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Reviewer in LITPHW1
21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPONES AND THE WORLD
FINAL EXAMINATION

Literature A collection of works and pieces which reflects the realities and truths of life, and
heavily stresses on significant human experiences.
Litera Where the world literature originated
Artistry Literature appeals to everyone, regardless of culture, race, sex, and time, which
are all considered significant and forever relevant in terms of their themes and
conditions.
Fiction The imaginative recreation of life
Permanence Literary pieces have endured centuries but regardless, they are still treasured by
most, read repeatedly by scholars, and still studied by students of the modern
world.
Suggestiveness Quality associated with the emotional power of literature.
Foreshadowing Plot device being used to give sign of something to come, as its purpose is to
create suspense and to keep readers guessing about what would happen next in
the story.
Round Character Dynamic character that recognizes changes in the circumstance.
Anecdote Brief narrative concerning a particular individual or incident.
Ode A lyric poem that is written in a spirit of praise or admiration for a person or an
object.
William Shakespeare “The Bard of Avon”
Born on April 26, 1564
Wrote 154 sonnets
Literary Criticism As defined by Aristotle, it is a standard of judging well.
Archetypal Criticism Type of literary criticism which was influenced by Carl Gustav Jung’s belief in the
collective unconscious of all people in the world.
Marxist Criticism Type of literary criticism which argues that literature is a product of real, social,
and economic existence.
Structuralism It allows intertextuality.
It views text as stems of interlocking signs which are arbitrary.
It sekks to make explicit the “grammar”.
Feminism Type of literary criticism which combines several critical methods while focusing
on the questions on how gender affects a literary work.
New Criticism Type of literary criticism insists that there is only one correct way of reading.
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Pre-Colonial The literature of this period cannot be called substantial because much of it was
oral.
Spanish Regime Focused on religious themes due to the Christianization of the Philippines by the
colonizers.
Japanese Occupation There was a bountiful harvest in poetry, fiction and fields of drama and essay.
Post-Edsa Signified the classification of literature into three types – residual, dominant and
emergent.

Amado V. Hernandez
Francisco Arcellana
N.V.M Gonzales
Bienvenido Lumbera
Nick Joaquin
Levi Celerio
Lazaro Francisco
He practiced “committed art” and he was known as the “Manunulat ng
Manggagawa.”
A writer, poet, essayist, critic, journalist, teacher and one of the most important
progenitors of the modern Filipino short story in English.
He said: “There is no such thing as children’s literature.”
He introduced to Tagalog literature what is known as “Bagay Poetry”, a landmark
aesthetic tendency that has helped to change the vernacular poetic tradition
His contribution: exploration of the Philippine colonial past under Spain and his
probing into the psychology of social danger as seen by the young.
He made it to Guinness Book of World Records as the only person to make
music using leaf.
He’s known as the MASTER OF TAGALOG NOVEL

Importance of Studying Literature

 Literature is the meaning of people’s dreams, passions, hearts, beliefs fantasies, soul, being,
meanings, purposes, desires and traditions.
 Literature portrays the acknowledgement of diversity in the world.
 Literature is the mirror of humanity; a glimpse into existence, humanity and culture.

Why Do People Study Literature?

 For information
 For amusement
 For keener pleasure

Poetry
 Poetry is written in stanza or verse form
 Poetry appeals to people’s emotions
 Poetry is divided into three types – narrative, lyric and dramatic
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READ AND REVIEW THE FOLLOWING:
 Figures of Speech
 How My Brother Leon Brought a Wife – Manuel Arguilla
 After a Great Pain, a Formal Feeling Comes – Emily Dickenson
 ABNKKBSNPLAko – Bob Ong
 Romeo and Juliet – William Shakespeare