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• Underweight or
overweight before
pregnancy presents
medical risks
• Mother’s
Poor nutrition
Heredity
Disease conditions
Smoking
Drug & alcohol use
• Babies • Mom
Are larger More likely to need
Twice as likely to labor induced
have neural tube May need C-section
deficits More post-partum
Greater risk of hypertension,
heart defects infections, &
gestational diabetes
• Food sensitivities
• Nausea
• Heartburn
• Constipation
• Pica
Craving items such as
laundry starch,
clay, soil, or ice.
Common among
African American
women
Often associated
with iron deficiency
• Gestational • Hypertension
Diabetes Pre-existing
Usually resolves • Risk of low-birthweight
after the birth infant
Often leads to • Separation of placenta
Transient
surgical birth &
high infant • Usually resolves after
birthweight the birth
• Fetal alcohol
syndrome (FAS)
Irreversible brain
damage
Mental retardation
Facial abnormalities
Vision abnormalities
• No amount is safe
• Recommendation
Exclusive
breastfeeding for
6 months
Then
breastfeeding with
complementary
foods through 12
months
• Eat nutrient-
dense foods
• Enjoy ample food
& fluids at
frequent intervals
• After 6 months
may need
Vitamin D
Iron
Fluoride