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed shape . Select 'Def + undef edge'
The first four mode shapes should look like the following:
ANIMATE MODE SHAPES

Select Utility Menu (Menu at the top) > Plot Ctrls > Animate > Mode Shape
RESULT
32
EXP NO : 8 MODE FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF CANTILEVER BEAM
Date :
AIM
To determine the frequency and three mode shapes of a given cantilever beam using Finite
PROCEDURE

Utility Menu > File > Change Title ...

Utility Menu > File > Change Jobname ... Enter 'Dynamic' for the jobname
CREATE KEYPOINTS
We are going to define 2 keypoints (the beam vertices) for this structure as given in the
following table:
Key point Coordinates (x,y)
1 (0,0))
2 (1,0)
DEFINE LINES
Create a line between Keypoint 1 and Keypoint 2.
33

i. Cross-sectional area AREA: 0.0001
ii. Area Moment of Inertia IZZ: 8.33e-10
iii. Total beam height HEIGHT: 0.01

Young's modulus EX: 2.068e11
DEFINE MESH SIZE

For this example we will specify 10 element divisions along the line.
MESH THE FRAME


Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Modal ANTYPE,2

Click 'OK'
APPLY CONSTRAINTS
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints Fix Keypoint 1
(ie all DOFs constrained).
SOLVE THE SYSTEM

34

Select: General Postproc > Results Summary...
Mode Theory ANSYS Percent Error
1 8.311 8.300 0.1
2 51.94 52.01 0.2
3 145.68 145.64 0.0
4 285.69 285.51 0.0
5 472.22 472.54 0.1
VIEW MODE SHAPES

Select: General Postproc > Read Results > First Set
This selects the results for the first mode shape
Select General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed shape . Select 'Def + undef edge' The first
mode shape will now appear in the graphics window.
To view the next mode shape, select General postproc > read results> Next set Set . As above
choose General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed shape . Select 'Def + undef edge'.
The first four mode shapes should look like the following:
ANIMATE MODE SHAPES

RESULT:
35
EXP NO : 9 MODE FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF SIMPLY
SUPPORTED BEAM
Date:
AIM
To determine the frequency and three mode shapes of a given SSB using Finite Element
Analysis based ANSYS software and view the three mode shapes.
PROCEDURE
The purpose of this tutorial is to outline the steps required to do a simple modal analysis of
the cantilever beam shown below.


CREATE KEYPOINTS
We are going to define 2 keypoints (the beam vertices) for this structure as given in the
following table:

1 (0,0)
2 (1,0)
DEFINE LINES
Create a line between Keypoint 1 and Keypoint 2.

36

i. Cross-sectional area AREA : 0.0001

DEFINE MESH SIZE

For this example we will specify 10 element divisions along the line.
MESH THE FRAME


SET OPTIONS FOR ANALYSIS TYPE

Click 'OK'
APPLY CONSTRAINTS
Fix Key point 1 (Ux and Uy are constrained).
Fix Key point 2 (only Uy is constrained).
SOLVE THE SYSTEM

37

Percent
1 8.311 8.300 0.1
2 51.94 52.01 0.2
3 145.68 145.64 0.0
4 285.69 285.51 0.0
5 472.22 472.54 0.1
VIEW MODE SHAPES

Select: General Postproc > Read Results > First Set
This selects the results for the first mode shape
Select General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed shape . Select 'Def + undef edge' The first
mode shape will now appear in the graphics window.
ANIMATE MODE SHAPES

Keep the default setting and click 'OK'
The animated mode shapes are shown below.
Mode 1and Mode 2
Mode 3and Mode 4
RESULT:
Min valve :
Max valve:
38
EXP : 10 MODE FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF FIXED BEAM
Date :
AIM
To determine the frequency and three mode shapes of a given FIXED BEAM using Finite


Utility Menu > File > Change Jobname ...
Enter 'Dynamic' for the jobname
CREATE KEYPOINTS
following table:
1 (0,0)
2 (1,0)
DEFINE LINES

39


DEFINE MESH SIZE

Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > Manual Size > Lines > All Lines... For this example
we will specify 10 element divisions along the line.
MESH THE FRAME



The following window will appear
Click 'OK'
APPLY CONSTRAINTS
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints ,
Fix Key point 1(I e all DOFs constrained) and Fix Key point 2
(ie all DOFs constrained).
SOLVE THE SYSTEM

40

The following window will appear
Percent
1 8.311 8.300 0.1
2 51.94 52.01 0.2
3 145.68 145.64 0.0
4 285.69 285.51 0.0
5 472.22 472.54 0.1
VIEW MODE SHAPES

Select: General Postproc > Read Results > First Set ,This selects the results for the first mode
shape
Select General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed shape
Select 'Def + undef edge' The first mode shape will now appear in the graphics window.
ANIMATE MODE SHAPES
Keep the default setting and click 'OK'
The animated mode shapes are shown below.
Mode 1 and Mode 2
Mode 3 and Mode 4
RESULT:
41
EX NO : 11 HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF A 2D COMPONENT
Date:
AIM:
To determine the amplitude and frequency of a given 2D Component using Finite Element
Analysis based ANSYS software and view the three mode shapes.
PROCEDURE:
We will now conduct a harmonic forced response test by applying a cyclic load (harmonic)
at the end of the beam. The frequency of the load will be varied from 1 - 100 Hz. The figure
below depicts the beam with the application of the load.


CREATE KEYPOINTS
ANSYS provides 3 methods for conducting a harmonic analysis. These 3 methods are the
Full , Reduced and Modal Superposition methods.
This example demonstrates the Full method because it is simple and easy to use as
compared to
the other two methods. However, this method makes use of the full stiffness and mass
matrices and thus is the slower and costlier option
following table:
42
1 (0,0)
2 (1,0)
DEFINE LINES



i. Young's modulus EX: 2.068e11
ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3
Define Material Model Behavior' Window
DEFINE MESH SIZE

Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines > All Lines... For this example we
will specify 10 element divisions along the line.
MESH THE FRAME

DEFINE ANALYSIS TYPE (HARMONIC)

Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Harmonic ANTYPE,3
43
As shown, select the Full Solution method, the Real + imaginary
Click 'OK'
APPLY CONSTRAINTS
Select Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Nodes
The following window will appear once you select the node at x=0 (Note small changes in
the window compared to the static examples):
Constrain all DOF as shown in the above window
APPLY LOADS:
Select Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Nodes
Select the node at x=1 (far right)
The following window will appear. Fill it in as shown to apply a load with a real value of
100 and an imaginary value of 0 in the positive 'y' direction
SET THE FREQUENCY RANGE

Select Solution > Load Step Opts > Time/Frequency > Freq and Substps...
As shown in the window below, specify a frequency range of 0 - 100Hz, 100 substeps and
stepped b.c..
SOLVE THE SYSTEM


OPEN THE TIMEHIST PROCESSING (POST26) MENU
Select TimeHist Postpro from the ANSYS Main Menu.
DEFINE VARIABLES
Select Time Hist Postpro > Variable Viewer
Select Add (the green '+' sign in the upper left corner) from this window and the following
window should appear We are interested in the Nodal Solution > DOF Solution > Y-
Component of displacement.
Click OK.
Graphically select node 2 when prompted and click OK.
LIST STORED VARIABLES

In the 'Time History Variables' window click the 'List' button, 3 buttons to the left of 'Add'
PLOT UY VS. FREQUENCY

In the 'Time History Variables' window click the 'Plot' button, 2 buttons to the left of 'Add'
Note that we get peaks at frequencies of approximately 8.3 and 51 Hz. This corresponds
with the predicted frequencies of 8.311 and 51.94Hz.
To get a better view of the response, view the log scale of UY.
Select Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style > Graphs > Modify Axis
As marked by an 'A' in the above window, change the Y-axis scale to 'Logarithmic'
Select Utility Menu > Plot > Replot
44
This is the response at node 2 for the cyclic load applied at this node from 0 - 100 Hz.
'Define Variables' and 'Store Data' functions under TimeHist Postpro.
RESULT:
Min valve :
Max valve:
45
EXP NO: 12 THERMAL STRESS ANALYSIS OF A 2D COMPONENT –
STATIC
Date :
AIM:
To Determine the temperature distribution axial stress and tangential stress of a given
rectangular block using FEA based ANSYS software and view the temperature distribution
axial stress and tangential stress
PROCEDURE:
A steel link, with no internal stresses, is pinned between two solid structures at a
reference temperature of 0 C (273 K). One of the solid structures is heated to a temperature
of 75 C (348 K). As heat is transferred from the solid structure into the link, the link will
attemp to expand. However, since it is pinned this cannot occur and as such, stress is
created in the link. A steady-state solution of the resulting stress will be found to simplify
the analysis.
Loads will not be applied to the link, only a temperature change of 75 degrees Celsius. The
link is steel with a modulus of elasticity of 200 GPa, a thermal conductivity of 60.5 W/m*K
and a thermal expansion coefficient of 12e-6 /K.

According to Chapter 2 of the ANSYS Coupled-Field Guide, "A sequentially coupled physics
analysis is the combination of analyses from different engineering disciplines which interact to
solve a global engineering problem. For convenience, ...the solutions and procedures associated
with a particular engineering discipline [will be referred to as] a physics analysis. When the input
of one physics analysis depends on the results from another analysis, the analyses are coupled."
Thus, each different physics environment must be constructed seperately so they can be used to
determine the coupled physics solution. However, it is important to note that a single set of nodes
will exist for the entire model. By creating the geometry in the first physical environment, and
using it with any following coupled environments, the geometry is kept constant. For our case, we
will create the geometry in the Thermal Environment, where the thermal effects will be applied.
Although the geometry must remain constant, the element types can change. For instance,
thermal elements are required for a thermal analysis while structural elements are required to
deterime the stress in the link. It is important to note, however that only certain combinations of
elements can be used for a coupled physics analysis. For a listing, see Chapter 2 of the ANSYS
Coupled-Field Guide located in the help file.
The process requires the user to create all the necessary environments, which are basically the
46
preprocessing portions for each environment, and write them to memory. Then in the solution
phase they can be combined to solve the coupled analysis.
THERMAL ENVIRONMENT - CREATE GEOMETRY AND DEFINE THERMAL PROPERTIES

Utility Menu > File > Change Title ... Thermal Stress Analysis

DEFINE KEYPOINTS
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS... K,#,x,y,z
We are going to define 2 key points for this link as given in the following table:
Keypoint Coordinates (x,y,z)

1 (0,0)
2 (1,0)
CREATE LINES
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > In Active Coord
Create a line joining Key points 1 and 2, representing a link 1 meter long.

For this problem we will use the LINK33 (Thermal Mass Link 3D conduction) element. This
element is a uniaxial element with the ability to conduct heat between its nodes.

In the 'Real Constants for LINK33' window, enter the following geometric properties:
i. Cross-sectional area AREA: 4e-4
This defines a beam with a cross-sectional area of 2 cm X 2 cm.

Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Thermal > Conductivity > Isotropic
i KXX: 60.5
DEFINE MESH SIZE

Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines > All Lines... For this example we
will use an element edge length of 0.1 meters.
MESH THE FRAME

47
WRITE ENVIRONMENT
The thermal environment (the geometry and thermal properties) is now fully described and
can be written to memory to be used at a later time. Preprocessor >
Physics > Environment > Write
In the window that appears, enter the TITLE Thermal and click OK.
CLEAR ENVIRONMENT
Preprocessor > Physics > Environment > Clear > OK
Doing this clears all the information prescribed for the geometry, such as the element type,
material properties, etc. It does not clear the geometry however, so it can be used in the
next stage, which is defining the structural environment.
STRUCTURAL ENVIRONMENT - DEFINE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
SWITCH ELEMENT TYPE

Preprocessor > Element Type > Switch Elem Type
Choose Thermal to Struc from the scoll down list.

i Young's Modulus EX: 200e9
ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Thermal Expansion Coef >
Isotropic
iii. ALPX: 12e- 6
WRITE ENVIRONMENT
The structural environment is now fully described. Preprocessor > Physics > Environment >
Write . In the window that appears, enter the TITLE Struct

Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Static ANTYPE,0
READ IN THE THERMAL ENVIRONMENT

Solution > Physics > Environment < Read
Choose thermal and click OK.
If the Physics option is not available under Solution, click Unabridged Menu at the bottom of
the Solution menu. This should make it visible.
APPLY CONSTRAINTS
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Thermal > Temperature > On Key points
Set the temperature of Key point 1, the left-most point, to 348 Kelvin.
SOLVE THE SYSTEM

48
CLOSE THE SOLUTION MENU
Main Menu > Finish
It is very important to click Finish as it closes that environment and allows a new one to be
opened without contamination. If this is not done, you will get error messages.
READ IN THE STRUCTURAL ENVIRONMENT

Solution > Physics > Environment > Read
Choose struct and click OK.
APPLY CONSTRAINTS
Fix Key point 1 for all DOF's and Key point 2 in the UX direction.
INCLUDE THERMAL EFFECTS

Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Temperature > From Therm Analy
As shown below, enter the file name File.rth. This couples the results from the solution of
the thermal environment to the information prescribed in the structural environment and
uses it during the analysis.
DEFINE REFERENCE TEMPERATURE

Preprocessor > Loads > Define Loads > Settings > Reference Temp
For this example set the reference temperature to 273 degrees Kelvin.
SOLVE THE SYSTEM

HAND CALCULATIONS
Hand calculations were performed to verify the solution found using
ANSYS:
As shown, the stress in the link should be a uniform 180 MPa in compression.
49
GET STRESS DATA
Since the element is only a line, the stress can't be listed in the normal way. Instead, an
element table must be created first. General Post proc > Element Table > Define Table >
Add
Fill in the window as shown below. [CompStr > By Sequence Num > LS > LS, 1
ETABLE, CompStress, LS,1
LIST THE STRESS DATA

General Postproc > Element Table > List Elem Table > COMPSTR > OK PRETAB, CompStr
The following list should appear. Note the stress in each element: -0.180e9 Pa, or 180 MPa
in compression as expected.
RESULT:
Min value :
Max value :
50
EXP NO : 13. CONDUCTIVE HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS OF A
2D COMPONENT
Date:
AIM
To determine the temperature distribution and heat flux of a given 2D component using
FEA based ANSYS software and view the temperature and heat flux
PROCEDURE:
The Simple Conduction Example is constrained as shown in the following figure. Thermal
conductivity (k) of the material is 10 W/m*C and the block is assumed to be infinitely long.

CREATE GEOMETRY
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Rectangle > By 2 Corners > X=0, Y=0, Width=1,
Height=1

Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... > click 'Add' > Select Thermal Mass Solid,
Quad 4Node 55
For this example, we will use PLANE55 (Thermal Solid, Quad 4node 55). This element has
4 nodes and a single DOF (temperature) at each node. PLANE55 can only be used for 2
dimensional steady- state or transient thermal analysis.

Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Thermal > Conductivity > Isotropic >
KXX = 10 (Thermal conductivity)
MESH SIZE
Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Areas > All Areas > 0.05
51
MESH
Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free > Pick All

Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Steady-State
APPLY CONSTRAINTS
For thermal problems, constraints can be in the form of Temperature, Heat Flow,
Convection, Heat Flux, Heat Generation, or Radiation. In this example, all 4 sides of the block
have fixed temperatures. Solution > Define Loads > Apply Note that all of the -Structural-
options cannot be selected. This is due to the type of element (PLANE55) selected.
Thermal > Temperature > On Nodes
Click the Box option (shown below) and draw a box around the nodes on the top line
Fill the window in as shown to constrain the side to a constant temperature of 500
Using the same method, constrain the remaining 3 sides to a constant value of 100
Orange triangles in the graphics window indicate the temperature contraints.
SOLVE THE SYSTEM

RESULTS USING ANSYS PLOT TEMPERATURE

General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu ... > DOF solution,
Temperature TEMP
RESULT:
Min valve :
Max valve:
52
EXP NO : 14 CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS OF A
2D COMPONENT
Date :
AIM:
To determine the temperature distribution and heat flux of a given 2D component using
FEA based ANSYS software and view the temperature and heat flux.
PEROCEDURE

CREATE GEOMETRY
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Rectangle > By 2 Corners > X=0, Y=0, Width=1,
Height=1

Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... > click 'Add' > Select Thermal Mass Solid,
Quad 4Node 55. As in the conduction example, we will use PLANE55 (Thermal Solid, Quad
4node 55). This element has 4 nodes and a single DOF (temperature) at each node.
PLANE55 can only be used for 2 dimensional steady-state or transient thermal analysis.

Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Thermal > Conductivity > Isotropic >
KXX = 10 This will specify a thermal conductivity of 10 W/m*C.
MESH SIZE
Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Areas > All Areas > 0.05
53
MESH
Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free > Pick All

Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Steady-State
APPLY CONDUCTION CONSTRAINTS

In this example, all 2 sides of the block have fixed temperatures, while convection occurs on
the other 2 sides. Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Thermal > Temperature > On Lines
Select the top line of the block and constrain it to a constant value of 500 C Using the same
method, constrain the left side of the block to a constant value of 100 C
APPLY CONVECTION BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Thermal > Convection > On Lines Select the right side of
the block. This will specify a convection of 10 W/m2*C and an ambient temperature of 100
degrees Celcius.
APPLY INSULATED BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Thermal > Convection > On Lines , Select the bottom of
the block. Enter a constant Film coefficient (VALI) of 0.
SOLVE THE SYSTEM

POST PROCESSING VIEWING THE RESULT
RESULTS USING ANSYS PLOT TEMPERATURE

General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu ... > DOF solution,
Temperature TEMP
RESULT:
Min valve :
Max valve:
54
EXNO: 15 FORCE AND STRESS ANALYSIS USING LINK ELEMENTS
IN TRUSSES AND CABLES
DATE
AIM:
To analysis force and stress of the link element in trusses and plot the result
PROCEDURE:
STEP 1 : DEFINE ELEMENT TYPE

In the Main Menu select Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete
Click on Add in the dialog box that appears.
Select Link in the left hand menu and 3Dfinit stn 180 in the right hand menu and then click Ok
This will define element type 1 as a LINK 180 element. LINK 180 is actually a 3D truss
element but we are going to use it as a 1D truss by later supressing some of it's degrees of
freedom. Click Close to close the Element Type dialog box.
STEP 2: DEFINE ELEMENT CROSS SECTIONAL AREA (REAL CONSTANT)

In the Main Menu select Preprocessor > Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete
Click on Add in the dialog box that appears. Click on OK to define a real constant for element
type 1 LINK 180. Enter the value for cross sectional area for element 1: 0.000433m2 and then
click Ok . Now, we have to repeat this process for elements 2 and 3.
Click on Add in the Real Constants dialog box and the click on OK in the next box that appears.
This time enter the value for the cross sectional area for element 2: 0.000299 m 2 and then
click Ok .Repeat this process for element 3 using the value given above. When you are
finished you should see three real constant sets defined:Click on Close to close the real
constants dialog box.
STEP3: DEFINE THE MATERIAL BEHAVIOUR

In the Main Menu click on Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models, the Define
Material Model Behaviour dialog box will now appear.
Expand the options in the right hand pane of the dialog box: Structural > Linear > Isotropic
In the dialog box that pops up, enter suitable material parameters for steel ( E = 210 x 10 9 Pa,
Poissons ratio = 0.3): Click on Ok to close the dialog box in which you entered the material
parameters. Close the Define Material Model Behaviourdialog box by clicking on the X in the
upper right corner.
STEP4: DEFINE NODES AND ELEMENTS

In the Main Menu click on Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Nodes > In Active CS
In the dialog box that appears: enter the x-coordinate for node 1 (i.e. 0) and click on Apply
(note that Apply issues the command to create the node but keeps the dialog box open,
clicking Ok would also issue the command to create the node but would close the dialog box).
Now enter the x-coordinate for node 2 (i.e. 0.2) and click Apply .Enter the x-coordinate for
55
node 3 (i.e. 0.4) and click Apply.Enter the x-coordinate for the final node, node 4 (i.e. 0.6) and
click Ok to dismiss the dialog box. You may have notice nodes appearing on the main window
when you clicked apply. You should now be able to see 4 nodes in the main window (note
that node 1 is at the origin so you may not be able to see it due to the display of the triad at
the origin, this is OK):We must now create the elements that join the nodes together: click on
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Elements > Auto Numbered > Thru Nodes
In the main window click on node 1 and then node 2. Then click Apply in the dialog box. You
should see a line element appear joining nodes 1 and 2.
Now click on node 2 and then node 3 and click Apply. A line element should appear joining
nodes 2 and 3.Finally, click on node 3 and then node 4 and click Ok. A line element should
appear joining nodes 3 and 4. Your display should now look like this:
All three elements were created with the default real constant of 1. This means that, at the
moment, all elements have the same cross sectional area. This cross sectional area should
only be applied to element 1, so we need to change the real constants associated with
elements 2 and 3. In order to do this we use the following command: Preprocessor >
Modeling > Move/ Modify > Elements > Modify Attrib
Pick element number 2 and then click Ok in the dialog box.
In the dialog box that appears, change the Attribute to Changeto Real Constant and the New
Attribute Number to 2, then click on Ok.
Repeat this process (steps 12-14) for element 3 to change its real constant to 3.
We can check that all is as it should be by going to the Utility Menu (top of the window) and
selecting: List > Elements > Nodes & Attributes, you should get this:
If your list looks different then it is likely you have made a mistake at some point.
The key points are that each element has a different real constant (REL) and that element 1
joins nodes 1 & 2, element 2 joins nodes 2&3 and element 3 joins nodes 3&4.
STEP5: DEFINE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

In this case we are using a 3D truss to model a 1D truss problem so we must prevent the
nodes from moving in either the Y or the Z directions. In order to do this we constrain all
nodes in the finite element model in both the Y and Z directions.
Preprocessor > Loads > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Nodes
Select Pick All in the dialog box that appears.
Select both UY and UZ in the next dialog box that appears and enter a value of 0 for
displacement value. Click Ok to close the dialog box. Your screen should now look like this:
Now we can apply the problem boundary conditions.
The original bar is held rigidly at it's left hand edge. In order to model this we will constrain
the leftmost node (i.e. node 1) from moving in the x-direction.
Again, select: Preprocessor > Loads > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On
Nodes . Click on Node 1 and then click Ok
This time select UX only and enter a value of 0 for displacement value
Click Ok to close the dialog box. Your should have noticed an extra constraint appear at node
1 (blue triangle pointing in the horizontal direction)
STEP 6: DEFINE LOADS

Select Preprocessor > Loads > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/ Moment > On
Nodes . Pick node 4 and click on Ok
In the dialog box that appears make sure that the direction of force is set to FX and that the
Force/ Moment value is 100000. Click on Ok to close the dialog box.
You should see a red arrow appear on node 4 pointing to the right.
56
STEP7: SOLVE THE PROBLEM
In the Main Menu select Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis
Make sure that Static is selected in the dialog box that pops up and then click on Ok to
dismiss the dialog. Select Solution > Solve > Current LS to solve the problem
A new window and a dialog box will pop up. Take a quick look at the information in the
window ( /STATUS Command) before closing it.
Click on Ok in the dialog box to solve the problem.
Once the problem has been solved you will get a message to say that the solution is done,
close this window when you are ready.
STEP 8: EXAMINE THE RESULTS

In the Main Menu select General Postproc> List Results > Nodal Solution > DOF solution >
Displacement Vector Sum and click Ok
You should get a screen similar to this:
As expected, displacement in the y-direction (UY) and displacement in the z-direction (UZ)
are zero for each node.
Node 1 has a zero displacement in all directions - this is as expected.
Node 2 has moved 0.2198 x 10-4m in the x-direction, Node 3 has moved 0.5833 x 10-4m and
Node 4 has moved 1.112 x 10-4m
The truss element that we have used is quite basic and it is difficult to get stress results
directly from it. In order to access stress results we have to define an element table.
Select General Postproc> Element Table > Define Table > Add
Edit the options in the dialog box so that they look like this:
It is very important to add the "1" after "LS, " !
Click on Ok to define the element table.
Click on Close to close the other dialog box.
Now select General Postproc> Element Table > List Elem Table you should get a listing like
this: This listing gives the stress in each element, for example element 1 has an axial stress of
0.23079 x 108 Pa or 23.079 MPa
57
STEP 9: VALIDATE THE RESULTS
We will now validate our obtained results against those given the book Practical Stress
Analysis with Finite Elements": by Bryan J. Mac Donald. The results comparison is
summarised in the table below:
Result Quantity Ansys Result Result in book %

Accuracy
Displacement of 0 0 100%
Node 1
Displacement of 0.2198 x 10-4 m 2.199 x 10-5m 99%
Node 2
Node 3
Node 4
Stress in Element 1 0.23 x 108 Pa 23.07 x 106 Pa 99%
As the table above clearly shows, our finite element results are consistent with those given in
the book. The very small differences can be accounted for due to computational round offs.
that appears click on Save Everything (assuming that you want to) and then click on Ok
RESULT
Min valve :
Max valve:
58
MATLAB
INTRODUCTION:
Getting stated –Introduction to mat Lab
Using Mat Lab – User guide for all Mat Lab
FINDING FUNCTION AND PROPERTIES:

Mat lab function for listed by category browse mat lab. If you know the function
name click search in the help browsing panel select function name for the type of search
enter the name of function in search for field and click ok
LEARNING SIMULATION:
Getting started provides an overview of the simulate documentation. Quick stack
shown you how to find and a simple steam link model. How semi link model works module
by concepts need to build and execute simulation models.
SETTING SIMULATING PREFERENCES
SIMULINK PREFERENCES:
The preference dialog box allows you specify the following simulink preferences.
WINDOW REUSE:
Specific whether simulates was existing windows or open saw window display a
models sub system.
MODEL BROWSER:
Specifies whether stimulant displays. The browser when you open a model and
whether the browser shows block imported subsystem.
DISPLAY:
Specifies whether to use thick link to display non-scale connection between blocks
and whether to display data type on the block diagram.
SIMULINKS POINTS:
Specifies fonts to be used for black and link label and diagram automations.
CREATING A MODEL:
Click on the simulate I con on the MAT LAB tool bal enter the stimulant command at
the mat lab prompt starting simian display the stimulant library browser. It displays an
area structural view of both libraries. It display icons representating the block libraries’
that cone with simulink by which also models can be created.
59
EXNO 1 MAT LAB BASICS, DEALING WITH MATRICES AND
GRAPHING
DATE
AIM:
To study the mat lab basics, dealing with matrices and graphing
PROCEDURE:
i) We shall create the elements of an (N*N) Matrix which element matrix is hmn
1
hmn = ----------------------- , m , n = 1,2……….N
m+n-1
ii) The script to generate this array N=H

mm=1> N : mn =mm
(n , m)=mesh grid (nn , mm)
n=1/(m+n-1)
n = 1234 m= 1111
1234 2222
1234 3333
1234 4444
n= 1.000 0.5000 0.3333 0.2500

0.5000 0.3333 0.2500 0.2000
0.333 0.2500 0.2000 0.1667
0.2500 0.2000 0.1667 0.1429
iii) (u,v) mesh grid (s,t) to produce (3*4) matrices
u= S1 S2 S3 S4 v = t1 t1 t1 t1
S1 S2 S3 S4 t2 t2 t2 t2
S1 S2 S3 S4 t3 t3 t3 t3
60
Result in numerical
uv = S1*t1 S1* t1 S1*t1 S1* t1

S1*t2 S1* t2 S1*t2 S1* t2
S1*t3 S1* t3 S1*t3 S1* t3
RESULT:
Thus mat lab basics dealing with matrices of graphing were studied
61
EXNO:2 USE OF MAT LAB TO SOLVE SIMPLE PROBLEMS IN
VIBRATION
DATE
AIM:
To study use of mat lab to solve simple problems in vibration
PROCEDURE:
We shall determine eigen value of 3DOF spring mass system whole characteristic
equation is
(k-w2m)=0
K = [ 50 -30 0
-30 70 40 N/m
0 - 40 50 ]
m= [3 0 0
0 1.4 0 kg
0 0 5]
Eigen value ƛ = ⍵2 is not frequency
⍵i = √ ƛ i rad /sec , t = 1, 2 ,3
k= [ 50, -30, 0, -30, 70, -40, 50 ]
m= dia ( { 3,1, -4, 5 } ]

w = sqrt (eig ( k,m) )
⍵ = 1.6734
⍵ = 3.777
⍵ =7.7261
RESULT:
Thus the use of the mat lab to solve the simple problem in vibration was studied
62

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JEPPIAAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

JEPPIAAR NAGAR, RAJIV GANDHI SALAI

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

This is a certified Bonafide record book of ______________________

Signature of the Lab in charge Signature of the Internal examiner

PREPROCESSING: DEFINING THE PROBLEM

GIVE THE EXAMPLE TITLE

CREATE THE CIRCLE

DEFINE THE TYPE OF ELEMENT

DEFINE GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES

ELEMENT MATERIAL PROPERTIES

SOLUTION PHASE: ASSIGNING LOADS AND SOLVING

DEFINE ANALYSIS TYPE

SOLVING THE SYSTEM

PREPROCESSING: DEFINING THE PROBLEM

GIVE THE BRACKET EXAMPLE A TITLE

CREATE THE CIRCULAR END ON THE RIGHT HAND SIDE

parameter Circle 2 Circle 3

BOOLEAN OPERATIONS - ADDITION

CREATE THE BOLT HOLES

parameter circle 1 circle 2 circle 3

DEFINE THE TYPE OF ELEMENT

DEFINE GEOMETRIC CONTANTS

ELEMENT MATERIAL PROPERTIES

SOLUTION PHASE: ASSIGNING LOADS AND SOLVING

DEFINE ANALYSIS TYPE

SOLVING THE SYSTEM

POST-PROCESSING VIEWING THE RESULTS

CONVERGENCE USING ANSYS

PREPROCESSING: DEFINING THE PROBLEM

GIVE EXAMPLE A TITLE

OPEN PREPROCESSOR MENU

ADD AREAS TOGETHER

DEFINE ELEMENT MATERIAL PROPERTIES

DEFINE MESH SIZE

MESH THE FRAME

SOLUTION PHASE: ASSIGNING LOADS AND SOLVING

DEFINE ANALYSIS TYPE

UTILITY MENU > SELECT > ENTITIES

SOLVE THE SYSTEM

DETERMINE THE STRESS THROUGH THE THICKNESS OF THE TUBE

PLOTTING THE ELEMENTS AS AXISYMMETRIC

PREPROCESSING: DEFINING THE PROBLEM

GIVE THE EXAMPLE TITLE

DEFINE THE TYPE OF ELEMENT

DEFINE GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES

ELEMENT MATERIAL PROPERTIES

SAVING YOUR WORK

SOLUTION PHASE: ASSIGNING LOADS AND SOLVING

DEFINE ANALYSIS TYPE

SOLVING THE SYSTEM

RESULTS USING ANSYS

PREPROCESSING: DEFINING THE PROBLEM

1. OPEN PREPROCESSOR MENU

2. GIVE EXAMPLE A TITLE

5. DEFINE ELEMENT TYPES

6. DEFINE REAL CONSTANTS

7. DEFINE ELEMENT MATERIAL PROPERTIES

8. DEFINE MESH SIZE

9. MESH THE FRAME

10. PLOT ELEMENTS

SOLUTION PHASE: ASSIGNING LOADS AND SOLVING

1. DEFINE ANALYSIS TYPE