RÐ KÞ Çkeòu Økútúkk÷Þ Ylku (Krníke RÐ¿KKLK Íkúkk Mkuðkyku (KT Ôþðmkkrþf Lkerík ( KK

rð»kÞ çkeòu
økútÚkk÷Þ yLku {krníke rð¿kkLk íkÚkk Mkuðkyku{kt ÔÞðMkkrÞf Lkerík{¥kk

Professional Ethics in
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rð»kÞ - 2 yLkw¢{rýfk
÷u¾ ÷u¾f/÷u¾fku Ãk]c MktÏÞk
¢{ktf
1 hkð÷ Lkeíkk Ãke. 81

2 Ãkxu÷ híkw¼kE yuLk. 86
3 Mkku÷tfe ¼khíkeçkuLk yu{. 91
4 çkkhuðrzÞk sÞk 94
5 Ãkxu÷ rfts÷ yu[. 98
6 Maru Gunvanti Suresh, Ghadiyali Mahmad Sohel Yusufbhai
and Tai Hasanali Abdulkhal 101

7 hkÞ[whk {eíkk Ãke. 104
8 hkXkuz òøk]rík ÃkwY»kku¥k{ 108
9 Pandya Vaidehi Chandrakant 111
10 Ãkh{kh rðßÞfw{kh huðk¼kE 118
11 ðýfh rðsÞ¼kE yuMk. 122
5{ku hk»xÙeÞ økútÚkk÷Þ ÃkrhMktðkË yLku økw. økút. Mku. Mkt.Lkku 31{ku økútÚkk÷Þ ÃkrhMktðkË - 2015 80
hkð÷ Lkeíkk Ãke.*
«MíkkðLkk
{kýMk yu Mkk{kSf «kýe Au. su Mk{ks{kt íku hnu Au. íku íkuLke yku¤¾ký Au. Mk{ksLkk Lkerík-rLkÞ{ku, rhðkòu,
«ð]r¥kyku, {kLÞíkkyku ðøkuhuLku òýðk yLku {kLkðk Ãkzu Au. íku{s íku {wsçkLkwt ðíkoLk fhe Mk{ksLke Mk{]rØ{kt ðÄkhku yLku
MðrðfkMk fhe þfu Au. yk{ ÔÞÂõíkLke Ëhuf «ð]r¥k yu ÃkkuíkkLkk íku{s Mk{ksLkk rðfkMk yLku Mk{]rØ {kxu sðkçkËkh Au. swËe
swËe «ð]r¥kyku{kt ÔÞÂõík îkhk fhðk{kt ykðíkw ðíkoLk yu íkuLkk çkkiÂæÄf MíkhLkwt «rík®çkçk nkuÞ Au. çkkiÂæÄf rðfkMk {kxu íkuLku
{¤u÷k ¼qíkfk¤ yLku ðíko{kLk {krníke MktMfkhku MðYÃku íkuLkk {ÂMík»f{kt MktøkúnkÞu÷k nkuÞ Au. Mk{økú heíku òuEyu íkku ÔÞÂõík
swËe swËe ¼qr{fk{kt swËw swËw ðíkoLk fhu Au. yLku rLkýoÞku ÷u Au íku íkuLkk MktMfkhku yLku çkwÂæÄ{íkk Ãkh rLk¼oh nkuÞ Au. fE ðMíkw
ÃkkuíkkLku yLku Mk{ks {kxu Mkkhe fu ¾hkçk fnuðkÞ íkuLkku Mkíkík ÏÞk÷ hk¾eLku ÷uðk{kt ykðíkk rLkýoÞkuLku ykÃkýu Lkiríkf rLkýoÞku
fne þfeyu.
økútÚkk÷ÞLkk Mkt[k÷LkLke sðkçkËkheLkk ¼køkYÃku Mkt[k÷f íkhefu økútÚkÃkk÷u swËk swËk Lkiríkf rLkýoÞku òýu fu yòýÃkýu
Mkíkík ÷uðkLkk nkuÞ Au. WÃkÞkuøkfíkkoykuLku íkuykuLkk ÔÞÂõíkøkík SðLk fu Mkk{kSf SðLkLku yMkh fhíke {krníkeLkk Mºkkuíkkuu
økútÚkÃkk÷ WÃk÷çÄ fhkðu Au. yk{, íkuyku WÃkÞkuøkfíkkoyku, MktMÚkk, íkuLkk Mknf{o[kheyku yLku Mk{økúÃkýu Mk{ksLkk ¼rð»Þ
rLk{koý {kxu Ãkhkuûk heíku sðkçkËkh çkLku Au. xufLkku÷kuSLkk rðfkMkÚke ðirïf MíkhLke {krníkeLkku ¼tzku¤ økútÚkÃkk÷Lke yktøk¤eLkk
xuhðu ykðe økÞku Au íku WÃkÞkuøkfíkkoykuLku Mkk[e, Mkh¤ yLku Mk[kux {krníke Ãkqhe Ãkkze þfu Au. ykðe {krníke ðirïf Mk¥kk fu
íkkfkíkLkk Mºkkuík çkLke þfu Au. íkuðk Mktòuøkku{kt økútÚkÃkk÷kuLke ÔÞðMkkrÞf Lkerík{¥kk ¾qçk s {níðLke çkLke hnu Au.
økútÚkk÷Þku {krníkeLkk «króMÚkkLkku s {kºk Lk hnuíkk Mkk{kSf yLku MkktMf]ríkf rðfkMkLkk rLkr{¥k çkLke økÞk Au. {kLkð
fÕÞký yLku rðfkMk {kxu sYhe yuðk MkktMf]ríkf {qÕÞku Ähkðíke Lkiríkf ÃkØrík rðfMkkððk økútÚkk÷ÞkuLke yku¤¾ký Lkiríkf
LkuíkkøkeheLkk MðYÃku WÃkMke hne Au. ykÚke økútÚkÃkk÷ku Mkk{u ykðk MkktMf]ríkf {qÕÞkuLku æÞkLk{kt hk¾e hkuStËk rLkýoÞku ÷uðkLke
íku{s ÃkrhÂMÚkríkLkk rð&÷u»kýLke ÃkØríkyku{kt ÔÞðMkkrÞf Lkerík{¥kk Mkk{u÷ fhðkLkku Ãkzfkh W¼ku ÚkÞku Au.
Lkerík{¥kk yux÷u þwt ?
MkíÞLke xqtfk{kt xqfe ÔÞkÏÞk ykÃkðe nkuÞ íkku, “su Wr[ík Au, ÞkuøÞ Au íkuLku MkíÞ fnuðkÞ.” fkuE rLkýoÞ fu fkÞoLku
Wr[ík fu ÞkuøÞ íÞkhu s fne þfkÞ ßÞkhu íkuLkkÚke Mk{]ÂæÄ fu Mkw¾kfkhe{kt ðÄkhku Úkíkku nkuÞ yLku yÚkðk fkuE ÔÞÂõík fu
Mk{ksLku LkwfþkLkfkhf Lk nkuÞ, yk{ MkíÞ, Wr[ík fu ÞkuøÞ rLkýoÞ yÚkðk fkÞo Mkk{kSf Mk{]ÂæÄ{kt ðÄkhku fhíkku nkuÞ íkku
ykÃkýu Lkiríkf rLkýoÞ fu fkÞo fne þfeyu. Ëhuf rLkýoÞ «r¢Þk ð¾íku fhðk{kt ykðíke Mkkhk fu ¾hkçk ytøkuLke {kLkrMkf
fðkÞík yu Lkerík{¥kkLke [fkMkýe Au. Lkerík{¥kk yux÷u MkktMf]ríkf yLku çkkiÂæÄf Míkhu fkuE rLkýoÞLke ÞkuøÞíkk swËk swËk
ÔÞðMkkÞ{kt òuzkÞu÷k ÔÞÂõíkykuyu ÷uðk Ãkzíkk rLkýoÞ{kt yk «r¢Þk yòøk]ík heíku Úkíke hnu Au.
ÔÞðMkkrÞf Lkerík{¥kk
ÔÞÂõík ÃkkuíkkLke swËe swËe ¼qr{fk{kt Mkíkík «ð]r¥kþe÷ hnuíkku nkuÞ Au, fkuE yuf s Mk{Þu íku {kLkrMkf heíku ½ýe çkÄe
çkkçkíkku{kt òuzkÞu÷ku nkuÞ Au, LkiríkfíkkLkk «Úk{ [hý MðYÃk R{kLkËkhe yu Ëhuf ÔÞðMkkÞ MkkÚku yrLkðkÞo çkkçkík økýkÞ.
ÔÞkðMkkrÞf VhòuLku R{kLkËkheÃkqðof rLk¼kððe òuEyu. su MktMÚkk MkkÚku òuzkÞu÷k nkuEyu íkuLku ðVkËkh hnuðk {kxuLke yk
«Úk{ çkkçkík Au. økútÚkÃkk÷ íkhefu fhðk{kt ykðíkk rðrðÄ fkÞkuo{kt ÔÞkðMkkrÞf Lkerík{¥kkLku æÞkLk{kt hk¾eLku rLkýoÞ ÷uðk{kt
ykðíkk nkuÞ Au. ykÚke, Mkki «Úk{ ykÃkýu ÔÞkðMkkrÞf Lkerík{¥kk yux÷u þwt ? íkuLke ÔÞkÏÞk òýeyu.
ÔÞkÏÞk :
(1) “økútÚkÃkk÷ yLku økútÚkk÷Þ f{o[kheykuLkk ðíkoLk MkkÚku Lkiríkf {qÕÞkuLkk rMkØktíkkuLkk òuzkýLku økútÚkÃkk÷Lke ÔÞkðMkkrÞf
Lkerík{¥kk fnuðkÞ. su íkuykuLku {krníke «kró, «r¢Þk, Mktøkún yLku WÃkÞkuøkLke çkkçkík{kt rLkýoÞku ÷uíke ð¾íku
ÔÞÂõíkøkík, MktMÚkkfeÞ, sqÚk fu Mk{ksLke Mk{]ÂæÄ{kt ðÄkhku fhíke nkuÞ.”
*Librarian, Kum. A.B. Gardi Gram Vidhya Mahavidhyalaya, Shardagram, Mangrol, Dist. Junagadh-362225.
(2) Mkk{kSf heíku sðkçkËkh ÔÞÂõík íkhefu fkÞo fhðk {køkíkk økútÚkÃkk÷u Mkk{kSf {qÕÞku yLku ònuh yÃkuûkkykuLkwt
Mkk{kLÞefhý MðefkheLku rLkýoÞku ÷uíke ð¾íku ÃkkuíkkLke fwLkun yLku ykðzíkkuLkku WÃkÞkuøk fhðku òuEyu. su íkuLke
ÔÞkðMkkrÞf Lkerík{¥kk fne þfkÞ.
{q¤¼qík heíku ðneðx fu Mkt[k÷Lk yu Lkiríkf «r¢Þk s Au. {kuxu ¼køku ðneðxe rLkýoÞku ÃkkA¤ Lkiríkf Ãkrh{ký Ãký nkuÞ
Au. ykÚke Mkk{kLÞ heíku fne þfkÞ fu Lkiríkf rLkýoÞ yu Au fu su Mkk{krsf fÕÞkýLku yuf [ku¬Mk heíku yMkhfíkko nkuÞ.1
Mkk{kSf Mkuðkyku fkuELku fkuE Mk{MÞkLkk rLkðkhý {kxu yÂMíkíð{kt ykðe nkuÞ Au. ßÞkhu {krníke Mkuðk yu Mk{MÞk
rLkðkhý fhíkkt Mkk{kSf íku{s çkkirÄf rðfkMk MkkÚku ðÄkhu Mktf¤kÞu÷e Au. ykÚke Mkk{kSf yLku MkktMf]ríkf rðfkMk {kxu
økútÚkÃkk÷kuLke ÔÞkðMkkrÞf Lkerík{¥kkLkku ÏÞk÷ rðMík]ík heíku {krníke Lkerík{¥kkLkk rMkØktík{kt ykðhe ÷uðk{kt ykðu Au. {krníke
Lkerík{¥kk yu “fkuLku fE {krníke WÃk÷çÄ nkuðe òuEyu” çkkçkík MkkÚku Mktf¤kÞu÷e Au íku{s íkuLke MkkÚku (1) çkkiÂæÄf MðkíktºÞ
(2) Mk{kLk Äkuhýu {krníkeLke WÃk÷ÂçÄ (3) {krníkeLke økkuÃkLkeÞíkk (4) çkkiÂæÄf MktÃkríkLkku ÏÞk÷ Mkíkík hk¾ðku Ãkzu Au. yux÷u
fu Lkiríkf Mk{MÞkykuLkk Wfu÷ {kxu økútÚkÃkk÷Lku ÔÞkðMkkrÞf Lkerík{¥kk íku{s {krníke Lkerík{¥kkLkwt Ÿzw yLku ík÷MÃkþeo ¿kkLk nkuðw
ykð~Þf Au. økútÚkk÷Þ Mkt[k÷LkLke Vhs ËhBÞkLk økútÚkÃkk÷ swËe swËe «ð]ríkyku yLku rLkýoÞku ÷uíkk nkuÞ Au. íÞkhu íkuykuLku
ðkhtðkh Lkiríkf Mk{MÞkykuLkku Mkk{Lkku fhðkLkk «Mktøkku çkLkíkk nkuÞ Au. Lkiríkf Mk{MÞkykuLkk rLkhkfhý {kxu swËk swËk rMkØktíkku2
Don Fallis îkhk hsw fhðk{kt ykÔÞk Au. fE Mk{MÞk {kxu fÞku rMkæÄktík Mkk[ku fu ÞkuøÞ økýkÞ íkuðe fkuE Mkh¾k{ýe fÞko
ðøkh íkuLkku yÇÞkMk fhe þfkÞ. su Lke[u {wsçk Au.
Ãkrhýk{÷ûke rMkæÄktík
su «r¢Þk îkhk MkkY Ãkrhýk{ {u¤ðe þfkÞ íku «r¢ÞkLke ÃkMktËøke fhðe òuEyu íkuðw yk rMkæÄktík sýkðu Au.
Vhs÷ûke rMkæÄktík
VhsLkk ¼køkYÃku fhðk{kt ykðíkk rLkýoÞku fu su Ãkrhýk{Lke ®[íkk hk¾íkk Lk nkuÞ íkuLku Vhs÷ûke rLkýoÞkuLkku rMkæÄktík
÷køkw Ãkzu Au.
n¬÷ûke rMkæÄktík
«kf]ríkf heíku {kýMk òíkLku {¤u÷k n¬ku su{ fu {krníke «króLkku n¬ fu økkuÃkLkeÞíkkLkku n¬ ðøkuhuLkk ykÄkhu Lkiríkf
rLkýoÞku ÷uðkLkwt n¬÷ûke rMkæÄktík{kt sýkððk{kt ykÔÞw Au.
ðkMíkð÷ûke rMkæÄktík
[kh Ãkife MkkiÚke ykuAw {níð Ähkðíkku yk rMkæÄktík yurhMxkux÷ (350 Bc) yu sýkðu÷k ðkMíkrðf {qÕÞku suðk fu ®n{ík,
MknLkþe÷íkk, r{ºkíkk, W{ËkÃkýwt ðøkuhuLku {níð ykÃku Au.
{ÞkoËkyku
(1) WÃkh sýkðu÷k [khuÞ rMkæÄktíkku ¾qçks AeAhk Au.
(2) Ãkrù{e MktMf]rík ykÄkrhík nkuðkÚke Mk{økú rðïLke MktMf]rík MkkÚku Mkh¾kðe þfkÞ Lknª.
(3) rMkæÄktíkku Võík økútÚkk÷Þ ÔÞðMkkÞLkk LkÚke, Mkk{kLÞ LkiríkfíkkLkk Au.
(4) swËk swËk rMkæÄktíkku yufs Mk{MÞkLkk swËk swËk rLkýoÞku ykÃku Au.
swËk swËk Ëuþku{kt økútÚkk÷Þ Lkerík{¥kkLkk Äkuhýku su íku ËuþLke MktMf]rík Ãkh ykÄkrhík nkuðkÚke yuf Mk{kLk Äkuhýu ÷køkw
fhe þfkÞ íkuðw fkuE çktÄkhý ðirïf fûkkyu çkLkkðe þfkÞwt LkÚke. Ãkhtíkw Ëhuf Ëuþku ÃkkuíkkLkk MkktMf]ríkf {qÕÞkuLku Lkiríkf ÃkrØíkLkk
ÃkkÞkYÃk økýíkk nkuðkÚke {kLkð fÕÞký íkhVe íkku nkuÞ s Au.3 WÃkhktík íkuLku fkÞËuMkhíkkLkwt õð[ Ãký {¤e hnu Au. fkÞËkykuLkwt
½zíkh Mk{ks fÕÞký fu Mkw¾kfkhe {kxu fhðk{kt ykðu Au. ykÚke fkuEÃký ðíkoLkLku Lkiríkf íÞkhu s fne þfkÞ fu ßÞkhu íku
fkÞËuMkh nkuÞ Ãkhtíkw Ëhuf fkÞËuMkh çkkçkík Lkiríkf Lk nkuE þfu. Lkiríkf ðíkoýqtf {kxu {køkoËþof rMkæÄktíkkuLkk ykÄkhu íkiÞkh
fhkÞu÷ rLkÞ{kuLku “fkuz ykuV yurÚkõMk” fnu Au. su þwt fhðw òuEyu yÚkðk þwt Lk fhðwt òuEyu «fkhLkk Au. “CODES OF
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS’’ - yu rðïLkk ½ýktçkÄk Ëuþku îkhk Mðef]ík yLku y{urhfk îkhk íkiÞkh ÚkÞu÷ Lkerík{¥kk çkkçkíkLkku
{køkoËþof rMkæÄktík Au. suLkku y{÷ AALL (1999), ALA (1985), ASIST (1992). MLA (1994) yLku SAA (1992) suðk rðï
«rMkØ yuMkkurþyuþLkku îkhk fhðk{kt ykÔÞku Au. su{kt {wÏÞíðu Lke[u {wsçkLke ykX çkkçkíkkuLkku Mk{kðuþ fhðk{kt ykÔÞku Au.
(1) çkkiÂæÄf MðkíktºÞ (2) {krníkeMºkkuíkkuu Ãkh rLkÞtºkýLkku rðhkuÄ (3) Mk{kLk WÃk÷ÂçÄ (4) økkuÃkLkeÞíkk yLku
rðïMkLkeÞíkk (5) økútÚkk÷Þ ÔÞðMkkÞLkwt ÔÞksçkeÃkýwt (6) MktMÚkkfeÞ ðVkËkhe (7) rLk»ÃkûkÃkýwt (8) ÔÞkðMkkrÞf fwþ¤íkk.
ÔÞkðMkkrÞf Lkerík{¥kkLkk rLkÞ{kuLkk VkÞËk
(1) hkuStËe fkÞoðkne{kt ßÞkhu fkuE Lkiríkf Mk{MÞk W¼e ÚkkÞ íÞkhu {køkoËþof ËMíkkðus íkhefu WÃkÞkuøke Au.
(2) økútÚkk÷Þ ÃkkMkuÚke WÃkÞkuøkfíkkoykuyu fuðe yLku fE fE yÃkuûkkyku hk¾e þfkÞ íku yk ËMíkkðus Ëþkoðu Au.
(3) økútÚkÃkk÷ íkhefuLke yku¤¾Lku {sçkqík çkLkkðe, ÔÞðMkkÞLkwt Mkk{krsfhý fheLku ÔÞðMkkÞLkku økðo ðÄkhu Au.
(4) økútÚkk÷ÞLkwt ÔÞkðMkkrÞf MkL{kLk yLku rðïMkrLkÞíkk ðÄkhu Au.
(5) ytøkík ÃkqðoøkúnkuLku ÔÞðMkkÞÚke Ëqh hk¾ðk{kt {ËËYÃk Au.
(6) økútÚkk÷ÞLku ÃkkuíkkLkwt fkuE yLkiríkf ðíkoLk nkuÞ íkuLku ½xkzðk íku{s Mknf{o[kheykuLkk ykðk yLkiríkf ðíkoLk {kxu VrhÞkË
fhðkLke Vhs W¼e fhu Au.
(7) WÃkÞkuøkfíkkoyku îkhk fu fkuE çkkÌk yusLMke îkhk fhkÞu÷ yÞkuøÞ ykûkuÃkku {kxu Mkwhûkk õð[ ÃkqY Ãkkzu Au.
(8) økútÚkÃkk÷, Mknf{o[kheyku íku{s WÃkÞkuøkfíkkoyku ðå[u W¼k Úkíkk Lkiríkf {ík¼uËkuLku Wfu÷ðk {køkoËþoLk ÃkwY Ãkkzu Au.
{ÞkoËkyku
{kuxk¼køkLkk Ëuþku{kt økútÚkÃkk÷ íku{s yLÞ f{o[kheykuLku yk çkkçkíkLkku ÏÞk÷ ykÃkðk{kt ykÔÞku Lk nkuðkÚke íkuLke WÃkuûkk
ÚkkÞ Au. fkuz ykuV yurÚkõMk yux÷u þwt yLku íkuLkku y{÷ õÞkt õÞkhu yLku fuðe heíku fhðku íkuLke {qtÍðý økútÚkk÷Þku yLkw¼ðu Au.
ð¤e, íkuLkk swËk swËk rMkæÄktíkku ðå[u rðhkuÄk¼kMk òuðk {¤u Au. íkuðk Mktòuøkku{kt Lkiríkf rLkýoÞ ÷uðk{kt íkf÷eV Ãkzu Au. íku
WÃkhktík swËe swËe MkktMf]ríkf ÃkrhÂMÚkrík{kt LkiríkfíkkLkk Äkuhýku swËk swËk nkuðkÚke íku rçkLkWÃkÞkuøke Ãký sýkÞ Au.
Lkiríkf Mk{MÞkyku
{krníke xufLkku÷kuSLkk rðfkMk MkkÚku ÚkÞu÷k {krníke rðMVkuxLku ÷eÄu ½ýe Lkðe Lkiríkf Mk{MÞkyku Ãký W¼e ÚkE Au.fkuz
ykuV yurÚkõMk{kt Ãký MkwÄkhk ðÄkhk fhðkLkku yðfkþ W¼ku fhu Au. su{ fu,
❖ økútÚkk÷ÞLkk fkuBÃÞwxh Ãkh RLxhLkux VeÕxh hk¾ðk òuEyu fu Lkrn ?
❖ Mkhfkhe Mkwhûkk yrÄfkhe / yusLMkeykuLku Mkt¼rðík økwLnuøkkhe íkÃkkMk {kxu WÃkÞkuøkfíkkoykuLke {krníke / «ð]r¥kyku rðþu
sýkððwt òuEyu fu Lkrn ?
❖ ÄkŠ{f / YrZ[qMík MktøkXLkku îkhk ËkLk{kt ykÃku÷ ÃkwMíkfkuLku økútÚkk÷ÞLkkt õ÷uõþLk{kt Mk{krðü fhkÞ fu Lkrn ?
❖ ytÄ©æÄk, {kLÞíkkyku yLku ¼qík«uík íku{s íkktrºkf rðãkykuLkk ÃkwMíkfkuLku ÷kÞçkúuhe f÷uõþLk{kt hk¾e þfkÞ ?
❖ MktrËøÄ {uzef÷ MkkhðkhLke {krníkeLkk yuLkMkkRõ÷kuÃkerzyk Ãkh [uíkðýeLke Mkq[Lkk ÷¾e þfkÞ ?
WÃkh sýkðu÷ «fkhku Mktrûkó ÏÞk÷ Ãkqhíkk Lk{qLkkYÃk Au, íku WÃkhktík økútÚkk÷Þ MkuðkykuLkwt ÞkuøÞ yLku MkwtËh Mkt[k÷Lk fhðk
{kxu økútÚkÃkk÷Lku Mkíkík Lkiríkf rLkýoÞku{kt ½»koý WËT¼ðíkk hnu Au. su WÃkÞkuøkfíkkoyku, Mknf{o[kheyku, MktMÚkkLkk ðneðxeíktºk,
Mkhfkheíktºk, hksfeÞ Ãkûkku yLku yuMkkurMkyuþLkku MkkÚku Mktf¤kÞu÷k nkuÞ Au. y{wf rðrþü Mktòuøkku{kt W¼e Úkíke Lkiríkf rîÄkLkk
WËknhýku Lke[u {wsçk ykÃke þfkÞ. økútÚkÃkk÷ íkuLke økútÚkk÷ÞLke sðkçkËkhe WÃkhktík yLÞ «ð]r¥kyku MkkÚku Mktf¤kÞu÷ku nkuÞ Au.
íÞkhu Mk{MÞkyku ðÄw økt¼eh çkLku Au.
rLkckLke ÿiíkíkk4
økútÚkÃkk÷ íkhefu Mkuðk ykÃkíke ÔÞÂõík ÷u¾f fu «fkþf íkhefu økútÚkk÷ÞLke çknkh fkÞo fhíke nkuÞ Au. ykðk Mktòuøkku{kt
MktMÚkkLke ÔÞkðMkkrÞf Vhòu «íÞu Mk¼kLkÃkýu Lkiríkf hnuðwt òuEyu. Ãkhtíkw íku MktÃkqýoÃkýu rLkckðkLk hne þfkíkw LkÚke. òýu
yòýu ykÃkýu MktMÚkkLke fkÞoðkne yLku Mk{Þ ËhBÞkLk ykÃkýe ytøkík «ð]ríkyku {kxu MktMkkÄLkku, fu þÂõíkykuLkku WÃkÞkuøk
fhíkk nkuÞ Au.
òuzkýLke ÿiíkíkk
økútÚkÃkk÷ íku{s yLÞ f{o[kheyku MktMÚkk WÃkhktík yLÞ yuMkkurMkyuþLk, f÷çk, hksfeÞ Ãkûk fu yLÞ ¾kLkøke økútÚkk÷Þ
MkkÚku Ãký òuzkÞu÷k nkuÞ Au íÞkhu ÔÞÂõíkLke «ð]ríkyku ðkhtðkh yufçkeò MkkÚku xfhkÞ Au. MktMÚkkLke Vhòu Lkiríkf heíku yËk
fhðk{kt ½ýeðkh íkf÷eV Ãkzu Au.
sðkçkËkheLke ÿiíkíkk
økútÚkk÷Þ ßÞkhu fkuE Lkuxðfo MkkÚku òuzkÞu÷ nkuÞ íÞkhu {krníke Mktøkún, {krníkeLkwt ykËkLk «ËkLk, MktMkkÄLkkuLkku WÃkÞkuøk
ðøkuhu çkkçkíkku{kt MktMÚkkLkk økútÚkk÷Þ fu LkuxðfoLku «kÚkr{fíkk ykÃkðe íku çkkçkíku {qtÍðý W¼e Úkíke nkuÞ Au.
MkkrníÞ[kuhe
½ýe ð¾ík Mk{Þ, ykðzík fu MktMkkÄLkkuLkk y¼kðLkk çknkLku ÷u¾LkfkÞo {kxu sYhe MkkrníÞ Mk{eûkk fu MktþkuÄLk fkÞoLku
økútÚkÃkk÷ fu økútÚkk÷Þ f{o[kheyku rLkckÃkqðof rLk¼kðíkk LkÚke yLku WXktíkhe fhíkk nkuÞ Au. su MkkiÚke ®LkËLkeÞ «ð]rík fne
þfkÞ. ÷u¾fLke ÃkhðkLkøke, ÞkuøÞ huVhLMk fu yðíkhý (Citation) ËþkoÔÞk ðøkh {krníkeLkku ËwYÃkÞkuøk fhðk{kt ykðu Au.
Mkn-÷u¾f5
÷u¾Lk fkÞoLku ðÄw {níð yÃkkððk {kxu õÞkhuf «ríkrcík ÷u¾fkuLkk Lkk{Lkku WÃkÞkuøk Mkn-÷u¾f íkhefu fhkíkku nkuÞ Au.
ykðk Mktòuøkku{kt õÞkhuf {krníkeLke MkíÞíkk rðþu «&™kÚko ÚkkÞ, íÞkhu sðkçkËkhe ytøkuLke {kuxe Mk{MÞk «ríkrcík ÷u¾fLke
rLkck{kt ½xkzku fhu Au.
rLk»ýktíkkuLkku yr¼«kÞ (Peer Review)6
ßÞkhu ÷u¾f íkhefu ÔÞÂõík fkuE Lkk{ktrfík MktMÚkk MkkÚku òuzkÞu÷ Lk nkuÞ íÞkhu íkuLkk MktþkuÄLkLku rLk»ýkík íkhefu fkuE
«ríkrcík MktMÚkkLkk økútÚkÃkk÷ yr¼«kÞ ykÃku / ÷¾u Au íÞkhu íkuLku ykuAw {níð fu Mkk{kLÞ fûkkLkwt ÷u¾Lk íkhefu sýkðkÞ Au su
Lkiríkfíkk rðYæÄLkwt fne þfkÞ.
ykŠÚkf ÷k¼
½ýk¾hk rfMMkkyku{kt ÃkwMíkf / MkkrníÞ rð¢uíkkyku {kfuoxªøkLkk çknkLkk nuX¤ økútÚkÃkk÷kuLku ¼ux ykÃkðk yÚkðk yLÞ
MðYÃku ykŠÚkf ÷k¼Lke ykuVh fhíkk nkuÞ Au. suLkku Lkiríkf VhsLkk ¼køkYÃku yMðefkh yÚkðk íkku MktMÚkk{kt ykðe ðMíkw fu ¼ux
s{k fhkððe òuEyu. {kuxu¼køku yk çkkçkíkLkku y{÷ õÞktÞ òuðk {¤íkku LkÚke.
WÃkkÞku
økútÚkÃkk÷kuLke Lkiríkf ÿrüLkku rðfkMk fhðk yLku ÔÞkðMkkrÞf Lkerík{¥kkLkk Äkuhýku Lk¬e fhðk {kxuLkk WÃkkÞku Lke[u {wsçk
Mkw[ðe þfkÞ.
(1) Lkiríkf yLku rLkckðkLk fkÞo«ýkr÷Lkk y{÷ {kxu Mkki «Úk{ rþûkýÚke s fhe þfkÞ. økútÚkk÷Þ rð¿kkLkLkk yÇÞkMk¢{ku{kt
Lkerík{¥kk rð»kÞLku ¾qçks «kÄkLÞ ykÃkðwt òuEyu. «kÞkurøkf yÇÞkMk (fuMk Mxze {uÚkz)Lkk {kæÞ{Úke íkuLku ðÄw
yMkhfkhf çkLkkðe þfkÞ.
(2) Mk{økú fkhfeŠË ËhBÞkLk økútÚkÃkk÷ku Lkerík{¥kkLkk Äkuhýku ò¤ðíkk hnu íku {kxu ðíko{kLk økútÚkÃkk÷kuLku Mkíkík rþûký yLku
íkk÷e{ ðzu Mk{]æÄ fhðk òuEyu.
(3) ÷ktçkkøkk¤kLke Lkerík fu ykÞkusLk fhLkkh MktMÚkkLkk ykÞkusfku yu Lkerík{¥kkLkk Äkuhýku Lk¬e fhe íku {wsçk økútÚkk÷ÞLkk
rLkýoÞku ÷uðkÞ Au fu Lkrn íkuLkw Mkíkík {qÕÞktfLk fhðw òuEyu.
(4) økútÚkk÷ÞLkk Ëhuf f{o[kheykuyu Mkíkík yu Lkerík{¥kkLkku ÏÞk÷ hk¾eLku fkÞo fhðk òuEyu su økútÚkk÷ÞLku {kºk {krníke
fuLÿ s Lknª Ãkhtíkw Mk{ksLku WÃkÞkuøke yLku MkL{kLkeÞ MktMÚkk nkuðkLkw økðo yÃkkðe þfu.
(5) Mkhfkhe Lkerík-rLkÞ{kuLkk ËkÞhk{kt hneLku WÃkÞkuøkfíkkoLku ðÄw{kt ðÄw Mkkhe Mkuðk ykÃke þfkÞ íku {kxu økútÚkÃkk÷Lku íkuykuLke
ykðzík yLku Mk{ksLkk ykÄkhu Lkiríkf rLkýoÞku ÷uðkLke Aqx nkuðe òuEyu.
(6) MktMÚkkfeÞ Míkhu Lkerík íkiÞkh fhíke ð¾íku økútÚkÃkk÷Lku íku{kt Mkk{u÷ fhðk òuEyu suÚke yMkhfkhf ÔÞkðMkkrÞf
Lkerík{¥kkLkwt ½zíkh yLku Mkh¤ y{÷ þõÞ çkLku. yk {kxu yLÞ ûkuºkLkk fwþ¤ ðneðxfíkkoykuLke {ËË Ãký ÷E
þfkÞ.
(7) rLkýoÞ «r¢Þk yu “MkkY” yLku “¾hkçk” Lk¬e fheLku “Mkkhk”Lke ÃkMktËøke fhðkLke ÃkæÄrík Au. ykÚke ÔÞÂõíkLke
çkkirÄf ûk{íkk {wsçk yk fkÞo ÚkE þfu. çkkirÄf ûk{íkk ðÄkhðkLkku MkkiÚke MkV¤ WÃkkÞ Au - ðkíkko, Lkð÷fÚkk yLku
fkÔÞkuLkwt ðkt[Lk. økútÚkÃkk÷ íkhefu Mkw÷ÇÞ MkkrníÞ ðkt[eLku íku rðfMkkððw òuEyu.
(8) þkherhf yLku {kLkrMkf MðMÚkíkk Lkiríkf rLkýoÞ «r¢Þk {kxu ykð~Þf Au. ykÚke íkuLku ò¤ððe òuEyu.
(9) Vhs ðirðã (Job Rotation) økútÚkk÷Þ f{o[kheykuLke fkÞkuoLke yktíkrhf VuhçkË÷e fhðe òuEyu. suÚke fu¤ðkÞu÷k ytøkík
MktçktÄkuLkku ËwYÃkÞkuøk Lk ÚkE þfu.
WÃkMktnkh
Lkiríkfíkk yu Mkk{kSf MktMf]rík{ktÚke ykðíke yLku Mkk{kSf Mk{]ÂæÄ{kt ðÄkhku fhíkw Ãkrhçk¤ Au. ÔÞÂõík øk{u íku
ÔÞðMkkÞ{kt òuzkÞu÷ nkuÞ fu øk{u íku ÃkrhÂMÚkík{kt nkuÞ, Lkiríkfíkk ðøkhLkku fkuE rLkýoÞ fu «ð]rík íku fhu íkku yð~Þ íkuLku yLku
Mk{ksLku nkrLkYÃk çkLku Au. yLÞ ÔÞðMkkÞkuLke su{ økútÚkk÷ÞLkku ÔÞðMkkÞ Ãký Lkiríkfíkk ðøkh þõÞ LkÚke. økútÚkk÷Þ MkuðkLkk
fuLÿ{kt WÃkÞkuøkfíkko nkuðkÚke WÃkÞkuøkfíkkoLku {n¥k{ Mkuðk Ãkqhe Ãkkzðk {kxu {k¤¾kfeÞ MkwrðÄkyku W¼e fhðkLke MkkÚku Lkiríkf
VhòuLkwt {k¤¾w Ãký íkuLkk Mkt[k÷Lk {kxu ykð~Þf Au. økútÚkÃkk÷Lkwt Lkiríkfíkk ytøkuLkwt ¿kkLk yLku ykðzík íkuLku Mkt[k÷LkLku ÷kÞf
çkLkkðu Au. ykÚke økútÚkk÷Þ rð¿kkLkLkk yÇÞkMk{kt íkuLku «kÚkr{fíkk ykÃkðe òuEyu. swËe swËe ÃkrhÂMÚkríkyku{kt Lkiríkf rLkýoÞku
÷uðk {kxu íkuLke rLkck yLku MktMÚkk MkkÚkuLke ðVkËkhe yøkíÞLkk Ãkrhçk¤ økýe þfkÞ. {krníke Lkerík{¥kkLkk ¼køkYÃk ÔÞðMkkrÞf
Lkerík{¥kk økútÚkÃkk÷Lku Mk{økú fkhfeŠË ËhBÞkLk MkL{kLksLkf ÃkË yLku ÔÞðMkkÞLkwt økðo yÃkkðu Au.
MktË¼oMkqr[ :
1. Bucholz, R (1989) Fundamental Concepts and problems in business ethics, Englewood Cliffs, NJ :
Prentice Hall. (PP. 30-47)
2. Fallis Don (2007), Information ethics for 21st* century library professionals, Arizona, Library Hi Tech, 25,1,
(PP 23-26).
3. Pearce, J.A. & Robinson, R.B. (1989). Management, New York : Random House.
4. Bjorner, Susan N., (1991), Ethical Challenges in dual employment, Library Trends, Vol-40, No-2 (PP-321-324)
5. Serebnick Judiph, (1991), Identifying unethical practices in Journal Publishing, Bloomington, Library Trends,
Vol-40, No-2, (PP-359-61)
6. Moran, Gordan & Mallory Micheal, (1991), Some ethical considerations regarding scholarly communication,
Library Trends, vol-40, No-2 (PP 346-56)
❖ yuf {kuxe íkf ykðe ÃknkU[u íkuLke hkn òuELku çkuMke hnuðkLku çkË÷u LkkLke LkkLke íkfkuLku
ÍzÃke ÷Eyu íkku ykÃkýu ÍzÃkÚke {trÍ÷ MkwÄe ÃknkU[e þfeyu Aeyu.
❖ yk Ãk]Úðe Ãkh fkuE s Mk÷k{íke LkÚke. ynª {kºk íkfku Au.
❖ fkuE {nkLk {kýMku õÞkhuÞ ‘íkf {¤íke LkÚke’ yuðe VrhÞkË fhe LkÚke.
❖ íkfLke yuf ¾krMkÞík yu Au fu íku ykðu íkuLkk fhíkkt íku síke hnu íÞkhu íku {kuxe ÷køku
Au.
Ãkxu÷ híkw¼kE yuLk.*
«MíkkðLkk
LkiríkfíkkLkku Mkðo Mkk{kLÞ yÚko yu Au fu íku Lkiríkf {qÕÞku rMkæÄktíkkuLkku Mk{qn Au, íku ÔÞðnkrhf rLkÞ{ku su {kLkðeÞ fkÞo
fu ¾kMk MktMf]rík ðøkuhuLku rLkÞtrºkík fhíkk nkuE þfu. ÔÞðnkrhf MktøkXLkku Lkiríkf{qÕÞkuLkku rðfkMk fhðk ykíkwh nkuÞ Au. su
ÔÞkðMkkrÞfku îkhk yLkwMkhðk{kt ykðíkk nkuÞ Au. ðirËf, rþûký, fkÞËku, Ä{o yLku çkeò ð»kkuo swLkk ÔÞðMkkÞku{kt Mkíkík ÃkwLk:
íkÃkkMkLke Lkiríkf {qÕÞkuLke sYrhÞkík íku{s Wå[ík{ Ëu¾kð {u¤ððk {kxu LÞwLk¥k{ Ãkhe{kýku rLkrùík fhðk{kt y{÷efhý yu
òu fu MðÞt - yLkwþkrMkík {wÆku Au. fkhý fu çkeòyku {kxu ÔÞðMkkrÞfku WÃkh íku VhrsÞkík ÷køkw Ãkkzðku þõÞ LkÚke. çkeò
{wÆkyku fu su ÔÞðMkkÞ {kxu Mkk{Lkku fhðku {w~fu÷ nkuÞ íku{kt íkuyku çkË÷kíke Mkk{krsf ÃkrhÂMÚkrík yLku xufLkku÷kuSf÷
yãíkLkíkkLku fkhýu ykLkw»kktrøkf WÃkfhýku MkkÚkuLkk MktçktÄku yMÚkkÞe çkLkkðu Au. økútÚkk÷rÞíð yLku {krníke ði¿kkrLkf Ãký ykðk
Ëçkký nuX¤ Au. {krníke xufLkku÷kuSLkk WÃkÞkuøk, WÃk¼kuõíkkykuLke ÍzÃke yLku rðMíkhíke sYrhÞkíkku, {krníkeLkk swËk swËk
ÃkufusLkk fË yLku rðrðÄíkk íku{s Mkk{krsf çkË÷kðLku fkhýu økútÚkk÷Þ yLku {krníke rð¿kkLkLke rËþkyku {q¤ çknku¤k
«{ký{kt rðMíkhu÷e Au. ykLkk fkhýu Lkðe {w~fu÷eyku yLku {wÆkyku W¼k ÚkÞu÷k Au. ykÚke ÔÞðMkkrÞf hsqykík{kt íku{s
Lkiríkf {qÕÞkuLke MÚkkÃkLkk{kt ½»koý W¼k ÚkÞu÷ Au. yk{ Aíkkt USA yLku UK {kt ykðu÷ ÔÞðMkkrÞf Mkt½ku ÔÞðMkkrÞf
hsqykík {kxuLkk Lkiríkf {qÕÞkuLkk «{ký MkkÚku çknkh ykðu÷k Au. òu fu yk {qÕÞku ÔÞðMkkrÞfkuLku íku{Lke hsqykík {kxu
VhrsÞkík LkÚke. ¼khík{kt økútÚkk÷rÞíð ÔÞðMkkrÞf {qÕÞku nS þY ÚkðkLkk çkkfe Au. òu fu RÂLzÞLk ÷kÞçkúuhe yuMkkurMkyuþLk
(ILA) yLku RÂLzÞLk yuMkkurMkyuþLk ykuV MÃkurþÞ÷ ÷kEçkúuhe RL£{uoþLk MkuLxh (IASLIC) yLku íku{Lke «ð]r¥kykuLkk fkÞo¢{ku{kt
ÔÞðMkkrÞf {qÕÞkuyu ¾qçk s yøkíÞLkku {wÆku økÛÞku Au.
ÔÞðMkkÞ, ÔÞðMkkrÞfku yLku ÔÞðMkkrÞfíkk (Profession, Professionals, Professionalism)
ÔÞðMkkÞ yux÷u rð¿kkLk yÚkðk f¤kLke yuf ¾kMk þk¤kLkwt ÔÞkÃkf rþûký fkuE yuf îkhk {u¤ððk{kt ykðu,
ÔÞðMkkÞLkk Mk{kLkkÚkeo þçËku suðk fu (ÔÞðMkkÞ) hkusøkkh, ÄtÄku, ÔÞkÃkkh ðøkuhu çkÄk þçËkuLkku MktË¼o ÔÞÂõík su íku ÄtÄkLku
Mk{økú/Mk{ŠÃkík nkuÞ ¾kMk fheLku íkuLkk YxeLk fkÞo fu SðLkrLkðkon {kxu sYh nkuÞ. ßÞkhu ÄtÄku yu Mkk{kLÞ þçË Au. su{kt
ÔÞÂõík íkuLke ykSrðfk {kxu fkÞo fhíkku nkuÞ Au. ÔÞðMkkÞ yLku ¼ýíkh{kt ¾kMk ¿kkLk yLku íkk÷e{Lke ykð~Þfíkk hnu Au.
ÔÞðMkkÞe fu su íkuLke hku®sËe r¢Þk fhíkk nkuÞ yÚkðk [ku¬Mk ÔÞðMkkÞ MkkÚku Mktf¤kÞu÷k nkuÞ. WËknhý íkhefu
ÔÞðMkkÞe xurLkMk ¾u÷kze, MktþkuÄLkfíkko, Mktøkeíkfkh ðøkuhu çkÄk s íku{Lkk MkwMktøkík ûkuºk{kt çknkhÚke nkuÞ Au.
ÔÞðMkkrÞfíkk yu ÔÞðMkkÞe ÷ûký ¼kðLkk yÚkðk ÃkæÄrík Au. ÔÞðMkkÞe {kxuLke «{ký¼qíkíkk yu su íku ûkuºkLkk rLk»ýkík
ÃkkMkuÚke {u¤ðkÞ Au. yk ÔÞðMkkrÞf rLk»ýkíkLke MktÃkqýo Mkk{u÷økehe íku{s íkuLkwt ÔÞðMkkÞ «íÞuLkwt Mk{Ãkoý MktÃkqýo nkuÞ Au.
íku{Lke ÃkkMkuÚke yk çkÄk ÷kufku Mkuðk {u¤ðu Au.
ykðk ð»kkuo swLkk ÔÞðMkkÞku{kt f]r»k, ykhkuøÞ, rþûký, r[ºkf÷k, Mktøkeík, rþÕÃk yLku çkeò MÚkkrÃkík ÔÞðMkkÞku fu suLkwt
Mk{ks{kt ykËh¼ÞwO MÚkkLk Au. yuLku Mkk{krsf {kLÞíkk «kó Au. yuðwt sYhe LkÚke fu íkuLku ykŠÚkf {kÃkËtzÚke {kÃkðk{kt ykðu.
ykiãkurøkfhý íku{ s ykŠÚkf yLku Mkk{kSf rðfkMkLku fkhýu yLkuf Lkðk Lkðk ÔÞðMkkÞku AuÕ÷k çkMkku ð»ko{kt yÂMíkíð{kt
ykÔÞk Au. ßÞkhu økútÚkk÷Þ ÔÞðMkkÞ yu ¿kkLkLkwt rðMíkhý, ¼kiøkkur÷f ÔÞðMÚkkÃkLk, ÃkwLk: «kró yLku «Mkkhý {kxu fk{Lku yLku
MkuðkykuLku yLkwYÃk yk ÔÞðMkkÞ yÂMíkíð{kt ykÔÞku Au.
ÔÞðMkkrÞf Lkerík{¥kk (Professional Ethics)
ÔÞðMkkrÞf {qÕÞkuyu suLku ÔÞðMkkÞ{kt Lkiríkf {qÕÞku økýkÞ Au. su íku ÔÞðMkkÞ MkkÚku Mktøkík {qÕÞku Ëþkoðu Au, yÚkðk
çkeò WÃkh MÚkkrÃkík fhðk{kt ykðu Au. íku ÔÞðMkkÞ þwt Au íku çkíkkðíkk nkuðk òuEyu. ÔÞðMkkÞe íkuLkk {kxu þwt rð[khu Au yLku
Mk{ks{kt íku{Lkwt þwt MÚkkLk Au íku Ëþkoðíkk nkuðk òuEyu. íku Mk{qn {kxu Mkðkuo¥k{ þwt Au íku çkíkkðíkk nkuðk òuEyu. fkuE
*økútÚkÃkk÷, yu.ðe. Ãkxu÷ fku{Mko fku÷us, çke÷e{kuhk
ÔÞÂõíkLkk fkÞoLke økwýð¥kk Wå[ ÔÞðMkkrÞfíkk Mk¼h Au. íkuLkku Ëu¾kð Ãkqýo fûkkLkku [kufMkkEMk¼h fne þfkÞ. ÔÞðMkkrÞfku
Mkk{kLÞ heíku yk «fkhLke Lkk{Lkk {u¤ðíkk nkuÞ Au. yk{ Aíkkt õÞkhuf «MktøkkuÃkkík Ëu¾kð LÞqLkík{ Ãký nkuÞ Au. Ëhuf
ÔÞðMkkrÞfu Mkk{krsf {kLÞíkk {u¤ððk yLku ÃkkuíkkLkwt ©ucík{ Mk{ksLku ykÃkðk ÷øk¼øk ÔÞðMkkrÞf {qÕÞku ò¤ððkLke fkurþþ
fhðe òuEyu. ÔÞðMkkÞLkk Lkiríkf nkð¼kð / ÔÞðnkhLku íkuLkk {qÕÞku{kt ÃkrhðŠíkík Úkíkk ½ýku Mk{Þ ÷køku÷ Au.
Lkiríkf {qÕÞkuLku Mkíkík ÃkrhðíkoLkþe÷ hk¾ðk sLkoÕMk, íkk÷e{ fkÞo¢{ku Mk{ksþk†eyku MkkÚku MktðkË yLku ÃkrhMktðkË
Þkusðk yu ¾qçk {n¥ðLkwt Au. su{kt Mkk{krsf rð¿kkLkeykuLkku Mknfkh {u¤ðeLku þYykík{kt Mk{ksLku Mkðoøkúkne rMkæÄktíkku ykÃke
þfkÞ íku{s ÔÞðMkkÞLku ÷økíkk «&™kuLkwt rLkhkfhý Ãký ÷kðe þfkÞ. Ëhuf ÔÞðMkkÞ Lkiríkf {qÕÞkuLkk Mkíkík yð÷kufLk yLku
ÃkwLk: økkuXðýe îkhk ðíko{kLk çkË÷kíke ÃkrhÂMÚkríkLku yLkwYÃk çkLkkððk «ÞíLkþe÷ nkuÞ Au. Lkðk Lkðk ÔÞðMkkÞku yLku Lkðk
ÔÞðMkkrÞf Mk{qnku yÂMíkíð{kt ykððkÚke Lkiríkf {qÕÞku{kt hMk ðÄíkku òÞ Au. çkË÷kíke Mkk{krsf ÃkrhÂMÚkríkLku fkhýu
fkÞËkfeÞ yLku Lkiríkf {wÆkyku{kt çkË÷kð ykðe hÌkku Au. su{fu ÷kufkuLke yÃkuûkkyku, sðkçkËkhe yLku WÃk¼kuõíkkykuLke
yÃkuûkkyku rðþuLke òýfkhe yLku íkuLkk rníkkuLke Mkk[ðýe sYhe Au.
økútÚkk÷rÞíð yuf ÔÞðMkkÞ (Librarianship as a Profession)
yuf ÔÞðMkkÞ íkhefu økútÚkk÷rÞíðLkwt æÞuÞ {kLkðíkk yLku Lkerík{¥kkLkk ÄkhkÄkuhýku / ÔÞðMkkrÞf heíku {kLkðeLkk LkkUÄu÷
¿kkLk yLku {krníke ðå[u MkuíkwLkwt fkÞo fhu Au. økútÚkk÷Þ yLku {krníke rð¿kkLkLke yk AkÃk «MÚkkrÃkík fhðk yLku økwýð¥kk
fu¤ððk, {qÕÞkuLkk ÄkuhýkuLke h[Lkk sYhe Au, yLku íkuLkk økútÚkk÷Þ yLku {krníke ÔÞðMkkrÞfku îkhk ÔÞðMkkÞ{kt WÃkÞkuøk fhðku.
økútÚkk÷rÞíð yuf [ku¬Mk ÔÞðMkkrÞf íkfLkefkuLkku Mk{qn Au. su íkuLku ÔÞðMkkÞ íkhefu {kLÞíkk yÃkkðu Au. çkeS rzøkúeyku{kt
økútÚkk÷rÞíð {kxu çkkiÂæÄf ¼køk, rLkÃkqýíkk, Mkuðk yr¼{w¾íkk, MðkÚko, «uhýk, MðÞt «uhýk yLku MðkÞ¥kk ðøkuhu Ãkqqýo fhu Au.
zkì. htøkLkkÚkLkLkk økútÚkk÷ÞLkk Ãkkt[ Mkqºkku Ãký {kLÞ {køkoËþof rMkæÄktíkku Au. fu su ÔÞÂõíkLku Mkuðk yr¼{w¾ íku{s çkkiÂæÄf
Mk{kðuþ îkhk MkkÄLkku yLku íkfLkefkuLkku rðfkMk fhe þfu Au yLku ÔÞðMkkrÞf ¿kkLk îkhk økútÚkk÷rÞíð yuf ÔÞðMkkÞ íkhefu
{kLÞíkk {u¤ðu Au.
økúux rçkúxLk (UK) Lkk økútÚkk÷Þ {tz¤u ÔÞðMkkrÞf økútÚkk÷Þ fkÞo {kxu ÔÞkÏÞk ykÃkðkLkwt {níð MðefkheLku íkuLke ÔÞkÃkf
yÚko{kt ÔÞkÏÞk ykÃkðk «ÞkMk fÞko. suÚke LkkufheËkíkkLku ÏÞk÷ ykðu fu ÔÞðMkkrÞf økútÚkk÷Þ{kt [ku¬Mk fkÞoþi÷e nkuðe
òuEyu. íku{s økútÚkk÷Þkuyu Ãký ykí{rLkheûký fheLku ÃkkuíkkLkk{kt ¾kMk fkiþÕÞ fu¤ððkLke sYrhÞkíkLkku ÏÞk÷ ykðu.
ÔÞðMkkrÞf økútÚkÃkk÷ ÞkusLkk çkLkkðu Au, rËþk Mkq[Lk fhu Au yLku økútÚkk÷Þ yLku {krníke Mkuðkyku WÃk¼kuõíkkykuLke [ku¬Mk
sYrhÞkík {wsçk ykÃku Au. ¿kkLkLkku Mktøkún, ÃkwLk:«kró yLku ¿kkLk ÔÞðMÚkkÃkLk, ÃkwMíkfku yLku nMík«íkkuLke fBÃÞwxh ykÄkrhík
zuxkçkuÍ{ktÚke ykÃÞku Au. íku{s økútÚkk÷Þ yLku {krníkeLkwt «Mkkhý yLku ðu[ký WÃk¼kuõíkk MkwÄe ÃknkU[kzeLku fhu Au.
økútÚkk÷rÞíð{kt ÔÞðMkkrÞf Lkerík{¥kk (Professional Ethics in Librarianship)
ÔÞðMkkrÞf økwýð¥kk {kxu Lkiríkf {qÕÞkuLke ykð~Þfíkk rðþu rð[khðwt Mknu÷wt Au, Ãký íkux÷wt s frXLk ÔÞðMkkrÞfku {kxu
Mkðo{kLÞ Mðef]ík fkuz çkLkkððku íku Au. Ëhuf Mk{ks yLku Mkhfkhku{kt íku{s Lkiríkf ÔÞðnkh{kt Ãký ½ýk {ík¼uËku hnu÷k Au. íku{Lku
yMkhfkhf çkLkkððk ÔÞðMkkrÞf Lkiríkf {qÕÞku swËk swËk Míkhu swËe swËe ÃkrhÂMÚkrík yLku MkhfkhLku fkhýu ÃkrhÂMÚkríkLku yLkwYÃk
½zðk{kt ykðu÷k Au. yk Míkh «kÚkr{f, MktMÚkkøkík, ÔÞðMkkrÞf, hk»xÙeÞ yLku yktíkhhk»xÙeÞ Míkhu nkuÞ Au. «kÚkr{f Míkh{kt
{q¤¼qík {køkoËþof rMkæÄktíkku su {kLkðeÞ ÔÞðnkh MkkÚku Mktf¤kÞu÷k nkuÞ, su fkuE «r¢Þk suðe fu «{krýfíkk, Mkkhe ðíkoýqtf,
MkíÞðõíkk ðøkuhu ÔÞðMkkrÞf yLku MktøkXLk Míkhu «kMktrøkf rððkËku ¾kMk fheLku ßÞkhu ÔÞÂõíkyu fkuE [ku¬Mk fkÞo {kxu rLkýoÞ
÷uðkLkku nkuÞ Au, íÞkhu WÃkÂMÚkík Úkíkkt nkuÞ Au. Mkk{kLÞ heíku ÔÞðMkkrÞf {qÕÞku MktMÚkkLke ðVkËkhe MkkÚku Mkt½»ko{kt ykðíkk nkuÞ Au.
yks heíku ÔÞðMkkrÞf hk»xÙeÞ yLku yktíkhhk»xÙeÞ {qÕÞkuLkku Mkt½»ko fkuE [ku¬Mk fkÞo fhíke ð¾íku Úkíkku nkuÞ Au.
y{urhfLk yLkw¼ð (US Experience)
økútÚkk÷Þ yLku {krníke ÔÞðMkkÞ {kxu Lkiríkf {qÕÞkuLke zeÍkELk Lk¬e fhðk {kxu {w~fu÷eyku yLku «&™ku nkuðk Aíkkt
«ÞíLkku fhðk{kt ykÔÞk. y{urhfLk ÷kRçkúuhe yuMkkurMkyuþLku (ALA) Au. ¾qçk s [[ko-rð[khýkLku ytíku ÔÞðMkkrÞf Lkiríkf fkuz
1938{kt ½ze fkZâku.
ALA Ethical code {kt økútÚkk÷ÞLkk MktçktÄku Lke[uLkk ½xfku MkkÚku ÔÞkÏÞkrÞík fhðk{kt ykðu÷ Au.
1. Mk¥kkfeÞ sðkçkËkh
2. íku{Lkku rðMíkkh
3. íku{Lkku økútÚkk÷Þ MknfkÞofh
4. íku{Lkku ÔÞðMkkÞ
5. Mk{ks
yk{ WÃkh sýkðu÷ {wÆkyku Ãkh ÃkAeLkk Ëþfkyku{kt hk»xÙeÞ ÃkrhMktðkËku Þkusðk{kt ykÔÞk.
1990{kt y{urhfLk yuMkkurMkyuþLk Vkuh RL£ku{uoþLk MkkÞLMk (ASIS) yu LkeríkrLkÞ{Lkk ÄkhkÄkuhý ASIS code of
Ethics ÃkhLkku yuf {wMkÆku «fkrþík fÞkO. yk fkuz{kt «MíkkðLkk yLku Lkiríkf sðkçkËkheLkk [kh rð¼køkku Ëþkoðu÷ Au.
1. ÔÞÂõík
2. Mk{ks
3. ÃkwhMfíkko
4. WÃk¼kuõíkk yÚkðk Lkkufhe Ëkíkk
5. ÔÞðMkkÞ.
ASIS Code of Ethics for international professionals yk{ Aíkkt yuf zÙk^x íkhefu ÃkuLzªøk hÌkku suLku çkkuzo ykuV
zkÞhuõxhLke Mðef]íkíkk {¤ðkLke çkkfe Au.
økúuxrçkúxLk yLkw¼ð (UK Experience)
1978{kt UK Library Association Lke yuf Mkk{kLÞ Mk¼k ykðku fkuz çkLkkððk {kxu {¤e. zÙk^x íkiÞkh fheLku
1980{kt [[ko {kxu {qfðk{kt ykÔÞku. ytíku fkuz ykuV «kuVuþLkÚke 100{e ðkŠ»kf Mkk{kLÞ Mk¼k{kt Mðefkhðk{kt ykÔÞku. yk
fkuzLkwt {wÏÞ s{k ÃkkMkwt íkuLkk y{÷efhý îkhk fkuEÃký ÔÞðMkkrÞf, yk rLkÞ{kuÚke MktøkXLkLke rþMík Mkr{rík îkhk fkuEÃký
ÔÞðMkkrÞf yk rLkÞ{Lke yðøkýLkk fhu íkku íkuLke WÃkh rþMík¼tøkLkk Ãkøk÷kt ÷uðk íkuðwt Lk¬e fhu÷ Au. suLkk {wÏÞ ÷ûkýku yk
«{kýu Au.
1. økútÚkÃkk÷Lke fkÞoûk{íkk
2. WÃk¼kuõíkk «íÞu ykËh¼kð íku{s Mðíktºkíkk yLku yufktíkLkku ykËh
3. ÔÞðMkkrÞf Mðíktºkíkk yLku çkkiÂæÄf Mðíktºkíkk
4. økútÚkÃkk÷Lke ÔÞðMkkÞLke rLk»Ãkûkíkk
5. ykŠÚkf {qÕÞku
6. MkÇÞkuLke MktøkrXíkíkk
¼khíkLke ÃkrhÂMÚkrík (Indian Situation)
¼khík{kt «kuVuþLk÷ fkuzLke MÚkkÃkLkk fhðk {kxuLkk «ÞkMkku Võík MkkrníÞLke {kusýe fhðk MkwÄeLke s hne Au, íkuLkkÚke
ykøk¤ ðÄu÷ LkÚke. 1984{kt IASLIC ÃkrhMktðkË{kt yk rð»kÞ Ãkh økt¼ehÃkýu ÔÞðMkkrÞf sqÚk{kt [[ko fhðk{kt ykðe. yk
ÃkrhMktðkË{kt 10 ÃkuÃkh hsq fhðk{kt ykÔÞk. su{kt ÔÞðMkkrÞf Lkerík{¥kk {kxu ¾qçk s Mkkhk rð[khku hsq fhðk{kt ykÔÞk. su
ÔÞÂõíkyku ÞwrLkðŠMkxe, ¾kMk yLku çkeò MktMÚkkfeÞ økútÚkk÷Þ{kt Lkkufhe fhu Au, íku{Lkk {kxu ÔÞðMkkrÞf Lkiríkf {qÕÞku MktþkuÄLk
økútÚkk÷ÞkuLkk MktË¼o{kt hsq fhðk{kt ykÔÞk.
«&™ku yLku {w~fu÷eyku (Issues and Problems)
Lkiríkf {qÕÞkuLkk çktÄkhý íku{s íkuLke MðefkÞoíkk{kt íkku {w~fu÷eyku Au s WÃkhktík çkeò Ãký «&™ku ÔÞðMkkrÞf Lkiríkf
{qÕÞkuLkk çktÄkhý{kt hnu÷k Au.
økútÚkk÷Þ yLku {krníke rð¿kkLk ÔÞðMkkÞLke Mk{ks{kt AkÃk
¼khík{kt ¾kMk fheLku økútÚkk÷Þ yLku {krníke rð¿kkLkLkk ÔÞðMkkÞLke AkÃk Mk{ò{kt ¾kMk ô[e LkÚke fkhý fu økútÚkk÷Þ
yLku {krníke fkÞoLku rþûký, MktþkuÄLk, WãkuøkkuLkk rðfkMk ðøkuhu{kt MknkÞfkhe økýðk{kt ykðu Au. suLkk Ãkrhýk{u økútÚkk÷Þ yLku
{krníke ÔÞðMkkrÞfku fu su rLk»ýkíkkuLkku Mk{qn Ähkðu Au, su{Lkk Ãkiík]f MktMÚkk{kt ykÚke ònuh sLkíkkLke Lkshku{kt íkuLke Mðíktºk
AkÃk W¼e fhðk {kxuLkwt {níð {¤íkwt LkÚke. WÃk¼kuõíkkLkku yuf LkkLkfzku Mk{qn s Võík økwýð¥kkðk¤e økútÚkk÷Þ yLku {krníke
Mkuðkyku {u¤ðu Au. su íkuykuLku ykÃkðk{kt ykðu÷ MknfkhLku ð¾kýu Au. ykðe {ÞkorËík «þtMkkLku ÷eÄu Mk{økú økútÚkk÷ÞLkkuLkkt
MktË¼o{kt fneyu íkku yks rËLk MkwÄe yufÃký ÞkËøkkh rMkÂæÄ òuðk{kt ykðe LkÚke, suýu Mk{økú ÔÞðMkkÞLke AkÃk MkwÄkhe nkuÞ.
yuf Úke ðÄw ÔÞðMkkrÞf MktøkXLk
½ýk Ëuþku{kt yuf fhíkkt ðÄw ÔÞðMkkrÞf MktøkXLkku ykðu÷k Au. su ËhufLku swËk swËk æÞuÞku yLku nuíkwyku Au. òu fkuE
økt¼eh fne þfkÞ íkuðk rððkËku íku{Lke ðå[u LkÚke. Lkiríkf {qÕÞkuLkk ¼tøk çkË÷ rþMík¼tøkLkk Ãkøk÷kt ÷uðkLke fkuE òuðkE LkÚke.
y{urhfkLkk rðîkLk çkfuhLkk sýkÔÞk {wsçk
❖ Võík yuf s hk»xÙeÞ ÔÞðMkkrÞf MktøkXLk nkuðwt òuEyu.
❖ Võík yuf s hk»xÙeÞ Lkiríkf rLkÞ{ku nkuðk òuEyu.
❖ yk fkuzLkwt ÷ðks{ yu {uBçkhþeÃkLkk heLÞwy÷ ð¾íku VhrsÞkík nkuðwt òuEyu.
❖ ÔÞðMkkrÞf MktøkXLk{kt MkÇÞÃkË yu ÄtÄk {kxuLkk ÷kÞMkLMkLke Mk{õûk nkuðwt òuEyu.
❖ ÔÞðMkkrÞf Ëu¾¼k¤ {kxu Võík yuf s hk»xÙeÞ Mkr{rík nkuðe òuEyu.
WÃkh sýkðu÷ ykËþkuoLke yÃkuûkk hk¾eyu íÞkhu s ÔÞðMkkrÞf fkuzLkwt rLk{koý ÚkE þfu. òu fu «kÞkurøkf heíku ykðe
yuf s furLÿÞ Lkuíkkøkehe þõÞ LkÚke Ãkhtíkw swËk swËk MktøkXLkku ðå[u MkwMktøkíkíkk yLku Mknfkh yk ÔÞðMkkrÞf fkuzLkk çktÄkhý
{kxu nkuðk sYhe Au. fkhý fu çkÄk s ÔÞÂõíkyku {wÏÞíðu økútÚkk÷Þ yLku {krníke ÔÞðMkkrÞfku Au.
yrÄf]ík y{÷efhý (Authority in Implementation)
furLÿÞ ÔÞðMkkrÞf yrÄfkhíkk rðþu ðu[kíkkt nt{uþ {kxu ÔÞðMkkrÞf rLkÞ{kuLkwt WÕ÷½tLk fhLkkhLku Ëtz fhðku rníkkðn
LkÚke. ykðk Lkiríkf fkuzLke fkÞËkfeÞ «{ký¼qíkíkk LkÚke. yk rLkÞ{ MðiÂåAf yLkwþkrMkík Au. su ÔÞðMkkrÞfkuLke ÔÞÂõíkøkík
{kLÞíkk fu rðïkMk Ãkh ykÄkrhík Au.
ykÞk{kuLkwt rðMík]ríkfhý
20{e MkËe{kt ÔÞðMkkrÞf «ð]r¥kyku rðrðÄ rËþkyku{kt rðMíkkh Ãkk{u÷ Au. økútÚkk÷ÞLkk YrZ[wMík yLku ÃkhtÃkhkøkík
nuíkwyku / fkÞkuo{kt yk{q÷ ÃkrhðíkoLk ykðu÷ Au. økútÚkk÷Þ yLku {krníke rð¿kkLkLkk fkÞo{kt Lkðe Lkðe fwþ¤íkkykuLke yÃkuûkkyku
Au. suLku fkhýu Lkðk Lkðk ykøktíkwfkuLku {kxu ½ýe {w~fu÷eyku W¼e ÚkkÞ Au. su{kt ¾kMk fheLku íku{Lkk ÔÞðMkkrÞf fkÞkuo yLku
«ð]r¥kyku{kt ¾qçk {w~fu÷eyku W¼e ÚkkÞ Au. yk{ ¼rð»Þ{kt økútÚkÃkk÷Lkwt Mk{ks{kt {kLk fuðwt Au ? ðíko{kLk çkË÷kíke
ÃkrhÂMÚkík{kt nk÷Lkk íkçk¬u yLkw{kLk fhðwt {w~fu÷ Au.
ÔÞðMkkrÞf økwýð¥kk (Professional Quality)
{kLkðeÞ «ð]r¥kyku MkkÚku Mktf¤kÞu÷k Ëhufu Ëhufu ÔÞÂõíkyku {kxu ÔÞðMkkrÞf økwýð¥kkLkku Ëhuf ÃkkMku ykøkún hk¾ðk{kt
ykðu Au. WÃk¼kuõíkk MktMÚkkyku íku{Lkk n¬ku {kxu òøk]ík ÚkÞu÷ Au. yLku MkkÚku MkkÚku su ðMíkwyku ¾heËðk{kt ykðu Au íku{kt
økwýð¥kkLkku ykøkún hk¾ðk{kt ykðu Au. íku{s fkÞËkfeÞ Mkthûký Ãký WÃk¼kuõíkk yËk÷íkku{kt økwýð¥kk ¾kíkh {u¤ðu Au.
økútÚkk÷Þ yLku {krníke WíÃkkËLkku yLku Mkuðkyku{kt Ãký yk Mk{MÞk nk÷{kt fu Úkkuzk Mk{Þ çkkË WÃkÂMÚkík ÚkðkLke s Au.
Lkðk ykøktíkwfku (New Entrants)
økútÚkk÷Þ yLku {krníke «ð]r¥kyku swËk swËk þiûkrýf «kïkË¼qr{ Ähkðíke ÔÞÂõíkykuLku ykf»kuo Au. swËku swËku
ÔÞðMkkrÞf yLkw¼ð Ähkðíke ÔÞÂõíkyku økútÚkk÷Þ yLku {krníke rð¿kkLkLkk ÔÞðMkkÞ{kt ykðu Au. rðrðÄ {kLÞíkkyku, rðïkMk,
rðrïf rð[khku yLku hksfeÞ yMkhfkhfíkkykuÚke yk ÔÞðMkkÞ{kt òuzkÞ Au. yk çkÄkt ÔÞðMkkrÞf nkð¼kð yLku Ëu¾kðLke
yMkh Ãkk{u Au.
ytík{kt yu {n¥ðLkwt Au fu Võík ÔÞÂõíkøkík ¾kíkhe, yufkøkúíkk, rðïkMk yLku sðkçkËkheÃkqðofLke Mkk{u÷íkk s
ÔÞðMkkrÞf Ëu¾kð yLku heík¼kíkLku rLk®ùík fhu Au.
WÃkMktnkh
Lkiríkf {qÕÞkuLkku Mkk{kLÞ yÚko yu Lkiríkf rMkØktíkLkku Mk{qn, su{ fu ðnuðkh ytøkuLkk rLkÞ{ku. su [ku¬Mk ðøkoLkk
{Lkw»ÞkuLke r¢Þkyku fu ¾kMk Mk{qn MktMfkh ðøkuhuLkk {kLÞíkk «kó nkuÞ, ÔÞðMkkrÞf MktøkXLkku Lkiríkf {qÕÞku rðfMkkððk ykíkwh
Au. Lkiríkf rLkÞ{ suLkk îkhk ÔÞðMkkrÞfkuLku økwýð¥kk, Mkk{krsf {kLÞíkk yLku {kLk yÃkkðe þfkÞ Au. ð»kkuo swLkk ÔÞðMkkÞku
suðk fu ðiËf, rþûký, fkÞËku, Ä{o yLku çkeòyu ÃkkuíkÃkkuíkkLkk ÔÞðMkkrÞf fkuzLkwt rLk{koý fhu÷ s Au. ÔÞðMkkrÞfkuLke
sYrhÞkík yLkwMkkh íku{kt Mkíkík ÃkrhðíkoLkku fhíkkt s hnu Au. suLkk îkhk Ëu¾kðLkwt LÞqLkík{ «{ký Lk¬e fhðk{kt ykðu Au.
økútÚkk÷Þ yLku {krníke rð¿kkLk Ãký Ëu¾kðLku rLkÞtrºkík fhðk Lkiríkf {qÕÞku «MÚkkrÃkík fhðk «ÞíLkku fhu Au.
Mkt[kr÷ík yLku {krníke Mkuðkyku {q¤¼qík ÷kûkrýfíkkyku ÃkrhÃkqýo fhu Au yLku ÄtÄkfeÞ Ëu¾kð{kt Ãký [ku¬Mk Lkiríkf
{qÕÞku nkuðk sYhe Au. y{urhfLk yLku rçkúrxþ ÷kEçkúuhe MktøkXLkkuyu Lkuík]¥ð ÷ELku ÃkkuíkkLkk ÔÞðMkkrÞf ðíkoLk yLku heík¼kík
MkkÚku MktçktÄ Au, íku{s WÃk¼kuõíkk MkkÚkuLkwt ðíkoLk Mkk{krsf sðkçkËkheyku yLku WÃk¼kuõíkkykuLkku ykËh {u¤ððku ðøkuhu MkkÚku
MkwMktøkík ÔÞðMkkrÞf heíku íkuLke [[ko ÚkE [qfu÷ Au.
çkufh suðk y{urhfLk rðîkLku Mkq[ÔÞk {wsçk fux÷k {q¤¼qík rMkØktíkku fu suLkk ykÄkh Ãkh ÔÞðMkkrÞf fkuzLkwt çktÄkhý fhe
þfkÞ. su{ktLkk fux÷kf yr¼{w¾íkk, Wå[MíkheÞ Ëu¾kð, Lkuík]¥ð yLku rðîíkk WÃkhktík Mkk{krsf Mðefkh yLku {kLÞíkk,
MkktMf]ríkf rðrðÄíkk yLku ðkíkkðhýeÞ VuhVkhku Ëhuf Ëuþ{kt swËk swËk nkuÞ Au. Lkiríkf fkuz hk»xÙeÞ, «kËurþf íku{s MÚkkrLkf
ÃkrhÂMÚkríkLku MkwMktøkík nkuÞ íku heíku çkLkkðkÞ Au. yk{ Aíkkt fux÷ef {w~fu÷eyku hnu÷e Au, su{ktLke fux÷ef.
1. Mk{ks{kt økútÚkk÷Þ yLku {krníke rð¿kkLk ÔÞðMkkÞLke Açke.
2. yuf Úke ðÄw ÔÞðMkkrÞf MktøkXLkku.
3. Lkiríkf {qÕÞkuLkk WÕ÷t½Lk çkË÷ rþMík¼tøkLkk Ãkøk÷kt ÷uðk {kxuLke yrÄf]ík íksðes.
4. ÔÞðMkkÞLke rðMík]ík rËþkyku.
5. ÔÞðMkkÞLke yÔÞkÏÞkrÞík yðMÚkk.
6. ÔÞðMkkrÞf fkÞoLke økwýð¥kk.
7. çkeò rð»kÞku yLku ÔÞðMkkÞ{ktÚke rLk»ýktíkkuLkwt MÚkLkktíkh.
yk çkÄe {w~fu÷eyku, «&™ yLku {wÆkyku nkuðk Aíkkt ÔÞðMkkrÞf Lkiríkf fkuz yu sYhe Au. íku{s ÔÞðMkkÞ{kt Wå[ økwýð¥kk
«MÚkkrÃkík fhðk íku{s Wå[ MíkheÞ Mkuðkyku ykÃkðk yLku Mkk{krsf {kLÞíkk {u¤ððk yk rLkÞ{ ¾qçk s sYhe Au.
❖ ½ýk {kýMkku íkfLku ÍzÃke íkku ÷u Au Ãký ÃkAe íkwhtíks s íkuLku síke fhu Au.
❖ ßÞkhu ík{khk SðLk{kt íkf MkktÃkzu íÞkhu íkuLku ÍzÃke ÷uðk íkiÞkh hnku yu s
MkV¤íkkLke [kðe Au.
❖ rLkhkþkðkËe {kýMk Ëhuf íkf{kt {w~fuu÷eyku þkuÄu Au ßÞkhu ykþkðkËe {kýMk Ëhuf
{w~fu÷e{kt íkfku þkuÄu Au.
¼khíkeÞ fkuÃkehkEx yuõx 1957
Mkku÷tfe ¼khíkeçkuLk yu{.*
fkuÃkehkExLku «ríkr÷ÃÞkrÄfkh Ãký fnu Au. ËwrLkÞk{kt fkuEÃký «Ëuþ{kt fkuEÃký ¼k»kk{kt ¼ýu÷k økýu÷k yÚkðk y¼ý
ÔÞÂõík îkhk rLk{koý fhu÷wt fkuEÃký {kir÷f MksoLk íku ÔÞÂõík ÃkkuíkkLke MktÃkrík Au. yux÷k {kxu Ëhuf MksofLku ÃkkuíkkLkk {kir÷f MksoLkLkku
nf nkuÞ Au. yux÷u yk {kir÷f MksoLkLku {q¤ MksofLke ÃkhðkLkøke «kó fÞko ðøkh ¾kuxk EhkËkÚke íkuLku ÃkkuíkkLkk ç÷kuøk, ðuçkMkkEx
yÚkðk r«Lx suðk fkuEÃký {kæÞ{Úke «fkrþík fhðe yu ¾hkçk çkkçkík Au. fkuEÃký f÷k MktçktrÄík MkkrníÞ yÚkðk Mktøkeík MktçktrÄík
fkÞo suLkwt MksoLk {kir÷f rð[khkuÚke Úkíkwt nkuÞ íkku íkuLkk çkÄk nf íkuLkk {kr÷f MksoLkfkhLku {¤u suLku fkuÃkehkEx fnu Au. fkuÃkehkEx {q¤
MksoLkLkk yrÄfkhkuLkwt hûký fhu Au. ¼khík{kt {q¤ MksoLkLkk {]íÞw ÃkAe 60 ð»ko MkwÄe íkuLkku nf Mkwhrûkík hnu Au.
fkuÃkehkEx yuõx yux÷u þwt ?
fkuÃke yux÷u Lkf÷ yÚkðk íkku «ríkf]rík yLku hkEx yux÷u nf yk{ fkuÃkehkEx yux÷u Lkf÷ fhðkLkku yrÄfkh yu{ fne þfkÞ.
su ÔÞÂõík çkkiÂæÄf þÂõíkLke LkeÃks nkuÞ íku íkuLkku yuf Lkiríkf yrÄfkh Au. ÷u¾fLke Ãkqðo yLkw{rík rMkðkÞ su fkuE ÔÞÂõík íkuLke
f]rík yLÞ fkuE {kæÞ{{kt «fkrþík fhu íkku fkuÃkehkExLkku ¼tøk ÚkÞku økýkÞ. rðï{kt 10 yur«÷ 1710{kt Äkhku y{÷{kt ykÔÞku
ÃkAe íku{kt Mkíkík MkwÄkhk Úkíkk økÞk.
swËk swËk fkÞËkLkku y{÷
❖ 1911{kt $ø÷uLzLke Ãkk÷ko{uLx îkhk fkÞËku ½zðk{kt ykÔÞku.
❖ 1914{kt RÂLzÞLk fkuÃkehkEx yuõx
❖ 2000{kt «íÞkÞLk - fkuBÞwrLkfuþLk rçk÷
❖ 1957 fkuÃkehkEx - Ä fkuÃkehkEx yuõx
❖ 1911 rzÍkELk - rzÍkELk yuõx
❖ 2000 RLVkuo{uþLk xufLkku÷kuS yuõx
❖ 1970 ÃkuxLx - Ä ÃkuxLx yuõx
❖ 1958 xÙuz {kfoTMk - Ä xÙuz yuLz {fuoLxkELx {kfoTMk yuõx
❖ 1995 fuçk÷ xur÷rðÍLk Lkuxðfo yrÄrLkÞ{
❖ 1953 çkkuBçku rMkLku{k yrÄrLkÞ{
fkuÃkehkExLkku ¼tøk õÞkhu ÚkÞku økýkÞ ?
ßÞkhu fkuE ÔÞÂõík yk yrÄrLkÞ{ nuX¤ fkuÃkehkExLkk {kr÷fu fu fkuÃkehkExLkk hrsMxÙkhu ykÃku÷ ÃkhðkLkøke rðLkk fu yu heíku
ykÃku÷ ÃkhðkLkøkeLke þhíkkuLkku ¼tøk fheLku yk yrÄrLkÞ{ nuX¤ fkuÃkehkExLkk {kr÷fLku su fhðkLkku Mkwðktøk nf yux÷u MktÃkqýo
yrÄfkh nkuÞ íkuLkwt fktE fhu yÚkðk yuðe òýÚke fkuÃkehkEx ¼tøk Úkþu yuðe òý Lk nkuÞ fu íkuðwt {kLkðkLku ÔÞksçke fkhý Lk nkuÞ íku
rMkðkÞ ßÞkt ykðe òýÚke fkuÃkehkExLkku ¼tøk ÚkkÞ íkuðe søÞkLku ònuh{kt òý {kxu LkVk ¾kíkh WÃkÞkuøk fhðk Ëu yÚkðk f÷{ 51
{wsçk ßÞkhu fkuE ÔÞÂõík íku f]ríkLkku ¼tøk fhíke Lkf÷ku ðu[ðk fu ¼kzu ykÃkðk íkiÞkh fhu yÚkðk ðu[u fu ¼kzu ykÃku yÚkðk ðuÃkkhe heíku
íkuLku «ËŠþík fhu yÚkðk ðu[ðk fu ¼kzu ykÃkðk fkZu yÚkðk ðuÃkkhe nuíkw {kxu fu fkuÃkehkExLkk {kr÷fLku «ríkfq¤ yMkh fhu íkux÷e nËu
ðu[u yÚkðk ðuÃkkhe heíku ònuh{kt «ËŠþík fhu yÚkðk ¼khík{kt ykÞkík fhu Ãkhtíkw Ãkuxkf÷{ (4){ktLkku fkuEÃký ÔÞÂõík ykÞkík
fhLkkhLkk ¾kLkøke yLku ytøkík WÃkÞkuøk {kxu fkuEÃký f]ríkLke Lkf÷Lke ykÞkík fhðkLku ÷køkw Ãkzþu Lknª.
f÷{ Ãkh (çkkðLk) {wsçk fkuÃkehkExLkku ¼tøk õÞkhu Lk økýkÞ ?
ÔÞÂõík ÃkkuíkkLke çkwÂæÄ fu fkÞofwþ¤íkk fu fÕÃkLkk þÂõíkÚke su fkÞo fhu íkku íkuLkk yk MksoLk{ktÚke fkuEÃký ÷k¼ {u¤ððkLkku
«Úk{ nf Au. ÷u¾fLku íkuLke f]rík{ktÚke fkuE Lkf÷ fhe çkeòu fkuE íkuLkku ykŠÚkf WÃk¼kuøk fhuík íkku fkuÃkehkExLkku ¼tøk ÚkÞku økýkÞ.
Ãkhtíkw f÷{ çkkðLk {wsçk yk fkÞËkLkku ¼tøk Úkíkku LkÚke ßÞkhu Lkf÷ «{krýfÃkýu WÃkÞkuøk{kt ÷uðkLke nkuÞ.
* økútÚkÃkk÷, {h[Lx çke.Mke.yu./Ãke.S.ze.Mke.yu. fku÷us, rðMkLkøkh.
❖ Lkf÷ þiûkrýf WÃkÞkuøk {kxu ÷uðkLke nkuÞ.
❖ Lkf÷ MktþkuÄLk Mkrník ¾kLkøke WÃkÞkuøk {kxu nkuÞ.
❖ rLk»fÃkx ÔÞðnkh nkuÞ.
❖ rðÄkLk{tz¤Lke f[uheyu fu çktLku øk]n{ktÚke fkuE yufLke f[uheyu íkuLkk MkÇÞkuLkk ÃkkuíkkLkk ykøkðk WÃkÞkuøk {kxu MkkrníÞf]rík,
Lkkxâf]rík, Mktøkeíkh[Lkk fu f÷kf]ríkLke fhu÷e Vuhhsqykík {kxu WÃkÞkuøk fhkÞku nkuÞ.
❖ MkkWLz hufkurztøk {kxuLkk nf {kr÷fu íkuLke ÃkhðkLkøke fu Mkt{ríkÚke íku f]ríkLkwt MkkWLz hufku‹zøk fhðk{kt ykÔÞwt nkuÞ.
❖ MkkWLz hufku‹zøk {kxu {kr÷fu íkuLke ÃkðkLkøke fu Mkt{ríkÚke íku f]ríkLkwt MkkWLz hufku‹zøk fhðk{kt ykÔÞwt nkuÞ.
❖ MkkWLz hufku‹zøk {kxu {kr÷fLku hkuÞÕxe ykÃke nkuÞ.
❖ ÄkŠ{f MktMÚkkLkk ÷k¼ {kxu WÃkÞkuøk ÚkÞku nkuÞ.
❖ fkuE ÃkwMíkf ¼khík{kt ðu[kíkwt {¤íkwt Lk nkuÞ íku ÃkwMíkfLke ðÄw{kt ðÄw ºký Lkf÷ økútÚkk÷Þ{kt WÃkÞkuøk {kxu íkiÞkh fhe nkuÞ.
❖ yrÄrLkÞ{ku rLkÞ{ku fu nwf{kuLkwt ¼k»kktíkh fhðwt su Mkhfkh íkhVÚke yøkkW «fkrþík fhðk{kt Lk ykÔÞwt nkuÞ.
❖ MÚkkÃkíÞfk{Lkwt «ËþoLk fhðwt.
fkuÃkehkExLkwt WÕ÷t½Lk yLku WÃk[kh
fkuÃkehkEx ¼tøkLkku økwLkku LÞkrÞf heíku Ãkwhðkh ÚkkÞ íkku A {kMkÚke ykuAe Lknª ºký ð»ko MkwÄe íkÚkk YrÃkÞk 50,000 Úke
YrÃkÞk 2,00,000 MkwÄeLkku ËtzLke òuøkðkE Au. yk{ Aíkkt fkuxo fkuE ÃkÞkoó yLku ¾kMk fkhýkuMkh fuËLkk Mk{Þ yLku ËtzLke hf{{kt
½xkzku fhe þfu Au.
fkuÃkehkEx yLku fkuÃkehkEx çkkuzoLkk WÕ÷t½Lk WÃk[kh
fkuÃkehkExLkk nuíkwykuLke ÃkrhÃkqŠík {kxu Mkhfkh îkhk fkuÃkehkEx f[uhe yLku fkuÃkehkEx çkkuzoLke h[Lkk fhkÞu÷e Au. yk f[uheLkwt
{wÏÞ {Úkf {wtçkE{kt Au. f[uheLkk ðneðxe ðzk íkhefu fkuÃkehkEx Mkr[ð hnu Au. su fuLÿ MkhfkhLke MkeÄe Ëu¾hu¾ yLku Mkw[Lkkyku
nuX¤ fkÞo fhu Au.
fkuÃkehkEx {tz¤e
÷u¾fku fkuÃkehkEx «kó ÔÞÂõíkyku, f÷kfkhku ðøkuhuLkk fkuÃkehkEx MktçktÄe yrÄfkhkuLkk hûký {kxu fkuÃkehkExLkk 1994Lkk
MkwÄkhk ytíkøkoík f÷{ 33-36{kt fkuÃkehkEx MkkuMkkÞxeLke h[Lkk fhðkLke òuøkðkE fhkÞu÷e Au.
fkuÃkehkEx fuðe heíku fhkðe þfkÞ
ÃkkuíkkLke f]ríkLku yrÄf]ík heíku fkuÃkehkEx fhkððk {kxu fkuÃkehkEx yrÄrLkÞ{ 1958Lke f÷{ 16{kt ËþkoÔÞk {wsçkLkk
Lk{qLkk {wsçk hSMxÙkh, fkuÃkehkEx ykuVeMk{kt sYhe Ve ¼Þko çkkË fkuÃkehkEx {u¤ðe þfkÞ Au. ðÄw òýfkhe {kxu rLk»ýkík
ðfe÷Lkku MktÃkfo fhe þfkÞ.
fkuÃkehkExLkk fux÷kf feMMkk
{kuçkkE÷Lke ËwfkLk Ãkh Ãkku÷eMku ¾kuxe heíku zkWLk÷kuz fhðkLkk økwLkk{kt ~Þk{{whkheLkk Ãkwºk ÃkÈ®Mkn fwþðknLku Ãkfzâku níkku.
yuMk.yuMk.Ãke. yuLxeÃkkEhMke RLðuMxeøkuþLk ftÃkLkeLkk rLkËuoþf «ËeÃk þ{ko yu ÃkwY»kku¥k{ EËku÷eÞkLkk íkhVÚke Úkkýk{kt ðøkh
÷kÞMkLMku ËwfkLk Ãkh ¾kuxe heíku ftÃkLkeLkk økeíkku zkWLk÷kuz fhðkLke VheÞkË fhe níke yk {kxu Mke.Ãke.Þw. yu÷.Mke.ze., feçkúkuz,
{u{he çkkuzo só fÞwO. yLkwhkÄk ÃkkUzðk÷ LkhuLÿ [t[÷ Ãkh 1996{kt fkuÃkehkEx Ãkh VrhÞkË [{LkLke Ëwøkko Míkwíke Mktfx{ku[Lk yLku
rþð{rn{kLke MkwÃkh fuMkuxku çkòh{kt {wfíkk Ãknu÷k y{khku MktÃkfo fÞkuo Lk níkku. «rMkæÄ ÷u¾f [uíkLk ¼økík îkhk íkuLke çkwf VkEð
ÃkkuELx Mk{ ðLk Lku ykÄkhu çkLkkðeLku rVÕ{ Úkúe EzeÞx çkLkkðe níke yLku [uíkLk ¼økíku Úkúe EzeÞxLkk rLk{koíkk Ãkh fkuÃkehkEx {kxu
Ëkðku fÞkuo níkku íÞkhu rLk{koíkkyu ÃkkuíkkLke ¼q÷ Mðefkhe yLku hf{ ¼hÃkkE fhe.
Mk÷{kLk¾kLkLke rVÕ{ ËçktøkLkk økeík ÃkktzuS Mkexe çkòÞuLkk fkhýu økeíkfkh þi÷uLÿLkk fwxwtçkesLkku Lkkhks ÚkÞk níkk. íku{Lke
Ãkkiºke r«Þtfk þi÷eyu sýkÔÞwt níkwt fu íkuLkk ËkËk þi÷uLÿ 1966{kt ykðu÷e íkeMkhe fMk{ rVÕ{Lke «uhýk ÷E yk økeík çkLkkððk{kt
ykðu÷wt Au. íkuÚke íkuLku Ëçktøk rVÕ{ MkkÚku Mktf¤kÞu÷k ÷kufkuLku LkkuxeMk Vxfkhe níke. r«ÞtfkLkwt fnuðwt Au fu y{khk fwxwtçkesLkkuLke fkuE
Mkt{íke ÷uðk{kt ykðe Lk níke yLku õÞktÞ þi÷uLÿ yLku þtfh sÞrfþLkLkk Lkk{Lkku WÕ÷u¾ Ãký LkÚke.
fwðkðzk{kt {kuçkkE÷ ÍkuLkLke ËwfkLkLkk {kr÷f {Lke»k fuþwh¼kE heçkkzeÞk íkÚkk økkuÃkk÷ {kuçkkE÷ðk¤k Ëuðhks þeðk¼kE
ðkÄkýe Mkk{u økwLkku Ëk¾÷ fÞkuo níkku. yk çktLku ËwfkLk{kt økuhfkÞËuMkh heíku ÷kÞMkLMk ðøkh {kuçkkE÷ VeÕ{Lkk økeíkku zkWLk÷kuz fhe
ykÃkíkk níkk. yk WÃkhktík xe MkeheÍLkk rfþkuhfw{kh ¼kzwhk{ rðhðkýe (hksfkux) yu ¼ws{kt ftÃkLkeLkk økeíkku rðrzÞku hªøk xkuLkLkku
WÃkÞkuøk fhðk{kt ykðe hÌkku nkuðkLke {krníke {¤íkk ðMktík÷k÷k X¬h yLku Ëuðþe{tøk÷ hçkkheLke ÄhÃkfz fhe níke fu suyku xe
MkeheÍLkk økeíkkuLkk rðrzÞku hkEx Lk nkuðk Aíkkt økúknfkuLku {kuçkkE÷{kt økeíkku zkWLk÷kuz fhe ykÃkíkk níkk.
¼khíkeÞ fkuÃkehkEx yuõx ¼khíkeÞ LkkøkrhfkuLke yLku fux÷ef þhíkkuLku ykrÄLk rðËuþe LkkøkrhfkuLke rðrðÄ «fkhLke f]ríkyku
su{ fu MkkrnÂíÞfLkk ÔÞtøÞkí{f rMkLku{uxkuøkúkV fkuBÃÞwxh «kuøkúk{ æðLke {wÿý «Mkkhý ðøkuhuLku hûký ÃkwY Ãkkzðwt yk{ Aíkkt «ríkrËLk
«fkþLk ûkuºku ÚkE hnu÷k yk{w÷ ÃkrhðíkoLkLku íku{s R÷uõxÙkurLkf {kæÞ{Lkk ðÄíkk síkk ðÃkhkþLku æÞkLk{kt ÷uíkk su íku Wr[ík Mk{Þu
fkuÃkehkEx{kt MkwÄkhk Úkðk òuEyu WÃkhktík ònuh sLkíkk fkuÃkehkExLkk fkLkqLkÚke Ãkrhr[ík çkLku íku nuíkwMkh rðrðÄ Míkhu ¾w÷kMkk nkÚk
Ähðk sYhe Au. suÚke yk MktçktÄe òøk]rík ykðu yLku fkuÃkehkExLku ÷økíkk rfMMkk ½xu.
yk{ fkuÃkehkExLkku WÃkÞkuøk ÄtÄk {kxu Lk fhðku òuEyu, Ãkhtíkw «{krýfÃkýu fhðku òuEyu. fkÞËku yu çktÄLk LkÚke Ãkhtíkw
ykÃkýk {kxu {ÞkorËík VhòuLke Mkktf¤ Au.
❖ ßÞkhu íkf ykðu íÞkhu íkiÞkh hnku fu{fu ßÞkt íkf yLku íkiÞkhe ¼uøkk {¤u Au íkuLku s
‘¼køÞ’ fnu Au.
❖ yk søkík{kt ÞkuøÞíkk fhíkkt ½ýe ðÄw íkfku Au.
❖ yðMkh [qfe sLkkhLku ÃkAíkkðwt Ãkzu Au.
❖ íkf ¼køÞu s çkeS ðkh {¤u Au.
❖ íkf økw{kððe yux÷u MkV¤íkk økw{kððe.
❖ yðMkh ðøkh çkku÷ðwt ÔÞÚko Au.
økútÚkk÷Þ Mkuðkyku{kt ¼khík íkÚkk y{urhfLk ÷kÞçkúuhe yuMkkuMkeyuþLk îkhk ÔÞðMkkrÞf Lkerík{íkk
çkkhuðrzÞk sÞk*
«MíkkðLkk
økútÚkk÷Þ yLku {krníke fuLÿku yu {kLkð ¿kkLkLkku ¼tzkh Au. su ykÃkýku ¼qíkfk¤, ðíko{kLk yLku ¼rð»Þ Au. økútÚkk÷Þku yu Võík
ÃkwMíkfkuLkku ¼tzkh s Lknª Ãkhtíkw ¿kkLk ¼tzkhLkwt yuf rðrþü yLku y÷øk s MðYÃk Au. økútÚkk÷Þku yLku {krníke fuLÿku Mk{ksLke
Mkk{kSf, MkktMf]ríkf yLku ykŠÚkf «ð]r¥kyku MkkÚku Mktf¤kÞu÷k Au suÚke Mk{ks «íÞuLke íkuLke sðkçkËkhe rðþu»k hnu Au. økútÚkk÷Þ
rðfkMkLkk ykÄkhu su íku ËuþLkk Mk{ksLkwt {wÕÞktfLk ÚkkÞ Au. ßÞkt økútÚkk÷ÞkuLkku rðfkMk Au íku Mk{ks, þnuh, hkßÞ fu ËuþLkku rðfkMk
rðþu»k ÚkkÞ Au.
yksLkk yk xufLkku÷kuS Þwøk{kt økútÚkk÷Þku yLku økútÚkÃkk÷kuLkk fkÞoûkuºk yLku fkÞo MÚk¤{kt yk{w÷ ÃkrhðíkoLk ykÔÞwt Au. yksLkk
WÃk¼kuõíkkykuLku Võík ÃkwMíkfku {¤ðkÚke s Mktíkku»k Úkíkku LkÚke Ãkhtíkw íku{Lku íkku ykuLk÷kELk {krníke íðheík òuEyu Au. suLkk {kxu
yãíkLk xufLkku÷kuS suðe fu RLxhLkux, R{uE÷, ðuçk ðøkuhu MkkuMkeÞ÷ {erzykLkku WÃkÃkÞkuøk økútÚkk÷Þku yLku økútÚkÃkk÷ku îkhk fhðk{kt
ykðu Au.
Mk{ksLkwt fkuEÃký ûkuºk nkuÞ Ëhuf ûkuºkLke y{wf Lkerík{íkkyku Lk¬e fhu÷e s nkuÞ Au. yk {wsçk økútÚkk÷Þ yLku {krníke rð¿kkLk
yLku íkuLku Mkt÷øLk ÔÞðMkkrÞf Mkuðkyku{kt Lkerík{íkk Ãký Lk¬e s nkuÞ Au.
ntMk òuLkkMkLkk {ík {wsçk yãíkLk xufLkku÷kuSLku ÷ELku økútÚkk÷Þ ûkuºku Lkðe s Lkerík{íkk WËT¼ðe Au. su íku{ýu “The
Imperative Responsibility” {kt ðýoðe Au.1 y{urhfLk ÷kÞçkúuhe yuMkkuMkeÞuþLk (ALA) îkhk økútÚkk÷Þ ûkuºku ÔÞðMkkrÞf Lkerík{íkkyku
Lk¬e fhðk{kt ykðu÷ Au. su ytøku yºku rðMík]ík {krníke ykÃku÷ Au.2
y{urhfk{kt ÔÞðMkkrÞf økútÚkÞk÷ku {kxu Code of Ethics ÞkLku “Lkerík{íkkLkk Mktfuíkku” YÃku y{urhfLk ÷kÞçkúuhe yuMkkurMkyuþLk
îkhk «fkrþík fhðk{kt ykðu÷ Au.
Ëhuf WÃk¼kuõíkkykuLku Wå[ík{ Mkuðkyku Ãkqhe Ãkkzðe (Highest Level of Services to all Users)
økútÚkk÷Þ ÔÞðMkkrÞfku íku{Lkk Ëhuf WÃk¼kuõíkkykuLku íku{LkkÚke þõÞ íkux÷k heMkkuMkeoMk îkhk, fkuEÃký òíkLkk ¼ýíkh, ô{h
yLku ykŠÚkf MíkhLkk ¼uË¼kð ðøkh yLku þõÞ íkux÷e Mkh¤ heíku {krníke Ãkqhe Ãkkzðe òuEyu. suLk ze. MðeLMk çkøkoLkk {ík
{wsçk Wå[ík{ Mkuðkyku Ãkqhe Ãkkzðk {kxu {krníke ÔÞðMkkrÞfkuyu íku{Lkk WÃk¼kuõíkkyku MkkÚku ¿kkLkLkwt yËkLk-«ËkLk fhðwt
òuEyu. òu yk{ Lk ÚkkÞ íkku økútÚkk÷Þku yLku WÃk¼kuõíkkyku ðå[u yuf ¾kE WíÃkÒk ÚkkÞ Au. økútÚkÃkk÷kuyu Ãký æÞkLk hk¾ðwt
òuEyu fu íkuykuyu WÃk¼kuõíkkykuLku yãíkLk, Mk{ÞMkh Mkðkuoík{ økwýðíkk Þwõík {krníke WÃk÷çÄ fhkððe òuEyu. òu fu
¼khíkeÞ økútÚkk÷Þ þk†e zkì. yuMk. ykh. htøkLkkÚkLk yk ðkíkLku Ãkkt[ Mkqºkku{kt Mk{kðuþ fhe ÷u Au.
❖ ÃkwMíkfk÷Þku WÃkÞkuøk {kxu Au.
❖ Ëhuf ðk[fLku ÃkwMíkf {¤u
❖ Ëhuf ÃkwMíkfLku ðk[f {¤u
* ðk[fLkku Mk{Þ çk[kðku.
❖ økútÚkk÷Þ r[h ðÄo{kLk Au.
yk{ «Úk{ [kh MkqºkkuLkku yne Mk{kðuþ ÚkE òÞ Au.
çkwÂæÄ{kLk Þwõík Mðíktºkíkk (Intellectual Freedom)
økwóíkk yLku ¾kLkøkeÃkýwt (Privacy and confidentiality)
økútÚkk÷Þku{kt WÃk¼kuõíkkyku îkhk {ktøkðk{kt ykðu÷ yLku íkuykuLku Ãkqhe Ãkkzðk{kt ykðu÷ {krníke MktÃkqýo heíku økwó yLku
¾kLkøke hk¾ðe òuEyu. yLku yk økwóíkk ò¤ððkLke MktÃkqýo sðkçkËkhe økútÚkk÷ÞkuLke Au.
*økútÚkÃkk÷, þuX Ãke.xe. {rn÷k fku÷us ykuV ykxoTMk yuLz nku{ MkkÞLMk, Mkwhík.
çkwÂæÄ{íkkÞwõík r{÷fík n¬ (Intellectual Property Rights)
ELxu÷ufåÞwy÷ «kuÃkxeo hkEx yuf Ãku[eËku «&™ Au fkhý fu ALA Lke {kuxk¼køkLke Lkerík{íkkyku suðe fu WÃk¼kuõíkkykuLku
rçkLk«ríkçktÄeík {krníke Ãkqhe Ãkkzðe, fkuÃkehkEx yLku ELxu÷ufåÞwy÷ «kuÃkxeo hkEx ytøkuLke MÃküíkk fhu÷ Au. økútÚkk÷Þku {kxu
ykuÃkLk ÷kEMkLMkªøk, £e Mkku^xðuh yLku Lkðk «fkhku íku{s Lkðk rðíkhý {kuzu÷ku ytøku ALA hMk ÷E hÌkk Au.
ÃkkuíkkLkk nkÚk Lke[uLkk f{o[kheykuLku {kLk ykÃkðwt (Respecting Fellow Library Workers)
økútÚkÃkk÷ íku{Lkk Mkn fkÞofhku yLku nkÚk Lke[uLkk f{o[kheykuLku Ãkqhíkw {kLk ykÃku yLku íku{Lkku rðïkMk MktÃkkËLk fhu
íkËTWÃkhktík íku{Lke LkkufheLke Mk÷k{íke yLku n¬ku ytøku Mkòøk hne íkuykuLku hûký ÃkqY Ãkkzu íku sYhe Au.
ytøkík MðkÚkoLkku íÞkøk (Non-advancement of private interest)
økútÚkÃkk÷ku ÃkkuíkkLkk ÔÞðMkkÞ{kt WÃk¼kuõíkkykuLku MktÃkqýo ðVkËkh hne ÃkkuíkkLkk ytøkík MðkÚkoLkku íÞkøk fhe WÃk¼kuõíkk fuLÿeík
Mkuðkyku Ãkqhe Ãkkzu.
ytøkík {kLÞíkkyku yLku ÔÞðMkkrÞf Vhs ðå[u ¼uË hk¾ðku (Distinguishing between personal convictions
and professional duties)
økútÚkÃkk÷ku ÃkkuíkkLke ytøkík {kLÞíkkykuLku ÃkkuíkkLke ÔÞðMkkrÞf VhsÚke Ëwh hk¾uu. MktMÚkk îkhk Lk¬e fhkÞu÷e WÃk¼kuõíkkyku
{kxuLke Lkerík{íkkykuLku MktÃkqýoÃkýu yLkwMkhðk ÃkkuíkkLke ÔÞÂõíkøkík {kLÞíkkyku îkhk [t[qÃkkík Lk fhðku.
ÔÞðMkkrÞf MkðkuoÃkrhíkk (Excellence in the profession)
økútÚkk÷Þkuyu ÃkkuíkkLkk ÔÞðMkkÞ{kt ÃkkuíkkLkk ¿kkLk yLku fwþ¤íkkLkku {ník{ WÃkÞkuøk fhe ÃkkuíkkLkk Mkn fkÞofhkuLku «kuíMkkrník
fhðk íku{s ÃkkuíkkLkk ÔÞðMkkÞLkk {níðLkk MkÇÞkuLku MkkÚku ÷ELku [k÷ðwt yLku ÔÞðMkkrÞf MkðkuoÃkrhíkkLkk rþ¾h Mkh fhðk {kxu
“MkkiLkku MkkÚk MkkiLkku rðfkMk” MkqºkLkku WÃkÞkuøk fhðku.
Lkeríkþk†Lke ÔÞkÏÞk
yk[hý{kt Mkk[wt Awt yÚkðk MkkYt þwt yuLkk yÇÞkMkLku Lkeríkþk† íkhefu yku¤¾ðk{kt ykðu Au. {kLkðeLkk fkÞo Mkk[k Au
fu, ¾kuxk, Mkkhk Au fu Lkhþk yuLku yLkw÷ûkeLku LkeríkþkMkºk yk[hý ytøkuLkk rMkØktík çkktÄu Au. Lkeríkþk†Lkku ytøkúuS þçË
Ethics {q¤ økúef þçË Nous {ktÚke Wíkhe ykÔÞku Au suLkku yÚko ÚkkÞ Au [krhºkÞ. yk{ Lkeríkþk† {kLkð yk[hýLkk
MkkhkÃkýk MkkÚku MktçktÄ Ähkðu Au. ykÃkýwt fkÞo yuf Lkne Ãkhtíkw yLkuf æÞuÞku ÷ûkeík Au. {kLkðSðLkLkk æÞuÞ y÷øk - y÷øk
nkuÞ Au su{ fu Mkuðk ykÃkðkLkwt, ÄLk f{kððkLkwt yÚkðk Mkk{kSf Mkuðk ykÃkðkLkwt. yk rð»kÞLku yLkwYÃk ykÃkýk økútÚkk÷Þku
yLku økútÚkÃkk÷kuLkwt æÞuÞ Võík yLku Võík íkuykuLkk WÃk¼kuõíkkykuLku fuLÿ{kt hk¾eLku íkuykuLku Mkðkuoík{ Mkuðk ÃkqY ÃkkzðkLkwt Au yLku yk
Mkuðkyku Ãkqhe Ãkkzðk {kxu fux÷ef Lkerík{íkkyku (ykÃkýk ¼khíkeÞ WÃk¾tz{kt) Lk¬e fhðk{kt ykðu÷ Au suLke rðMík]ík [[ko
ynª fhðk{kt ykðu÷ Au.
fkuÃke hkEx
¼khíkeÞ MktrðÄkLk{kt fkuÃkehkEx ytøkuLkk fkÞËkyku yLku íkuLkk ¼tøk çkË÷ MkòLke Ãký òuøkðkE Au. fkuÃkehkEx yLku
ÃkuxLx çktLku yufçkeòLkk ÃkÞkoÞ Au. fkuEÃký þkuÄ fu Lkðe «kuzõx ytøku yufðkh ÃkuxLx fhkÔÞk çkkË íkuLke fkuE Lkf÷ fhe þfíkwt
LkÚke yÚkðk íkuLkk ÷kuøkku fu Lkk{Lkku çkeò fkuE WÃkÞkuøk fhe þfíkk LkÚke. økútÚkk÷Þku yLku {krníke rð¿kkLkLkk ûkuºku fkuÃkehkEx yu
¾qçk s MktðuËLkþe÷ {wÆku Au. ½ýk økútÚkÃkk÷ r{ºkku yLku {krníke rð¿kkLkLkk ûkuºku fkuÃkehkEx yu ¾qçk s MktðuËLkþe÷ {wÆku Au.
½ýk økútÚkÃkk÷ r{ºkku yLku {krníke ÔÞðMkkrÞfku yksLkk yk ELxhLkux Þwøk{kt fkuEÃký ðuçkMkkEx WÃkhÚke su íku rð»kÞ ytøkuLke
{krníke zkWLk÷kuz fhe íkuLku Úkkuzwt yk{ íku{ {XkheLku ÃkkuíkkLkk Lkk{u ÷u¾ fu MktþkuÄLk ÃkuÃkh YÃku «rMkæÄ fhe Ëu Au. íkku yk
çkkçkíku ykÃkýu Mkòøk ÚkðkLke sYh Au. fkuEÃký ÷u¾fLkku ÷u¾ fu MktþkuÄLk ÃkqhuÃkwY yÚkðk íkuLkk fux÷kf ¼køk fkuE çkeS
ÔÞÂõík ÃkkuíkkLkk Lkk{u «rMkØ fhe þfíkk LkÚke rMkðkÞ fu fkuE {q¤ ÷u¾f yÚkðk MktþkuÄfLke Ãkqðo {tswhe {u¤ðe nkuÞ. ykÃkýk
ûkuºkLku yux÷u fu økútÚkk÷Þ ûkuºk{kt yk rð»kÞ økútÚkk÷Þ WÃk¼kuõíkkykuLku MkeÄku s MÃkþuo Au. yk ytøkuLke Mkòøkíkk WÃk¼kuõíkkyku
¾kMk fheLku fku÷usLkk ytzhøkúußÞwyux rðãkÚkeoyku{kt ykuAe nkuðkLke Mkt¼kðLkk Au íkku ykÃkýe Ãkrðºk Vhs Au fu økútÚkÃkk÷ku yLku
{krníke ÔÞðMkkÞeykuyu íkuykuLkk WÃk¼kuõíkkykuLku fkuÃkehkEx yLku ÃkuxLx ytøkuLke MktÃkqýo Mk{s ykÃkðe, íku ytøkuLkk fkÞËkyku
Mk{òððk yLku íku ytøku Úkíke MkòykuÚke ðkfuV fhe Lkf÷{kt yf÷ ðkÃkhðk ytøku Mkòøk fhe ykðe MkòykuÚke çk[kððk.
rð¢uíkkyku MkkÚkuLkku ÔÞðnkh
yksLkk yk øk¤kfkÞ nheVkELkk Þwøk{kt Ëhuf ðuÃkkhe ÃkkuíkkLkku {k÷ ðu[ðk fkuEÃký nËu sðk íkiÞkh nkuÞ Au. íkuLkku æÞuÞ
Võík ÃkkuíkkLkku {k÷ fkuEÃký rnMkkçku ðu[ðkLkku nkuÞ Au. yk çkkçkík økútÚkk÷Þ yLku {krníke ÔÞðMkkrÞykuLku Ãký ÷køkw Ãkzu Au.
yksLkk yk {krníke rðMVkuxLkk Þwøk{kt “yuf {ktøkku nòh íkiÞkh” fkuEÃký yuf rð»kÞ WÃkh yuf «Míkf {ktøkku íkku yuf nòh
ÃkwMíkfku ík{khk {kxu íkiÞkh Au. ykðk Mktòuøkku{kt økútÚkÃkk÷kuLke Ãkrðºk Vhs Au fu ík{ku fuðk «fkhLkk MkkrníÞ, ÃkwMíkf fu
MktË¼oøkútÚkku yÚkðk sLkoÕMk / {uøkÍeLMk ÃkMktË fhþku. íkku íku ytøku Ãký ykÃkýu ykÃkýk ÔÞðMkkÞLke Ãkrðºkíkk ò¤ðe rð¢uíkk
îkhk ykÃkðk{kt ykðíkwt MÃku~Þ÷ rzMkfkWLx yÚkðk íkku ytøkík ¼ux - MkkuøkkËkuLku çkkswyu hk¾e (XwfhkðeLku) Võík yLku Võík
ykÃkýe MktMÚkkLku, rðãkÚkeoykuLku fu WÃk¼kuõíkkykuLku s ðVkËkh hne íkuykuLke sYrhÞkík {wsçkLkk s yÚkðk ¼rð»Þ{kt íkuLku
WÃkÞkuøke ÚkkÞ íkuðwt MkkrníÞ s ¾heËðkLkku ykøkún hk¾ðku. sYh sýkÞ íkku ÃkwMíkf ¾heËe {kxu ºký õðkuxuþLk {tøkkððk
yÚkðk yuf fr{xe çkLkkðe íku fr{xe s MkeÄe rð¢uíkkykuLku çkku÷kðeLku MkkiLke nkshe{kt rzMkfkWLx Lk¬e fhe ÃkkuíkkLke MktMÚkkLku
{ník{ ÷k¼ yÃkkðe þfkÞ. íkËTWÃkhktík rð¢uíkkyku ÃkkMkuÚke ÃkwMíkf ¾heËe íkku çkeòu hMíkku su íku MktMÚkkyku{kt òýeíkk yLku
«rMkØ rð¢uíkkyku ykðeLku ÃkkuíkkLkwt ÃkwMíkf «ËþoLk Þkusu su «ËþoLk{ktÚke MkeÄk s rðãkÚkeoyku / rþûkfku yLku MxkV r{ºkku ÃkwMíkf
ÃkMktË fhe ÃkwMíkf fr{xe Mk{ûk hsq fhu yLku íkuLke ¾heËe fhe þfkÞ r{ºkku “ËwrLkÞk{kt Ëhuf ðMíkw ðu[kÞ Au LkÚke ðu[kíke
«{krýfíkk” íkku yk MkqºkLku ÞkË hk¾e ykÃkýk ÔÞðMkkÞLke Ãkrðºkíkk yLku Lkerík{¥kk ò¤ðeLku £kuz rð¢uíkkykuLku Ëqh hk¾e
MktMÚkkLku ðVkËkh hneyu.
økútÚkk÷ÞkuLkwt WÃk¼kuõíkkyku MkkÚkuLkwt ðíkoLk yLku ð÷ý
økútÚkk÷Þ yuf ykí{k Au íkku økútÚkÃkk÷, WÃk¼kuõíkk yLku Mkt[k÷f {tz¤ yu íkuLkk ºký {níðLkk ytøk Au. òu yk ºkýu
ytøkku Mkw{u¤¼Þko MktçktÄ hk¾e Mkt[k÷Lk fhu íkku økútÚkk÷ÞLkwt Mkt[k÷Lk, Mkh¤, MkV¤íkkÃkqðof yLku Mk[kux heíku ÚkE þfu Au yLku
íkuLkku MkeÄku s ÷k¼ suLkk {kxu yk økútÚkk÷Þ [÷kððk{kt ykðu Au íku WÃk¼kuõíkkykuLku Mkðkuo¥k{ Mkuðk Ãkqhe Ãkkze þfkÞ Au.
ykÃkýwt Mkqºk yu s Au fu “WÃk¼kuõíkkykuLku MktÃkqýo Mktíkku»k yu s ykÃkýw æÞuÞ” yLku ykLkk {kxu sYh Au økútÚkÃkk÷kuLkk
WÃk¼kuõíkkyku MkkÚkuLkk Mkw{u¤¼Þko, MknfkhÞwõík, Mkh¤ ðíkoLk yLku ð÷ýLke òu økútÚkÃkk÷ {¤íkkðzk Mð¼kðLkku, {eXkçkku÷ku,
Mkh¤, çkwÂæÄþk¤e, ¿kkLke yLku MknfkhLke ¼kðLkkðk¤ku nþu íkku WÃkçkkuõíkkyku ykÃkkuykÃk økútÚkk÷Þ íkhV ykfo»kkþu s. MkkÚku
MkkÚku økútÚkÃkk÷kuLke Vhs Au fu [knu R÷uõxÙkuLkef r{zeÞk nkuÞ, ELxhLkux nkuÞ yÚkðk MkeÄk s fçkkx{ktÚke nkuÞ þõÞ íkux÷k
ykuAk Mk{Þ{kt {krníke Ãkqhe Ãkkzðe. yk heíku WÃk¼kuõíkkyku MkkÚku íku{Lku MktÃkqýo Mknfkh ykÃke økútÚkÃkk÷ r{ºkku íku{Lke Vhs
yËk fhu íkku ykÃkýk ÔÞðMkkÞLkwt Lkk{ Wßsð¤ fhe þfkÞ. ÞkuøÞ {krníke ÞkuøÞ Mk{Þu ÞkuøÞ MkkÄLkkuLkk WÃkÞkuøk fhe ÞkuøÞ
ðk[f (WÃk¼kuõíkk)Lku ykÃkðe òuEyu.
økútÚkk÷Þ f{o[kheyku ðå[u ÃkkhMÃkrhf ÔÞðnkh
yksLkk Þwøk{kt {kLkðLku Þtºk òuzu fk{ fhíkk ykðze økÞwt Au, Ãkhtíkw {kLkðLku {kLkð MkkÚku fk{ fhíkk ykðzíkwt LkÚke
yÚkðk íkku y½Y ÷køku Au. fkhý fu Þtºkku íkku ÷køkýe - {køkýe, ykøkún-Ãkqðkoøkún ðøkhLkk nkuÞ Au. ßÞkhu {kLkð íkku yuf
MktðuËLkþe÷ {qŠík Au. íkuLku ÷køkýe Au {køkýe Au, ykøkún Au. Ãkqðkoøkún Au yLku çkeS yLkuf MktðuËLkkyku Au.3 su {kLkð -
{kLkð s Mk{S þfu Au. ykðk Mktòuøkku{kt økútÚkÃkk÷ r{ºkku ík{khk Mknf{o[kheyku fu ík{khk nkÚk Lke[uLkk MxkVLku Võík Þtºkku s
Lknª Mk{síkk, Võík çkkÞku{uxÙeLku s æÞkLku Lknª ÷uíkk íku{Lke ÷køkýeLku Mk{sðk «ÞíLk fhþku. íku{Lke MkkÚku «u{ÃkqðofLkku
ÔÞðnkh fhþku íkku íkuLke Vhs {kxu ÃkkuíkkLke òík ½Mke Lkk¾þu. Ãkhtíkw ykLkk {kxu ykÃkýu íkku ÞkË hk¾ðwt Ãkzþu fu “ðkðku íkuðwt
÷ýku” ykÃkku íkuðw Ãkk{ku - {kLk ykÃkku yLku {kLk {u¤ðku. ík{u ík{khk f{o[kheyku MkkÚku suðwt ðíkoLk fhþku íkuðwt ðíkoLk íku ík{khe
MkkÚku fhþu.
ykÃkýu ykÃkýk Mkn f{o[kheyku MkkÚku Võík Þtºkðík fu ykurVþeÞ÷ ÔÞðnkh s LkÚke fhðkLkku Ãkhtíkw íku{Lke {w~fu÷eyku
íku{Lku Lkzíkk «&™ku íku{Lku WËT¼ðíke Mk{MÞkykuLkku Mk{kÄkLkøkkhe Wfu÷ Ãký ÷kððkLkku Au. íku{Lku LkkufheLku ÷økíke Vhòu n¬ku
ðøkuhu ytøku Ãký íku{Lku Mkòøk fhðkLkk Au. íku{Lku fkuE yLÞkÞ Lk ÚkkÞ íku Ãký ík{khu æÞkLk hk¾ðkLkwt Au. yLku yk{ ík{u
ík{khk f{o[kheLku Mkk[ðþku íkku íku ík{Lku Mkk[ðþu Lkk LÞkLku MkkiLkku MkkÚk MkkiLkku rðfkMk” MkkÚkof Úkþu.
Vhs «íÞuLke rLkck
n¬ yLku Vhs yu yuf rMk¬kLke çku çkkswyku Au. ykÃkýu Mkki ykÃkýkt n¬ «íÞu Mkòøk Aeyu s íkux÷k s Mkòøk
ykÃkýe Vhs «íÞu Ãký hnuðwt òuEyu. økútÚkk÷Þ yLku {krníke ûkuºku yksLkk yk ÍzÃke Þwøk{kt hkus - çkhkus LkðeLkíkk ykðíke
òÞ Au. íkku ykÃkýe Vhs Au fu ykÃkýu Mkkiyu yk Lkðe xufLkku÷kuSÚke ykÃkýe òíkLku yÃkzux fhe ykÃkýk WÃk¼kuõíkkykuLku
Lkðk - Lkðk RLkkuðuþLk ykÃkeyu yLku íkku s ykÃkýu Lkðk s{kLkk MkkÚku fË{ {u¤ðe þfeþwt. WËknhý íkhefu òuEyu íkku yksu
½ýk økútÚkÃkk÷ r{ºkku {kLku Au fu y{khe ÷kEçkúuhe yÃkxwzux Au. íkku SOUL - 02 fu Lkðe rMkMx{ yÃkLkkððkLke sYh LkÚke Ãkhtíkw
yuðwt LkÚke yksLkk yk Þwøk{kt Lkðe xufLkku÷kuSLkku WÃkÞkuøk fhe økútÚkk÷ÞkuLku yÃkzux fhðk yLku WÃk¼kuõíkkykuLku Mkkhe Mkuðk Ãkwhe
Ãkkzðe yu Ãký ykÃkýe Vhs Au. WÃkhktík Ëhuf økútÚkÃkk÷kuyu Ãkkuíku Lkðk rð[khku ÷ELku ykðíkk f{o[kheyku {kxu îkh ¾wÕ÷k
hk¾ðk òuEyu yLku íku{Lkk yk Lkðk ELkkuðuxeÔMk, ykEzeÞk fu rð[khkuLku Mðefkhe økútÚkk÷ÞLkk rðfkMkLku ðuøkðtíkku çkLkkððku yu
Ãký ykÃkýe Vhs Au.
WÃkMktnkh
yk rðï{kt fkuEÃký MktMÚkk, fku÷us, ÔÞkÃkkh fu ûkuºk nkuÞ íkuLku ÃkkuíkkLke ËhufLku Lkerík{íkk Lk¬e s nkuÞ Au su{ ËrhÞkLku
Ãký ÃkkuíkkLke nË nkuÞ Au íku{s ËhufLke ÃkkuíkkLke Lkerík{íkk nkuÞ Au. yLku yk Lkerík{íkkLku yLkwMkheLku s su íku MktMÚkk fu
ÔÞÂõíkLke ÃkkuíkkLkku rðfkMk fhe þfu Au, «økrík fhe þfu Au. økútÚkk÷Þ yLku {krníke rð¿kkLk ûkuºku Ãký rLkrík{íkk Lk¬e s Au.
Ëhuf økútÚkÃkk÷ku ÃkkuíkkLke Vhs, fíkoÔÞ rLkckÃkqðof yLku «{krýfíkkÚke rLk¼kðu íkku íku{Lke MktMÚkkLku fu íku{Lkk økútÚkk÷ÞkuLku rðfkMk
fhíkku, ykøk¤ ðÄíkk ËwrLkÞkLke fkuE íkkfkík yxfkðe þfu Lknª. ykÃkýk ðzk«ÄkLk {k.LkhuLÿ¼kE {kuËeLkku {tºk “MkkiLkku MkkÚk
MkkiLkku rðfkMk” “ykÃkýk ûkuºk{kt yÃkLkkðe MkkiLkku MkkÚk ykÃkýk økútÚkk÷ÞLkku rðfkMk”{kt Ãkrhðíkeoík fhe yLku ykÃkýe ykÃkýk
WÃk¼kuõíkkyku «íÞuLke Vhs Ãkqýo fhe ykÃkýwt SðLk [rhíkkÚko fheyu.
MktË¼oMkqr[
1. Jonas Hans (1984). The Imperative of Responsibility : Chicago : The university of Chicago Press Moya K.
Mason.
2. Ethics of Librarianship : Libraries, Intelleehcall Freedom and censorship in the age of technology http://
www.moyak.com/papers/ethics - librarianship.thml.
3. ¼è ËeÃkf (2014) {uLkus{uLx {tºk : MkV¤íkkLkwt {wÏÞ Ãkrhçk¤ yux÷u ík{khwt RLxÙkuzõþLk. økwshkík økkŠzÞLk,
ykuõxkuçkh.
❖ {kuxku yntfkh yu yuðk {kuxk ðkMký suðku Au, s{kt ½ýkt rAÿku nkuÞ.
❖ yr¼{kLk fhLkkh {kLkðeLkwt ÃkíkLk rLkrùík nkuÞ Au.
❖ su{kt SðLkLkwt MkíÞ LkÚke yuðk þçËku {w¾u ÷kððk íku yntfkhYÃke fe[z VUfðk suðwt
Au. yntfkhÚke LkeÃksu÷ku fe[z SðLkLkwt Ãkw»Ãk Lk çkLke þfu.
MkkrníÞ[kuhe (Plagiarism)
Ãkxu÷ rfts÷ yu[.*
ÔÞkÏÞk
fkuE çkeò ÔÞÂõíkLkk fkÞo, þçË, rð[kh fu þkuÄLke [kuhe fheLku íkuLku ÃkkuíkkLkwt Au íku heíku Ëþkoððk{kt ykðu íkuLku
PLAGIARISM fnu Au.
Plagiarism yu yuf «fkhu Copy Right Lkku ¼tøk Au, Ãkhtíkw çkÄe s çkkçkíkku su Copy Right Lkku ¼tøk fhu íkuLku
Plagiarism ™ fne þfkÞ.
PLAGIARISM fE heíku ÚkkÞ ... ?
CLONE
yLÞ fkuE ÔÞÂõíkLkwt fkÞo çkuXwt ÃkkuíkkLkk WÃkÞkuøk{kt ÷uðwt.
COPY-PASTE
fkuE yuf s {krníke-Mktøkún{ktÚke {níðLke {krníke fkuEÃký VuhVkh fÞko ðøkh WÃkÞkuøk{kt ÷uðe.
FIND & REPLACE
fkuE {krníke-Mktøkún{ktLkk [kðeYÃk þçËku yLku YrZ«ÞkuøkkuLku çkË÷e Lkk¾e {krníkeLkk {q¤ rð[kh / çkkçkíkLkku s WÃkÞkuøk
fhðk{kt ykðu.
REMIX
½ýk çkÄk {krníke-Mktøkún{ktÚke {níðLke {krníke ¼uøke fhe fkÞo Ãkqýo fhðk{kt ykðu.
RECYCLE
{q¤ Author Lkk fkÞoLku Reference {kt ËþkoÔÞk ðøkh s ÃkkuíkkLkwt fkÞo nkuÞ íku heíku WÃkÞkuøk fhðk{kt ykðu.
HYBRID
½ýk çkÄk {krníke-Mktøkún{ktÚke {níðLke {krníkeLkku Reference ykÃÞk ðøkh WÃkÞkuøk fhðk{kt ykðu.
404 ERROR
Reference {kt ¾kuxe yÚkðk yÃkqýo {krníke ykÃkðe.
Aggregator
ÞkuøÞ Reference ykÃkðku, Ãkhtíkw {kuxk ¼køkLke {krníke / fkÞo Original Lkk nkuÞ.
Retweet
ÞkuøÞ ykÃkðku, Ãkhtíkw Original fkÞoLku
Reference Copy fheLku {qõÞwt nkuÞ.
PLAGIARISM Lkk çku «fkh Au ...
Intentional
fkuE {krníke / fkÞo çkeò ÔÞÂõíkLkwt Au íku òýðk Aíkkt {krníke / fkÞoLkku WÃkÞkuøk {q¤ Author Lku Reference {kt
ËþkoÔÞk ðøkh s ÃkkuíkkLkwt fkÞo nkuÞ íku heík Ëþkoððk{kt ykðu.
Unintentional
çkeò fkuE ÔÞÂõíkLkk {krníke / fkÞoLkku yòýíkk WÃkÞkuøk fhðk{kt ykðu. Unintentional Plagiarism ¿kkLkLkk
y¼kðLkk fkhýu ÚkkÞ Au. su{fu, rð»kÞ ytøkuLkk; Reference ÷¾ðk ytøkuLkk; IPR (Intellectual Property Right), Copy
Right yLku Fair Use ytøkLkk ¿kkLkLkku y¼kð.
*M.LISc (Student), Department of Library & Information Science, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidhyanagar, Anand.
PLAGIARISM Úkðk ÃkkA¤Lkk sðkçkËkh Ãkrhçk¤ku ...
❖ yk¤Mk
❖ Time Management Lkku y¼kð
❖ rLk»V¤íkkLkku zh
❖ MÃkÄko
❖ fkuE fkÞo Ãkqýo fhðk {kxuLkwt Ëçkký
❖ yku¤¾ {u¤ððk {kxuLke EåAk
❖ ¿kkLkLkku y¼kð; su{fu, rð»kÞ ytøkuLkku, fuðe heíku Reference ÷¾kÞ íku, Copy Right, ðøkuhu
❖ Writing Skill Lkku y¼kð
❖ Research Skill Lkku y¼kð
❖ Lke[k Lkiríkf ÄkuhýkuLkk ÷eÄu
❖ Plagiarism {kxu òuEíke yuðe Policy Lkku y¼kð yLku Policy Lku y{÷{kt {qfðkLkk rLkÞ{Lkku y¼kð.
PLAGIARISM ™e yMkhku ...
❖ College yLku University {kt ykuAku Grade {¤u.
❖ College yLku University {ktÚke Admission hË ÚkkÞ.
❖ Lkkufhe økw{kððe Ãkzu.
❖ Disciplinary Action ÷uðkÞ.
❖ su fkÞËk ÷køkw Ãkzu íku yLkwMkkh Mkò ÚkkÞ yÚkðk Ëtz ¼hðku Ãkzu.
❖ ¾hkçk AkÃk Q¼e ÚkkÞ.
PLAGIARISM Ãkh ytfwþ ÷kððkLke heíkku :
❖ Plagiarism, Citation and Reference Style, IPR, Copy Right yLku Fair Use ytøk òøk]rík ÷kððe.
❖ Language íku{s Writing Skill yLku Research Skill Improve fhðe.
❖ LkkLke ô{hÚke s Lkkøkrhfku{kt Moral Value yLku Principles Lku rðfMkkððk.
❖ Good Time Management Lke Mkwxuð rðfMkkððe.
❖ Plagiarism Lke Lkerík íkiÞkh fhðe yLku íkuLkku ÞkuøÞ y{÷ fhðku.
❖ Plagiarism Detect fhu íkuðk Tool Lkku Use fhðku òuEyu. su{ fu, PlagScan, Anti-Plagiarism, DupliChecker,
PaperRater, Plagiarisma.net, Plagiarism Checker, Plagium, PlagTrack, Viper, Plagiarism Detector, CopyScape,
iThenticate, WriteCheck ðøkuhu.
økútÚkÃkk÷ îkhk PLAGIARISM Ãkh ytfwþ ÷kððkLke heíkku :
❖ økútÚkk÷Þ WÃk¼kufíkk suðk fu Students, Faculty yLku Researcher {kt Plagiarism rðþu Orientation Programs,
Lectures, Debate, Discussions ðøkuhu îkhk òøk]rík ÷kððe.
❖ Plagiarism Lku ÷økíkk Live Show, Radio Talk Organize fhðk.
❖ Short Documentary Film, Role Play yLku Tutorial íkiÞkh fhðk.
❖ Plagiarism yLku íkuLku yLkwYÃk Case Lku ÷økíkk Literature, Poster, Newspaper, Articles Lkwt Exhibition fhðwt.
❖ Provide Copy Right / Intellectual Property Literacy
❖ Law Person MkkÚku Interview Arrange fhðk.
❖ su ÷kufku Plagiarism Material íkiÞkh fhíkk nkuÞ íku{Lku Market {ktÚke þkuÄe Black List fhðk òuEyu.
❖ Information Literacy {kt rðþu Special Source íkiÞkh fhðku.
Plagiarism
❖ Library Science Lkk Course {kt fuðe heíku {krníke Mºkkuík þkuÄðk íkuLke MkkÚku yk MºkkuíkLkku fuðe heíku WÃkÞkuøk fhðku íku
ytøkuLkk Course Ãký nkuðk òuEyu.
❖ Library {kt Reprographic / Photographic Service Lkk Record Maintain fhðk òuEyu. (User Detail, Source
Detail, Purpose of Copy)
❖ User {krníke MºkkuíkLkku WÃkÞkuøk fhu íÞkhu òu íku Copy-Paste fhíkku nkuÞ íkku íkuLku yxfkððku òuEyu.
PLAGIARISM Lku Ëqh fhðkLkk WÃkkÞku ...
❖ ykÃkýk ÃkkuíkkLkk þçËku yLku rð[khLkku WÃkÞkuøk fhðku.
❖ yLÞ ÔÞÂõíkLkk þçËku, rð[kh fu MktþkuÄLkLkku WÃkÞkuøk fheyu íÞkhu íkuLkku ÞkuøÞ heíku Reference {kt rLkËuoþ fhðku
òuEyu.
❖ yLÞ ÔÞÂõíkLkk fkÞo{kt Mkqû{ çkË÷kð fheLku íkuLkku WÃkÞkuøk fhðkLkwt xk¤ðwt òuEyu.
❖ fkuEÃký çkkçkík rðþu ðkt[Lk fhe íkuLku ÃkkuíkkLkk þçËku{kt hsq fhðkLkku «ÞíLk fhðku òuEyu.
❖ fkuEÃký ÷u¾fLkkLkk þçËku, rð[kh fu MktþkuÄLkLkwt ðkt[Lk fhe íkuLkku WÃkÞkuøk fhíke ð¾íku su - íku ÷u¾fLku Ãkqhíke Credit
ykÃkðe, Lkrn fu Ãkkuíku ÷uðe.
rLk»f»ko
yíÞkhLkk Mk{Þ{kt Internet Lkku WÃkÞkuøk ðæÞku Au. ykÚke, su Ãký {krníkeLke sYrhÞkík nkuÞ íku {krníkeLku Internet
ÃkhÚke þkuÄe Cut-Copy-Paste fhðk{kt ykðu Au. yk WÃkhktík Internet Lke {ËËÚke s Software Lkku WÃkÞkuøk fhe Plagiarism
Lku Ãkfze þfkÞ Au.
“If Plagiarism is easier to commit because of the Internet, It is also easier to catch because of the
Internet.” - Plagiarism Lkwt «{ký Internet Lkk fkhýu ðæÞwt Au, Ãkhtíkw Internet Lkk fkhýu s Plagiarism Lku Ãkfze þfkÞ Au.
Plagiarism Lkk fkhýu su - íku MktMÚkkLke Policy, Law yLku Educational Principles Lkku ¼tøk ÚkkÞ Au, suÚke Mk{ks{kt yLku
þiûkrýf ûkuºku Plagiarism rðþu òýfkhe Q¼e fhðkLke sYrhÞkík Au.
❖ òu ík{khk{kt yntfkh LkÚke, íkku fkuE ÃkwMíkfLke ÷exe ðktåÞk rðLkk yÚkðk fkuE
{trËh{kt økÞk rðLkk s ík{u {kuûk Ãkk{þku.
❖ yr¼{kLku VrhMíkkykuLku þuíkkLk çkLkkðe ËeÄk, ßÞkhu Lk{úíkkyu ELMkkLkLku VrhMíkk

çkLkkðe ËeÄk.
❖ fqfzku {kLku Au fu MkqÞo {khe çkktøk Mkkt¼¤ðk {kxu s Qøku Au.
❖ Ëwçko¤ þhehku{kt yntfkh «çk¤ nkuÞ Au.
The role of professional ethics in
library and information science and its services
Maru Gunvanti Suresh*, Ghadiyali Mahmad Sohel Yusufbhai** and Tai Hasanali Abdulkhalek***
INTRODUCTION
According to ‘U.S. News & World Report’, library and information science ranked as one of the “Best
Careers of 2008”. [1] Most profession have internally enforced codes of professional ethics that members of the
profession must follow to prevent exploitation of the client and to preserve the integrity of the profession. This is
not only for the benefit of the client but also for the benefit of the belonging to the profession. Disciplinary codes
allow the profession to define a standard of conduct and ensure that individual practitioners meet this standard,
by disciplining them for the professional body if they do not practice accordingly. It also maintains the public’s
trust in the profession, encouraging the public to continue seeking their services. The teaching of ethics was
neither a priority in the early years of the LIS profession nor was it a focus of early accreditation [2]. In 1884
the first university-based library program opened at Columbia University when Melvil Deway founded the Columbia
School of Library Economy. In the nextfew years, as other library schools developed, groups of library educators
expressed concern about the quality of education at the differing LIS programs. In the twenty-first century, the
standards by which the American Library Association (ALA) accredited graduate schools of Library and
Information Science emphasized the importance of ethics in curricula.
DEFINITION OF ETHICS
The term “ethics” has several meanings. The most widespread and primary meaning of “ethics” is common
morality, a set of everyday ground rules for living. These ground-rules are understood to apply to everyone
everywhere, at all times.
DEFINING PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
Professional means a person who has knowledge of some specific fields.
Professional ethics encompass the personal, organizational and corporate standards of behavior expected
of professionals.
Professionals and those working in acknowledged professions, exercise specialist knowledge and skill.
How the use of this knowledge should be governed when providing a service to the public can be considered a
moral issue and is termed professional ethics.
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
Professional ethics deals with many ethical issues. Some of them are : ownership and copyrights,
intellectual freedom (censorship), digital divide (right to information), censorship and moral problems regarding
confidentiality of information. In order for the information specialists to act in accordance with the ethical
principles of the profession, it is necessary to educate them on some basic moral and ethical principles, R.
Capurro considers the following topics in information ethics :
1. Ethics in research.
2. Ethics in the teaching of information science and services
3. Ethics in information work.
In this paper we will focus on the second topic. Once we have defined goals for our profession, we need
to make sure that we meet these goals in ethical way. LIS workers are expected to follow certain ethical
standards, which are discussed below :
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
The culture of online sharing of information on the internet extends to unauthorized sharing of copyright
content and is received as a major threat to copyright owners. Enforcement of existing copyright laws is difficult
owing to the widespread nature of unauthorized sharing. Government has more recently become involved in
developing new legislation with similar aims. Librarian must recognize and respect intellectual property rights.
*Librarian, Pacific School of Engineering, Surat. **Librarian, Smt. P. N. Patel College of Education, Umrakh.,
***Librarian, Practific School of Engineering, Surat
RESPECTING FELLOW WORKERS
In order to create a favorable work environment The librarian have to treat co-workers and other colleagues
with respect, fairness and good faith and advocate conditions of employment that safeguards the rights and
welfare of all employee of the institutions.
RESPONSIBILITY TOWARDS USERS
The nature and functions of a service profession are subject to the requirement of the users of their service
and the resources that are to be served. Present day users are not concerned simply with documents,
messages and data. They want additional responsibilities from a good librarian. Librarian must have to take up
additional functions as data processing manager, service manager, service specialist and marketing manager.
Librarian should protect each library user’s right to privacy and confidentiality with respect to information sought
or received and resource consulted, borrower, acquired or transmitted.
Student of Library & Information Science are often not capable of solving ethical problems they encounter
in a workplace. For these reason there is important to alert them to some basic ethical issues that may be
useful their work environment.
RESPONSIBILITY TOWARDS SOCIETY
Libraries are essential for a well-informed citizenry and transparent governance. Libraries are in their very
essence transparency institutions, dedicated to making available the most accurate and unbiased educational,
scientific and technical and socially relevant information to each and every one.
The information materials and access provided by libraries and information services contribute to good
governance by enlaging the knowledge of citizens and enriching their discussion and debates. Library Information
Science & Service should extends their mission so as to become more active components in good governance
and the struggle against corruption.
NON-ADVANCEMENT OF PRIVATE INTERESTS
We do not advance private interests at the expense of library users, colleagues, or our employing
institutions.
EXCELLENCE IN THE PROFESSION
❖ A librarian’s job is not a ‘bed of roses’. It demands hard labour and preservance. Those who cannot put
their heart and soul into their jobs are advised to tap at some other door. A librarian must be industrious
and patient in his disposition and nature.
❖ Librarian should provide accurate and unbiased response to all legitimate requests for assistance.
❖ The Librarian should provide Free and equal access for all users.
❖ A librarian should co-operate with other librarians in efforts to develop group professional competencies.
❖ Librarians should make due efforts, in associations with others, to stimulate the development of the
cultural environment in society and the community which they serve, by co-operating with local residents
and with members of appropriate groups and organizations.
❖ A librarian should actively participate in the formulation of policy in the operation and service program of
library. For Example, Libraries could develop systems that support collaborative work on a technical level
or they could provide researchers with material dissemination options.
In the view of these, Librarian professionals need to change their outlook, have to broaden their scope and
vision going for rigorous training and update their knowledge if they are to survive in the new environment.
ESSENTIAL STEPS
The above roles necessitate a definite need to take some essential step are as follows :
1. Professional ethics should be included as a subject in Library & Information Science Course of Program.
2. Librarians should counter corruption directly affecting librarianship, as in the sourcing and supply of library
materials, appointments to library posts and administration of library contracts and finances. Library
Associations should support this through the creation of codes of Professional Ethics.[3]
3. Librarian should strive to improve professional status of all information professional and promote better pay
for them to reduce their susceptibility to corruption.
4. Training of ethics as skill development should be organized for librarians and LIS students that will
improve their understanding of professional ethics.
5. Where a country does not have information access or freedom of information laws, or such laws are not
effective, librarians should support initiative to drafts, amend, promote and protect such laws from neglect.
6. Library should be made available as venues for the promotion of information rights.
7. Practical Training about ethical problems in day to day functions of library For Students of LIS.
8. Creates a culture that encourages purposeful collaboration and dialogue among colleagues and stakehold-
ers.
9. Celebration of ETHICS DAY. Motivation through honors or award.
10. Librarian should share ethical problems with LIS students during practical training.
11. LIS Department should establish a task force to examine ethics teaching and also civic behavior students.
CONCLUSION
In the past few decades a significant number of papers have been written on the topic of professional
ethics and it is still today a current topic of discussion within information science field. Ethics or moral values
are inborn or inherent in every human beings but it has to develop in practical life through proper education. The
society expects special responsibilities from the librarian profession. Sometimes it seems that we professionals
talk more about the profession and practice little in discharging the responsibilities. In order to meet our goal on
ethical way Professional Library Association in many countries developed and published codes of ethics, and
future research should be focus on effective implementation of these codes by libraries and professional
librarians.
REFERENCES
[1] http://www.usnes.com/features/features/business/best-careers-2008.html
[2] Hauptman, R. (1990). Ethical concerns in librarianship: An overview. In A.Mintz(Ed.), information Ethics:
Concerns for Librarianship and the Information Industry (pp. 14-23). Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co
[3] http://www.ifla.org/publications/ifla-manifesto-on-transparency-good-governance-and-freedom-from-corruption
❖ yn{TLkk ykuøk¤ðkÚke ¼Þ Lkkþ Ãkk{u Au.
❖ yntfkhe {Lkw»Þku{kt f]ík¿kíkk çknw ykuAe nkuÞ Au. íku yu{ Mk{su Au, fu nwt sux÷wt
{u¤ððkLku ÞkuøÞ Awt, íkux÷wt {Lku {éÞwt LkÚke.
❖ yr¼{kLkÚke {kLkðe Vw÷kE þfu Au, Vu÷kE þfíkku LkÚke.
❖ yr¼{kLke {kýMk ÃkkuíkkLkkt Mkkhkt fk{ku økýkÔÞkt fhu Au yLku çkeòLkkt ¾hkçk fk{ku
s økýkÔÞkt fhu Au.
❖ {kuxk ÷kufkuLke «þtMkkÚke ykÃkýku ykí{rðïkMk ðÄw áZ ÚkkÞ Au.
økútÚkk÷ÞLkku «ký : økútÚkÃkk÷
hkÞ[whk {eíkk Ãke.*
yðko[eLk Þøkw{kt ¿kkLk«Mkkh, ¿kkLk«kró yLku {LkkuhtsLkLkk á~Þ-©kÔÞ {kæÞ{ku suðkfu zeðeze, fkuBÃÞwxh, RLxhLkux,
÷uÃkxkuÃk, {kuçkkE÷, M{kxoVkuLk ðøkuhu yu íkuLkk {q¤eÞkt {kLkðeLkk {Lk yLku {øks{kt Ÿzk Wíkkhe ËeÄk Au. yk Ëhuf ðMíkw
{kLkðeLku ÃkwMíkf fhíkkt ykuAk Mk{Þ{kt ðÄkhu ykLktË yLku ðÄkhu {krníke íku{s ËwrLkÞkLkk fkuEÃký ¾qýu çkLkíke ½xLkkLku íku s
ûkýu Ëþkoðu Au. Ãký yuf ðkík rLkŠððkË Au fu ÃkwMíkfLkku ykLktË yLku ÃkwMíkf{ktÚke {¤íkwt ¿kkLk yuf yLkku¾e yLku ÃkkuíkkLke
y÷øk rðrþüíkk Ähkðu Au.
yuf rð[khfu fÌkwt Au fu, ‘ykðhËk ÷ktçke fhðkLkku yuf MkkËku yLku rçkLkíkçkeçke fer{Þku yu ÃkwMíkf Lkk{u yku¤¾kÞ Au.
íkuLkk {khVíku yuf ®sËøke{kt yLkuf yðíkkhku ¼kuøkðe þfkÞ Au, fkuEÃký yLkw¼ðLku ÃkkuíkkLkku fhe þfkÞ Au.’ yk{, ÃkwMíkfku
{kLkðeLkk SðLkLku Qæðoøkk{e çkLkkðu Au. ykÃkýk SðLk{kt ¿kkLkLke MkhðýeLku {eXkt ÍhýkYÃku ðnuíke {qfíkk ÃkwMíkfkuLkku
{nkMkkøkh yux÷u ÃkwMíkfk÷Þ yÚkðk íkku økútÚkk÷Þ. yk ÃkwMíkfk÷Þ{kt øktøkk, Þ{wLkk, MkhMðíkeLke su{ MkkrníÞ, Lkkxf,
íkíð¿kkLk, rð¿kkLk, RríknkMk, Ä{o, MÚkkÃkíÞ, fkÔÞ suðe yLkuf LkËeyku yufXe ÚkE yLkku¾k {nkMkkøkhLkwt rLk{koý fhu Au suLkwt
s¤ nt{uþk {eXwt s nkuÞ Au.
fkuEÃký ÃkwMíkfk÷Þ yu søkíkLke yuf LkkLkfze «ríkf]rík Au fkhý fu íku{kt hnu÷k ÃkwMíkfku{kt {kLkðSðLkLkk çkÄk hMkLkku
MðkË ykðe òÞ Au. ykiãkurøkf ¢ktríkLku fkhýu Mk{ksSðLk{kt hnuýefhýe, ¾kLkÃkkLk, Ãknuhðuþ, ¼k»kk, rþûký ðøkuhu{kt
ÃkrhðíkoLk ykÔÞwt Au, íku{ ÃkwMíkfk÷Þ «íÞuLkku Ãký {kLkðeLkku yr¼øk{ çkË÷kÞku Au. økútÚkk÷Þ økútÚkMktøkúnLkwt MkkÄLk {xe
÷kuffu¤ðýeLkwt {wÏÞ ytøk økýkÞwt. økútÚkk÷Þ yu «òLku òøk]ík fhíkwt yLku rËþkMkq[Lk fhíke ËeðkËktzeLke økhs Mkkhðk ÷køÞwt
yLku «òMktMfkhLkk ¼tzkh økýkíkk økútÚkk÷ÞLkk WÃkÞkuøk ðÄðkLku fkhýu íkuLke MkkÚku òuzkÞu÷k WÃkÞkuøkfíkkoykuLke sYrhÞkík Ãkqhe
fhðk {kxu íkuLke MkkÚku Mktf¤kÞu÷k çkÄk {kæÞ{ku suðk fu ÃkwMíkfkuLkk «fkh, ÃkwMíkfkuLke MktÏÞk, ÃkwMíkfk÷ÞLkku Mk{Þ, VŠLk[h,
MÚkkLk yLku MkkiÚke {níðLkwt {kæÞ{ yux÷u fu økútÚkÃkk÷ fu suLkk Úkfe yk çkÄe ÔÞðMÚkk ÞkuøÞ heíku økkuXðkE þfu íku {kxu yk
çkÄk{kt yk{q÷ VuhVkhku fhðkLke sYh Ãkze.
¼kiríkf Ëunu ÃkwMíkf rLkùuíkLk Au. sz Au. Mð{kt íkuyku nk÷e-[k÷e þfíkk LkÚke, çkku÷e þfíkk LkÚke. íkuLku çkku÷íkk
fhðkLkku, íkuLkk MkðkOøke ÔÞÂõíkíðLku MÃkü fhðkLkku yLku ðk[fLku MÃkü fhðkLkwt ¼økehÚk fkÞo økútÚkÃkk÷Lku rþhu nkuÞ Au.
ÃkwMíkfk÷Þ yux÷u ÃkwMíkf, ðk[f yLku økútÚkÃkk÷ Úkfe h[kíke rºk{qŠík-Sðtík rºk{qŠík Au. {krníke, {LkkuhtsLk yLku
«uhýkLkk ¿kkLkÍhýk ðnuðzkðíkwt ÃkwMíkfk÷Þ Mk{kòuíf»ko yLku Mk{ks MktMf]ríkLku Ãkku»kíke yLku ®Mk[íke Mkk{krsf MktMÚkk Au.
¿kkLkrðíkhý yLku rðMíkhý yu íkuLkwt «kÚkr{f yLku Ãkrðºk fíkoÔÞ Au. yk fkhýu íkuLke ÔÞðMÚkk yLku Mkt[k÷Lk MkqÍ {ktøke ÷u Au.
su ©uc heíku ÚkkÞ íku {kxu økútÚkÃkk÷ sðkçkËkh nkuÞ Au.
‘økútÚkk÷Þ{kt íku ð¤e þwt fhðkLkwt nkuÞ ?’, ‘[kuÃkzeyku ykÃkðe yLku ÷uðe !’ yuðk yÄf[hk ÏÞk÷ku Mk{ks{kt «ðíkuo Au.
ðkt[Lk Mkk{økúeLkku Mktøkún, ÔÞðMÚkkÃkLk, Mkk[ðýe fu WÃkkuÞøk fhðkLke ÔÞðMÚkkÚke økútÚkk÷ÞLkku WÆuþ Mker{ík ÚkE síkku LkÚke.
økútÚkk÷Þ Mkt[k÷Lk nðu «k[eLk Mk{Þ suðwt Mkh¤ hÌkwt LkÚke íkuÚke økútÚkÃkk÷ {kºk økútÚkk÷ÞMkuðk ûkuºku rðîkLk nkuÞ yux÷wt s Ãkqhíkw
LkÚke íkuLku økútÚkk÷Þ rð¿kkLkLkwt Ãkqýo ÔÞðMkkrÞf ¿kkLk nkuðwt ykð~Þf Au, MkkÚku MkkÚku íku yuf fwþ¤ ÔÞðMÚkkÃkf nkuÞ íku Ãký íkux÷wt
s yøkíÞLkwt Au.
yk ði¿kkrLkf Þwøk{kt fkÞoøkríkþe÷íkkLkwt ½ýwt s {n¥ð Au. økútÚkk÷Þ Mkuðk{kt økríkþe÷íkk ÷kððk {kxu økútÚkÃkk÷ îkhk
fkÞoûk{ ÔÞðMÚkk yrík ykð~Þf Au. økútÚkk÷ÞLkk fkÞkuoLku íkuLkk ÞkuøÞ MðYÃk{kt ÃkrhÃkqýo fhðk ÞkuøÞ ykÞkusLk, ÞkuøÞ yLku
ÍzÃke rLkýoÞ ÷E, ykuAk{kt ykuAk ÔÞÞÚke ðÄw{kt ðÄw Mkuðk ykÃke þfu íkuðk íkfoÃkqýo yLku MðÞtMÃkü rLkýoÞku ÷uðkLke fwLkun¼he
ykðzíkðk¤k økútÚkÃkk÷ økútÚkk÷ÞLku íkks{nu÷ sux÷e ÏÞkrík yÃkkðe þfu yLku íkks{nu÷Lkk {w÷kfkíkeyku fhíkk ðÄkhu ÷kufkuLku
økútÚkk÷Þ{kt ykðíkk fhe þfu íku{kt fkuE þtfk LkÚke.
økútÚkk÷Þ{kt økútÚkÃkk÷ yu ðrhc yrÄfkhe nkuÞ Au. økútÚkk÷Þ ÔÞðMÚkkLkku nuíkw ðÄw{kt ðÄw ðk[fkuLku Mkwøk{íkkÃkqðof yLku
*økútÚkÃkk÷, ©e yu.fu. Ëkuþe {rn÷k fku÷us, ò{Lkøkh.
ykuAk{kt ykuAk Mk{Þ{kt ðÄw{kt ðÄw Mkuðk ykÃkðkLkku nkuE yk ÔÞðMÚkk {kxu økútÚkÃkk÷ îkhk ykËuþ yLku fkÞoLkwt rLkÞtºký yu
«kÚkr{f þhík çkLku Au. økútÚkk÷ÞLke MkwtËh yLku yMkhfkhf ÔÞðMÚkk {kxu økútÚkk÷ÞLkk çkÄks f{o[kheykuLku ÞkuøÞ Mk{Þu ÞkuøÞ
Mkw[Lkk økútÚkÃkk÷ îkhk {¤e hnu íkku fk{ Mkh¤íkkÃkqðof fhe þfkÞ Au.
økútÚkÃkk÷ îkhk økútÚkk÷ÞLkk ík{k{ fkÞkuoLku rð¼ksLk fhe fkÞoLku yMkhfkhf yLku ÍzÃke çkLkkððkLke ûk{íkk nkuðe òuEyu
suÚke ©{rð¼ksLkLku fkhýu ðiÞÂõíkf rLkÃkwýíkkLkk ÷k¼ku økútÚkk÷ÞLku {¤u íkku fkÞo ðÄw yMkhfkhf çkLke þfu Au.
økútÚkÃkk÷ îkhk fhðk{kt ykðíkwt fkÞoLkwt fuLÿefhý fhíkkt rðfuLÿefhý Wík{ ðMíkw Au. rðfuLÿefhýLku fkhýu fkÞo{kt
Mkh¤íkk yLku ÍzÃk ykðu Au Ãkhtíkw íku rðfuLÿefhý Mknfkh MkkÚkuLkwt nkuðwt òuEyu. økútÚkk÷Þ Mkuðk{kt fkuEÃký çku fkÞkuo ðå[u hu¾k
ËkuheLku íkuLku yLÞkuLÞ Mðíktºk heíku Ëþkoððwt þõÞ LkÚke Ãkrhýk{u Mknfkh yLku Mk{s yÃkurûkík s økýkÞ Au.
økútÚkÃkk÷, økútÚkk÷Þ ÃkrhðkhLkku ðzku Au. íkuLkk ðkýe, ÔÞðnkh yLku fkÞoLkwt «rík®çkçk á~Þ-yá~Þ MðYÃku f{o[khe{kt
Íe÷kíkwt nkuÞ Au. íkuLkk ÔÞðnkh yLku fkÞo yuðk nkuðk òuEyu fu çkÄk s f{o[kheykuLkku íku rðïkMk MktÃkkËLk fhe þfu. íkuýu
f{o[kheykuLkk rník yLku fÕÞký Ãkhíðu Ãkqhíkwt ÷ûÞ ykÃkðwt òuEyu. økútÚkk÷ÞLkk f{o[kheykuLku rþMíkçkØ heíku fk{ fhðk yLku
WÃkÞkuøk fhLkkhkykuLke ykð~Þfíkk yLkwMkkh Mkkhe, MðåA yLku ÍzÃke Mkuðk «uhu íkuðwt íkuLkwt ÔÞÂõíkíð nkuðwt òuEyu.
økútÚkÃkk÷ îkhk ðk[fkuLke ¼q¾Lku Mktíkku»kðk {kxu, íku{Lku sYhe økútÚkLke «kró fhðk {kxu òu ÞkuøÞ MknkÞ fhðk{kt ykðu íkku
ðkt[fLku Eïh {éÞk sux÷ku ykLktË ÚkkÞ Au. suLku fkhýu ðk[fku{kt økútÚkk÷Þ {kxuLke ykí{eÞíkk ðÄu Au yLku “yk {khwt
ÃkwMíkfk÷Þ Au.”Lke ¼kðLkk «økxu Au yLku MkðkOøke MðYÃku rðfkMk ÚkkÞ Au.
Mkk{kLÞ heíku Mfq÷ økútÚkk÷Þ fu fku÷us økútÚkk÷Þ{kt «ðuþ «ýk÷e{kt su íku rðãkÚkeoykuLku s «ðuþ ykÃkðkLkku nkuE çknw
ðktÄku LkÚke ykðíkku Ãkhtíkw MkkðosrLkf økútÚkk÷Þku, ÞwrLkðŠMkxe økútÚkk÷Þku fu MktþkuÄLk økútÚkk÷Þku{kt {wõík «ðuþ «ýk÷e nkuÞ íÞkhu
½ýe ð¾ík ÃkwMíkfku [kuhðkLkk, Vkze Lkkt¾ðkLkk, MktíkkzðkLkk, ÃkwMíkfkuLkk MÚkkLk yË÷kçkË÷e fhe Lkkt¾ðkLkk çkLkkðku çkLkíkk
nkuÞ Au. yLku ykÃkýe f{LkMkeçke yu Au fu yk çkÄe s r¢Þkyku {kxu Ëku»kLkku xkuÃk÷ku økútÚkÃkk÷Lku {kÚku s ykuZkzðk{kt ykðu Au
íÞkhu økútÚkÃkk÷ îkhk ykÄwrLkfÞwøkLke sYrhÞkíkLku òuíkk økútÚkk÷Þ{kt swËe swËe søÞkyu fu{uhk Vex fhkðu íku íkku sYhe Au s Ãký
yLÞ Mkkð[uíkeLkkt Ãkøk÷kt YÃku økútÚkk÷Þ{kt swËe swËe søÞkyu Mkq[Lkku {wfu fu ‘yk ÃkwMíkfk÷Þ ykÃkLkwt s Au.’, ‘{wõík
«ðuþ«ýk÷e ykÃkLkk ÷k¼kÚkuo s Au.’, ‘ík{u Q¼e fhu÷e yÔÞðMÚkk õÞkhuf ík{Lku s rLkhkþkLkku yLkw¼ð fhkðþu.’ ðøkuhu
suðk ÷¾kýkuÚke íku ðk[fku{kt økútÚkk÷Þ Mkuðk ÃkhíðuLke Mk¼kLkíkk fu¤ðe þfu Au.
Mkk{kLÞ heíku fkuEÃký økútÚkk÷Þ Mkr{ríkLkk ykËþkuoLku ðkMíkrðf ¼qr{fkyu ykfkh ykÃkðkLkwt ¼økehÚk fkÞo økútÚkÃkk÷Lkwt Au yLku
y{wf MktMÚkkyku{kt íkku økútÚkÃkk÷u økútÚkk÷Þ Mkr{ríkLkk {tºke íkhefu Ãký Vhs çkòððkLke nkuÞ Au íÞkhu íkuLke Vhs yLku ¼qr{fk MktMÚkk
yLku ðk[fku «íÞu çkuðzkE òÞ Au. yk Mk{Þu økútÚkk÷ÞLkwt MkwÔÞðÂMÚkík ykÞkusLk økútÚkÃkk÷Lke Ãkheûkk {ktøke ÷u Au.
ðk[fkuLkku W¥khkuíkh økútÚkk÷Þ «íÞuLkku yr¼øk{ s¤ðkE hnu íku {kxu yLku MkkLkwfq¤ ðkíkkðhý {¤e hnu íku {kxu økútÚkÃkk÷u
økútÚkk÷ÞLkk ¼krð rðfkMk {kxuLke ÞkusLkk íkiÞkh fhðe òuEyu yLku Mkr{rík MkkÚku rð[khrð{þo fhe ytËksÃkºk íkiÞkh fhe ÷uðwt
òuEyu suÚke fheLku Lkðk ÃkwMíkfku fux÷k ¾heË ÚkE þfu íku{ Au ?, ÃkwMíkfk÷Þ{kt Lkðk õÞk VLkeo[h fu fçkkxLke sYh Au ?,
ðk[fkuLke {ktøkLke ÃkqŠík fhðk {kxuLkk {uøkuÍeLk fu yLÞ ÷ðks{ õÞk «fkhLkk ¼hðkLkk Au íku Ëhuf çkkçkík {kxu ÞkuøÞ rLkýoÞ
ÚkE þfu.
økútÚkk÷ÞLke ykfkh ÷uíke rºk{qŠík{kt økútÚkÃkk÷ çkúñk MðYÃku Au. su økútÚkrðï yLku ðkt[frðï ðå[u Mkuíkw çkLke hne,
økútÚkk÷ÞLku Sðtík çkLkkððkLkwt ÃkwLkeík fkÞo fhe, ¿kkLkkuÃkksoLk yLku ¿kkLkkuËT¼ð {kxuLkwt yMkhfkhf Ãkrhçk¤ çkLke hnu Au. «kf]ríkf
ðkíkkðhý{kt MkwtËh {fkLk nkuÞ, Úkkuzkt xuçk÷ økkuXðkÞu÷kt nkuÞ, nòhku ÃkwMíkfku økkuXðkÞu÷k nkuÞ íkku íkuðk MÚkkLkLku økútÚkk÷ÞLkku
¼kiríkfËun s fne þfkÞ Ãkhtíkw yu ¼kiríkfíkk{kt ßÞkhu økútÚkÃkk÷YÃke «ký ÃkwhkÞ Au. íÞkhu s íkuLkk{kt Sðtíkíkk ykðu Au. yux÷u
fu økútÚkk÷Þku{kt MkkÄLkkuLke QýÃk nkuðk Aíkkt økútÚkk÷Þrð¿kkLkLkku rLk»ýktík, fíkoÔÞrLkc yLku «u{k¤ Mð¼kð Ähkðíkku økútÚkÃkk÷,
økútÚkk÷ÞLku Äçkfíkwt hk¾e þfu Au. çkeò þçËku{kt yu{ fne þfkÞ fu økútÚkk÷ÞLke MkV¤íkk yLku ÷kufr«Þíkk økútÚkÃkk÷ yLku
økútÚkk÷ÞLkk Mk{økú f{o[kheLke ÞkuøÞíkk, fíkoÔÞrLkck yLku ðVkËkhe Ãkh rLk¼oh nkuÞ Au.
Mkk{kLÞ heíku fkuEÃký økútÚkk÷Þ{kt f{o[kheLke MktÏÞk íkuLkk «fkh, íku{kt W{uhkíkkt ÃkwMíkfku yLku fw÷ ÃkwMíkf MktÏÞk,
ðk[fkuLke MktÏÞk yLku rðMíkhý «ð]r¥k WÃkh Lk¬e ÚkkÞ Au Ãkhtíkw Ëw:¾Lke ðkík yu Au fu ykðe ÔÞðMÚkk ykÃkýu íÞkt ¼køÞu s
fkuE ÃkwMíkfk÷Þ{kt òuðk {¤u Au. ykÃkýk Ëuþ{kt økútÚkÃkk÷ yLku økútÚkk÷Þ f{o[kheykuLkk {k¤¾k çkkçkíku rËþkþqLÞíkkLkk ËþoLk
ÚkkÞ Au. õÞkhuf íkku yuf s «fkhLkkt yLku Mk{kLk Mkuðkyku ykÃkíkkt økútÚkk÷Þku{kt Ãký Mk{kLk nkuÆkyku òuðk {¤íkk LkÚke. íkku
þiûkrýf ÷kÞfkík økútÚkk÷ÞLke ykð~ÞfíkkLkk MktË¼o{kt Lknª Ãkhtíkw f{o[kheLke {ÞkoËkLkk MktË¼o{kt {q÷ðkíke hnu Au suLkk
Ãkrhýk{u økútÚkÃkk÷ku yLku f{o[kheykuLkk ÃkøkkhÄkuhýLkk {k¤¾kt Ãký MÃkü yLku [kufMkkEðk¤k çkLkkðe þfkÞk LkÚke. suLke
yMkh, Lk RåAíkk Ãký økútÚkk÷Þ Mkuðk Ãkh Ãkzu Au yLku økútÚkk÷ÞMkuðkLkk r[ºkLku ÄtqÄ¤wt çkLkkðu Au íku ¾hu¾h ¾uËsLkf Au.
yðko[eLk rð[khMkhýeLkk MktË¼o{kt þõÞ íkux÷k ðÄw Mk{Þ {kxu økútÚkk÷Þ ¾wÕ÷wt hk¾ðkLkwt yLku økútÚkk÷ÞMkuðkLke øknLkíkk
yLku ÔÞkÃk íku{s rðrðÄ fkÞkuoLku økútÚkk÷ÞLke yrLkðkÞo ÷kûkrýfíkk økýe þfkÞ. íku{ktÞ þk¤k fu fku÷usLkk økútÚkk÷Þku{kt y{wf
f÷kfkuLke {ÞkoËk{kt økútÚkk÷Þ ¾wÕ÷wt hk¾eyu íkku íku{kt fËk[ ðktÄku Lk ykðu Ãkhtíkw ßÞkt MkwÄe ÞwrLkðŠMkxe økútÚkk÷Þ, MkkðosrLkf
økútÚkk÷Þ fu MktþkuÄLk økútÚkk÷ÞkuLke ðkík ykðu Au íÞkt MkwÄe yk økútÚkk÷Þku 16 Úke 18 f÷kf ¾wÕ÷k hk¾ðk{kt ykðu íkku ÃkwMíkf
«u{eyku {kxu yk ¾qçk s ykðfkhËkÞf yLku íkuLke EåAkÃkqŠík fhíkwt Ãkøk÷wt fne þfkÞ.
Mkk{kLÞ heíku yuðwt òuðk {¤u Au fu fkuEÃký økútÚkk÷ÞLkku ÷k¼ ÷uðk {ktøkíke ÔÞÂõíkLkk ÔÞðMkkÞLkku Mk{Þ yLku økútÚkk÷Þ
¾wÕ÷wt hnuðkLkku Mk{Þ yuf s Mkh¾ku òuðk {¤u Au suÚke ¿kkLk«kró {kxu Ít¾Lkk hk¾íke ÔÞÂõík yk ¿kkLkÚke rð{w¾ hnu Au.
ykðwt Lk ÚkkÞ yLku zkì. htøkLkkÚkLkLkk Mkqºk «{kýu Ëhuf ðkt[fLku íkuLkwt ÃkwMíkf {¤u íku MkkÚkof fhðk {kxu økútÚkk÷ÞLkku Mk{Þ Mkðkhu
6 Úke hkºku 10 Úke 12 MkwÄeLkku hk¾ðk{kt ykðu íkku 30% ðÄkhu ÷kufku økútÚkk÷ÞLkku WÃkÞkuøk fhe þfu. y÷çk¥k, yk fkÞo {kxu
f{o[kheykuLkk fkÞoLke ðnU[ýe fhðe ykð~Þf çkLke òÞ Au yLku Ãkqhíke MktÏÞk{kt f{o[kheykuLke ¼híke fhðe Ãký yrLkðkÞo
çkLke òÞ Au.
çkÄe s Mkk{krsf Mkuðkyku{kt økútÚkk÷Þ MkuðkLkwt MÚkkLk «Úk{¢{u Au yLku økútÚkk÷ÞLke Mk{økú «ð]r¥k{kt økútÚkÃkk÷ fuLÿ MÚkkLku
Au. íku á~Þ-yá~Þ økútÚkk÷ÞMkuðk ûkuºkLkk çkÄkt s ®çkËwyku MkkÚku Mktf¤kÞu÷ Au íkuLke rðîíkk yLku ÔÞÂõíkíðÚke f{o[khe yLku
ðkt[f çktLku «¼krðík Úkíkk nkuðk òuEyu.
økútÚkÃkk÷Lkk yLkufrðÄ fkÞkuo{ktÚke ¾qçks [eðx, [kufMkkE yLku rððuf {ktøke ÷u íkuðwt fkÞo nkuÞ íkku íku Au ÃkwMíkf
ÃkMktËøkeLkwt !!!! Mfw÷ ÷kÞçkúuhe fu ÃkMkoLk÷ ÷kÞçkúuhe{kt yk fk{ «{ký{kt Mkh¤íkkðk¤wt nkuÞ Au Ãkhtíkw ßÞkhu fku÷us, ÞwrLkðŠMkxe
fu MkkðosrLkf ÃkwMíkfk÷ÞLke ðkík ykðu íÞkhu yk fk{ ðk[f ðøkoLke rðrðÄíkkLku æÞkLk{kt hk¾e fhðkLkwt nkuðkÚke økútÚkÃkk÷Lke
rLkheûkýþÂõík yLku ÃkMktËøke þÂõíkLku {q÷ððk suðwt ÚkE òÞ Au. fkhý fu Ëhuf ðk[fLke {ktøk íkuLkk yÇÞkMk¢{ fu MktþkuÄLkLkk
MktË¼o{kt yÚkðk íkuLke rð[khMkhýeLkk MktË¼o{kt çkË÷kíke síke nkuÞ Au. suLke ÃkqŠík fhðkLkwt fk{ ËkË {ktøke ÷u íkuðwt nkuÞ Au.
Ëhuf ðk[fLku íkuLke {ktøk «{kýuLkwt ÃkwMíkf {¤e hnu íku {kxu økútÚkÃkk÷u ÞkuøÞ ÃkwMíkf ÃkMktËøke {kxu økútÚkMktøkúnLke
WÃkÞkurøkíkkLkwt Mkíkík Ãkheûký yLku rð&÷u»ký fhíkk hnuðwt òuEyu. ðkt[fLke Mkk{kLÞ sYrhÞkíkLke MkkÚku rðrþü {ktøkLku Ãký
ÞkuøÞ {níð {¤u yLku økútÚk Mktøkún ÃkrhðíkoLkþe÷ çkLke hne Sðtík çkLke hnu íku Lksh Mk{ûk hk¾ðwt òuEyu.
økútÚkk÷Þ{kt yufMkh¾e ðkt[LkMkk{økúeLkku ¼hkðku Lk ÚkE òÞ yLku y{wf «fkhLke Mkk{økúeÚke ðk[fku yr÷ó Lk hne
òÞ íku {kxu rËLk-«ríkrËLk «fkrþík Úkíke ðkt[LkMkk{økúe yLku ðk[fLke yr¼hwr[Lkku Mkíkík yÇÞkMk fhíkkt hne ÃkwMíkf ÃkMktËøke
fhðe òuEyu.
yuf Mkðuoûký {wsçk MkkðosrLkf økútÚkk÷Þku{kt íkku {kuxk¼køkLkwt MkkrníÞ Lkð÷fÚkkLkwt s hnuíkwt nkuÞ Au. ÃkkùkíÞ Ëuþku{kt Ãký
Lkð÷fÚkkLkwt «{ký ðÄkhu òuðk {¤u Au. òu fu íkuLkku yÚko yuðku LkÚke fu ðk[fkuLke yr¼hwr[ {kºk Lkð÷fÚkk Ãkqhíke {ÞkorËík
Au. yk {kxu íkku çkeò yLkuf Ãkrhçk¤ku fkhý¼qík nkuE þfu. su{fu ¿kkLkrð¿kkLkLku MÃkþoíke ðkt[LkMkk{økúe ðk[fku ÃkkuíkkLke s
ðMkkðe ÷uíkk nkuÞ Au. ð¤e, ykÃkýe fu¤ðýe ÃkØrík økútÚkk÷Þ yr¼{w¾ Au íkuðwt Ãký ykÃkýu MÃkü heík fne þfeyu íku{
LkÚke. y÷çk¥k, økútÚkÃkk÷ku íkku ÃkehMkýeÞk Au. ÷kufkuLku þwt ¾kðwt Au íku MkkÚku ÷kufkuLkk {Lk, MðkMÚÞ {kxu þwt hwr[fh Au yu
árüfkuý hk¾e ÃkehMkðk{kt ykðu íkku ðk[fkuLke Mkw»kwó yr¼hwr[Lku òøk]ík fhðkLke yLku íkuLku ÞkuøÞ {køkuo rðfMkkððkLke
Mkt¼kðLkk Lkfkhe þfkÞ íku{ LkÚke s !!!
ÃkwMíkf ÃkMktËøke ykfÂM{f LkÚke. yk{ íkku økútÚkÃkk÷ fu økútÚkk÷ÞLkk f{o[kheykuLke ytøkík yr¼hwr[Úke Ãkh Au Aíkkt Ãký
ÃkwMíkf ÃkMktËøke çkwrØÃkqðofLke yLku íkkŠff nkuðe òuEyu. «fkrþík yLku ÃkMktË fhkíkk ÃkwMíkfku MkkÚku íkuLkk ðkt[fLke {kLkMkÃkx Ãkh
ykf]rík AðkE sðe òuEyu. ÃkwMíkfkuLke yku¤¾ MkkÚku {ktøkLkwt Ãk]ÚÚkfhý fhðwt òuEyu. suLkk {kxu økútÚkÃkk÷u Mk{ksLke ðkt[Lk
yr¼Yr[Lkku yÇÞkMk fhðku òuEyu.
ÃkwMíkf ÃkMktËøke ð¾íku økútÚkÃkk÷Lke ÃkMktËøkeLkk nuíkwyku MÃkü yLku ÷ur¾ík MðYÃk{kt nkuðk òuEyu yLku MkðkuoÃkÞkuøke
økútÚkMktøkún Q¼ku fhe yk økútÚkMktøkún rLkíÞLkðk ÃkwMíkfkuÚke yãíkLk hk¾e økútÚkÃkk÷u íkuLke fkÞoËûkíkkLkku r[íkkh ykÃkðku òuEyu.
fkhý fu ytíku íkku økútÚkk÷Þ yu MktMf]rík ËÃkoý Au, MktMfkhe Mk{ksLkku MktMfkh ðkhMkku Au. yLku íkuLkwt MÃkü «rík®çkçk íkuLke ÃkwMíkf
ÃkMktËøke{kt Ãkzðwt òuEyu.
Mkk{kLÞ heíku yuf fwþ¤ økútÚkÃkk÷ s økútÚkk÷ÞLkk økútÚkLke ÷uðz-Ëuðz{kt fuðk ðk[fku{kt fuðk «fkhLke {ktøk Au íkuLkku
r[íkkh ykÃke þfu íku {kxu íkuLku MÚkkrLkf çkLkkðku. Ëuþ-ÃkhËuþLke rðrþü ½xLkkyku yLku ð»ko Ëhr{ÞkLk ykðíkk {níðLkk
WíMkðku yLku Mk{kht¼kuLkku Mkíkík yÇÞkMk fhíkk hnuðwt òuEyu suÚke fheLku ðk[fkuLku ðíko{kLk ÃkrhÂMÚkríkÚke ðkfuV fhe þfkÞ.
ÃkwMíkf ÃkMktËøke{kt Mkh¤íkk hnu íku {kxu swËk swËk rð¢uíkkykuLke Mkqr[yku, Mkk{rÞfku, ðíko{kLkÃkºkku{kt «fkrþík Úkíke økútÚk
Mk{eûkkyku, hk»xÙeÞ økútÚkMkqr[ ðøkuhu Mkk[ðe hk¾ðe òuEyu suÚke ßÞkhu ÃkwMíkf ÃkMktËøke fhðkLkku Mk{Þ ykðu íÞkhu ÃkMktËøke
ÔÞðÂMÚkík yLku ÞkuøÞ ÚkE þfu.
yk{, økútÚkÃkk÷ îkhk fhðk{kt ykðíke ÃkwMíkf ÃkMktËøkeLkwt fkÞo yíÞtík sðkçkËkheðk¤wt yLku Lkkswf Au. ÃkwMíkfk÷ÞLke
MkV¤íkk fu rLk»V¤íkkLkku ykÄkh íkuLkk Ãkh Au. òu MkwÞkuøÞ ÃkwMíkfku ÃkMktË fhðk{kt ykðu íkku økútÚkk÷Þ ykÃk{u¤u s ÷kufr«Þ çkLku
Au. yLÞÚkk økútÚkk÷ÞLke «rík¼k òu¾{{kt {wfkÞ Au.
økútÚkk÷Þ{kt ÃkwMíkfkuLke ¼kiríkf h[Lkk Lkkswf nkuE íkuLke MkkðÄkLkeÃkqðof Mkt¼k¤ hk¾ðe, Mkwû{ SðstíkwykuÚke íkuLku LkwfMkkLk
Úkíkwt çk[kððwt, ÃkwMíkfkuLke çkktÄýe Ze÷e Lk Ãkzu íku òuðwt, ÃkwMíkfkuLku «{kýMkhLkwt íkkÃk{kLk {¤e hnu íku òuðwt, ôËh, WÄE, ík{hwt,
økkuhu÷k suðk fexkýwtykuÚke ÃkwMíkfLku çk[kððk {kxuLkk «ÞíLkku økútÚkÃkk÷u nkÚk Ähðk òuEyu.
økútÚkk÷Þ{kt þwt Au ? íkuLkk fhíkkt økútÚkk÷Þ{kt þwt LkÚke ? íku árüyu Ãký økútÚkk÷ÞLke {w÷ðýe Úkíke hnu Au íÞkhu økútÚkÃkk÷Lke
yu Vhs ÚkE Ãkzu Au fu økútÚkkuLke MkkÚku fux÷ef yøkútÚk Mkk{økúeÃký økútÚkk÷Þ{kt ðMkkðe ðk[fku {kxu WÃk÷çÄ çkLkkðu. Mkk{kLÞ heíku
økútÚk fhíkkt yøkútÚk Mkk{økúe yLku íku{kt Ãký á~Þ-©kÔÞ Mkk{økúe ðÄw yMkhfkhf yLku M{]ríkMknkÞf çkLke hnuíke nkuÞ Au. òu fu
nðu ½ýk økútÚkk÷Þku{kt ÃkwMíkfLke su{ yøkútÚk Mkk{økúeÃký ðk[fkuLku WÃkÞkuøkkÚkuo ½hu ÷E sðkLke MkwrðÄk ykÃkðk{kt ykðu Au íku
¾hu¾h ¾qçk Mkkhe çkkçkík Au. Ãkhtíkw yøkútÚk Mkk{økúe {kxu ðÃkhkÞu÷ ðMíkw yíÞtík Lkkswf nkuðkLku fkhýu íkuLkk WÃkÞkuøk{kt íku
yíÞtík Mkkð[uíke {ktøke ÷u Au.
Mkðuoûký îkhk yuðwt òýðk {éÞwt Au fu økútÚkk÷ÞLkk økútÚkMktøkún{ktÚke ytËksu 20% sux÷e ðkt[LkMkk{økúeyku õÞkhuÞ
ðk[fkuLkku MÃkþo Ãkk{e nkuíke LkÚke. ßÞkhu fux÷ef ðkt[LkMkk{økúeLkku sqs WÃkÞkuøk ÚkÞu÷ku òuðk {¤u Au. økútÚkk÷ÞLkwt yuf yuf
ÃkwMíkf ðk[fkuLkk fhf{÷kuLkku MÃkþo Ãkk{e, ÄLÞ çkLku íku s økútÚkk÷Þ MkuðkLkwt nkËo Au. yk nkËoLku MkkÚkof fhðk, ÔÞÂõík{kºkLku
ðk[f çkLkkððk, ðkt[f Mk{ksLke h[Lkk fhðk {kxu økútÚkÃkk÷ yLku yLÞ f{o[kheyku îkhk ‘økútÚkk÷Þ ðkt[LkMkk{økúe MktMÃkþeo
rðMíkhý «ð]r¥k’ fhðe òuEyu yLku Mkkhe ðkík íkku yu Au fu yk «ð]r¥k {kxu fkuEÃký òíkLkku rðþu»k ¾[o fhðkLkku hnuíkku
LkÚke. {kºk fk{[÷kW ÔÞðMÚkk fhðkLke hnu Au yLku ¾kMk íkku økútÚkÃkk÷u Mk{Þ Vk¤ðeLku Ëþofku yLku {w÷kfkíkeyku MkkÚku
ykí{eÞ¼kð Ëk¾ðe íkuLkk ÃkwMíkf MkkÚkuLkk «u{Lku òøk]ík fhðku òuEyu.
‘økútÚkk÷Þ ðkt[LkMkk{økúe MktMÃkþeo rðMíkhý «ð]r¥k’ MktË¼uo fkÔÞðkt[Lk, fkÔÞkMðkË, økútÚk Ãkrh[Þ, SðLk[rhºk ðkt[Lk,
økútÚk «ËþoLk, Lkkxâðkt[Lk, Mkkókrnf økútÚkMk{eûkk, Mkkókrnf Mk{k[kh, MkkrníÞf Mk{k[kh, Vhíkwt økútÚk «ËþoLk ðøkuhu «ð]r¥kyku
Þkusðe òuEyu.
ytíku, yux÷wt íkku yð~Þ fne þfkÞ fu rðfrMkík Ëuþku{kt økútÚkk÷Þ rðMíkhý «ð]r¥k yu Mk{økú {kLkðrðïLku Ãkk{ðk {kxu
Mkns, Mkw÷¼ yLku Mkh¤ {køko çkíkkðu Au íkku yrðfrMkík yLku yÕÃkrðfrMkík ËuþkuLke økútÚkk÷Þ «ð]ríkLku Mkíkík [uíkLkðtíke çkLkkðe
hk¾ðk íku «kýðkÞw Mk{e Au yLku yk «kýðkÞw{kt «kýLkwt rMkt[Lk fhðkLkwt fkÞo fhu Au økútÚkÃkk÷ !!!
økútÚkk÷Þ {krníke rð¿kkLk íkÚkk Mkuðkyku{kt ÔÞðMkkrÞf Lkerík{¥kk
hkXkuz òøk]rík ÃkwY»kku¥k{*
“yMkV÷íkk ík¼e ykíke ni sçk n{ yÃkLku ykËþo, WÆu~Þ ykih rMkØktík ¼q÷ òíku ni.”
«kuÃkuþLk÷ þçËLke ÔÞkÏÞk ðuçkMxhLkk þçËfkuþ {wsçk yk «{kýu Au : “fkuE yuf rþûký MktMÚkk{kt ÷ktçkk Mk{Þ MkwÄe
Mk¾ík {nuLkík fhe fkuE yuf rðãkþk¾kLkwt ¿kkLk {u¤ÔÞk ÃkAe {u¤ðu÷e ykðzík.” Ãkhtíkw Mkk{kLÞ {kLÞíkk «{kýu «kuVuþLk÷
yux÷u yuðe ÔÞÂõík fu suLkk{kt Lkkufhe fhðk {kxuLke sYhe ykðzíkku yLku ¿kkLk nkuÞ - ÃkAe íkuLke ÃkkMku «ríkrcík ÞwrLkðŠMkxeLke
zeøkúe nkuÞ yÚkðk íkku íku ð»kkuoLkku yLkw¼ð Ähkðíkku nkuÞ yuðe ÔÞÂõík fu suLku íkuLkk fk{ «íÞu «u{ yLku ykËh nkuÞ.
Mkk[ku «kuVuþLk÷ yux÷u íkuLkk{kt Lkiríkfíkk / «k{krýfíkkLkk økwýku nkuÞ íkku s íku Mkk[ku «kuVuþLk÷ Au. òu íkuLkk{kt Lkiríkf
{qÕÞku Lk nkuÞ íkku íku «kuVuþLk÷ s LkÚke. yuf «kuVuþLk÷u ÃkkuíkkLke Lkkufhe «íÞu rLkck yLku ©uc heíku fk{ fhðkLke ykðzík
MkkÚku fkuEÃký Mk{kÄkLk Lk fhðwt òuEyu. ðirïf yÚkoíktºkLkkt yk Mk{Þ{kt ßÞkt Ëhuf ÔÞÂõíkLkkt fkÞkuo{kt rðï Míkhu yMkh
ÃknkU[kzðkLke þÂõík hnu÷e Au. íÞkhu íku{kt Võík «kuVuþLk÷ Lk hnuíkk íkuLkk{kt LkiríkfíkkLkkt {qÕÞku Ãký nkuðk òuEyu. fkuEÃký
«kuVuþLk÷{kt {qÕÞku / Lkiríkfíkk ykÃkýLku økw÷k{ çkLkkðe Ëuðk {kxu ÷kËðk{kt LkÚke ykðíkkt Ãkhtíkw ykÃkýwt fk{ ¾qçk s Mkkhe
heíku [k÷u íku{kt fkuE {w~fu÷e Lk ykðu íku {kxu Ãký yk {qÕÞkuLke ò¤ðýe fhðe òuEyu.
Ëhuf «kuVuþLk÷u ÃkkuíkkLke òíkLku yk «&™ku ÃkqAðk òuEyu. þwt nwt yuf Mkk[ku «kuVuþLk÷ Awt ? õÞkt økwýku nkuÞ íkku nwt
ðÄkhu Mkkhku «kuVuþLk÷ çkLke þfwt ? «kuVuþLk÷Lkkt Lkiríkf {qÕÞku õÞkt Au ? íkuLkwt {khk {kxu þwt {níð Au. ? ßÞkhu {khu {w~fu÷
rLkýoÞ ÷uðkLkku nkuÞ yLku {khe ÃkkMku ½ýk rðfÕÃkku nkuÞ íÞkhu nwt fuðe heíku òýe þfwt fu nwt ÞkuøÞ ÃkMktËøke fhe hne Awt ?
Professional Ethics = Integrity + Commitment + Truth
økútÚkk÷Þ yLku {krníke rð¿kkLk íkÚkk Mkuðkyku{kt ÔÞðMkkrÞf Lkerík{¥kk rðþu òuEyu íkku yu{ fne þfkÞ fu økútÚkk÷Þ{kt
¾heËðk{kt ykðíkk ÃkwMíkfku íkÚk yLÞ MkkÄLk Mkk{økúeÚke ÷ELku økútÚkk÷ÞLkk f{o[kheykuyu MktMÚkkLkkt yLÞ f{o[kheyku íkÚkk
økútÚkk÷ÞLkk WÃk¼kuõíkk MkkÚkuLkku ÔÞðnkh íkÚkk Mkuðkyku{kt Lkerík{¥kkLkwt Ãkk÷Lk fhðwt.
økútÚkk÷Þ{kt ÃkwMíkfku íkÚkk yLÞ MkkÄLkMkk{økúe su rð¢uíkk ÃkkMkuÚke ¾heËðk{kt ykðíke nkuÞ íkuLke MkkÚku ÃkkhËþof ÔÞðnkh
fhðku òuEyu. su{kt MktMÚkkLkwt rník s¤ðkE hnu íku{s økútÚkk÷ÞLkk WÃk¼kuõíkkykuLku W¥k{ Mkuðk Ãkqhe ÃkkzðkLkwt æÞuÞ Mkki«Úk{ òuðwt
òuEyu yLku rð¢uíkk MkkÚkuLkku ykŠÚkf ÔÞðnkh ¾qçks ÃkkhËþof hnu íkuLkwt ¾kMk æÞkLk hk¾ðwt òuEyu.
økútÚkk÷Þ rð¿kkLkLkkt rÃkíkk{n zkì. yuMk.ykh. htøkLkkÚkLku økútÚkk÷Þ þk†Lkkt su Ãkkt[ Mkqºkku ykÃÞk Au íku yksLkk yk
xufLkku÷kuSLkkt Þwøk{kt Ãký yux÷k s «Míkwík Au. òu zkì. htøkLkkÚkLkLkkt Ãkkt[ MkqºkkuLkwt Ãkk÷Lk fhðk{kt ykðu íkku íkuLkk îkhk økútÚkk÷Þ
yLku {krníke rð¿kkLk yLku Mkuðkyku{kt ÔÞðMkkrÞf Lkerík{¥kkLkwt Ãkk÷Lk Ãký ykÃkkuykÃk ykðe òÞ Au. økútÚkk÷Þ þk†Lkkt Ãkkt[
Mkqºkku yk {wsçk Au :
1. ÃkwMíkfku WÃkÞkuøk {kxu Au.
2. Ëhuf ðk[fLku ÃkwMíkfku «kó Úkkyku.
3. Ëhuf ÃkwMíkfLku ðk[f «kó Úkkyku.
4. ðk[fLkku Mk{Þ çk[kðku.
5. økútÚkk÷Þ yu rðfMkíke Sðtík MktMÚkk Au.
yksLkk yk rðòýwt Þwøk{kt fBÃÞwxh yLku RLxhLkuxLkku WÃkÞkuøk yktøk¤eLkkt xuhðu ÚkE hÌkku Au íÞkhu Ãký yk Mkqºkku
yux÷k s «Míkwík Au.
* økútÚkÃkk÷, ©e{íke ðe.ze. ½u÷kýe {rn÷k ykxoTMk fku÷us, Mkkðhfwtz÷k
÷u¾fLkk {íku økútÚkk÷Þ ÔÞðMkkrÞf{kt òu Lke[uLkk økwýku nkuÞ íkku íku ÃkkuíkkLkk ÔÞðMkkÞLku Mkkhe heíku LÞkÞ ykÃke þfu.
❖ «{krýfíkk / Lkiríkfíkk
❖ ð[LkçkæÄíkk yLku sðkçkËkheLkku Mðefkh
❖ fkÞo ytøkuLke rËþkMkqÍ yLku æÞuÞ «kró
❖ Mkíkík þe¾íkk sðwt
❖ ÔÞðMkkrÞf ¿kkLk yLku ykðzík
❖ ÃkºkÔÞðnkh yLku {krníke ytøkuLke Mkòøkíkk
❖ ykÞkusLk, ÔÞðMÚkk yLku rLkÞr{íkíkk
❖ W¥k{ fkÞo fhðkLkku W{tøk / WíMkkn
❖ Mkfkhkí{f yr¼øk{, r{÷LkMkkh Mð¼kð yLku «rík¼kð ykÃkðk íkíÃkh.
❖ çkeòyku {kxu «uhýkYÃk çkLkðkLke ÞkuøÞíkk.
yk ËMk økwýku{kt «{krýfíkk MkkiÚke xku[ Ãkh Au yLku Ëhuf ÔÞðMkkÞLke Ãký yk Ãknu÷e þhík Au. ykÃkýu yk økwýkuLku
Ãkkt[ rð¼køk{kt ðnU[eLku íkuLke rðøkíkðkh [[ko fheyu.
1. Carring - Mkt¼k¤ hk¾ðe
2. Learning - þe¾ðwt
3. Achieving - «kó fhðwt
4. Sharring - ðnU[ðwt
5. Social responsibility - Mkk{krsf sðkçkËkhe
yk ËhufLkku «Úk{ yûkh ÷Eyu íkku çktLku CLASS yux÷u fu ykÃkýu yk {qÕÞku fu økwýku «{kýu ykÃkýku ÔÞðMkkÞ fheyu
íkku íkuLku Class {¤u. çkeswt fu zkì. htøkLkkÚkLkkt økútÚkk÷Þþk†Lkkt Ãkkt[ Mkqºkku yLku yk Ãkk[uÞ {qÕÞku / økwýku yufçkeò MkkÚku ½ýe
heíku Mktf¤kÞu÷k nkuÞ íku{ ÷køku Au. nðu ykÃkýu yk Ãkkt[ {qÕÞku rðþu rðøkíku òuEyu.
Mkt¼k¤ hk¾ðe
ykLkku yÚko yu Au fu økúknfkuLke / WÃk¼kuõíkkLke, MktMÚkkLke, f{o[kheykuLke Mkt¼k¤ hk¾ðe - {ík÷çk fu økútÚkk÷Þ{kt su
WÃk¼kuõíkk fu f{o[khe «ðuþu Au íkuLku íkuLke sYrhÞkík {wsçk fËh fhðe, WÃk¼kuõíkk òu «Úk{ðkh s økútÚkk÷Þ{kt ykðíkku nkuÞ
íkku íkuLku økútÚkk÷Þ rðþu Mk{s ykÃkðe íku{s íkuykuLku sYhe {krníke ¾qçks Mkh¤íkkÚke Ãkqhe Ãkkzðe. zkì. htøkLkkÚkLkLkk «Úk{ Mkqºk
{wsçk ÃkwMíkfku / {krníke WÃkÞkuøk {kxu Au. íku {wsçk Ëhuf WÃk¼kuõíkkLku sYhe Mkøkðz fhe ykÃkðe òuEyu. ðíko{kLk Þwøk{kt
ßÞkhu fkuBÃÞwxh yLku RLxhLkuxLkku WÃkÞkuøk yktøk¤eLkk xuhðu ÚkE hÌkku Au íÞkhu WÃk¼kuõíkkLku VkuLkÚke {krníkeLke {ktøk fhu íkku íku
Ãký Ãkqhe Ãkkzðe òuEyu. Võík ÃkwMíkf MðYÃku s {krníke ykÃkðkLkku ykøkún Lk hk¾íkk WÃk¼kuõíkkLku E-{uE÷ fu ðkuxTMkyuÃk
îkhk Ãký {krníke ykÃke þfkÞ Au. økútÚkk÷Þ ÔÞðMkkrÞfu ÃkkuíkkLkk WÃk¼kuõíkkLke MkkÚku ¾qçks Mkk÷MkíkkÃkqðof ðíkoLk fhðwt òuEyu.
WÃk¼kuõíkkLkku Mktíkku»k yu s ÃkkuíkkLkk ÔÞðMkkÞLke {kuxe WÃk÷çÄe {kLkðe òuEyu.
þe¾ðwt
þe¾ðwt Lkku yÚko Au ytøkík rðfkMk yLku Lkðwt Lkðwt fhðkLkku WíMkkn hk¾ðku. økútÚkk÷Þ ÔÞðMkkrÞf{kt Mkíkík Lkðwt Lkðwt
þe¾ðkLke Äøkþ nkuðe òuEyu. su Ãký Lkðe xufLkku÷kuS ykðu íkku íkuLkku ÃkkuíkkLkk ÔÞðMkkÞ{kt WÃkÞkuøk fheLku íkuLkku {n¥k{ ÷k¼
fE heíku {u¤ððku íku {kxu Mkíkík òøk]ík hnuðwt òuEyu. WÃk¼kuõíkk fu ðk[f økútÚkk÷Þ{ktÚke ÃkkuíkkLku sYhe yuðe {krníke fu ÃkwMíkf
÷eÄk ðøkh Lk sðku òuEyu. òu økútÚkk÷Þ{kt íkuLku sYhe {krníke Lk nkuÞ íkku íku õÞktÚke «kó Úkþu íku fuðe heíku {u¤ðe þfkþu
íkuLke òýfkhe WÃk¼kuõíkkLku ykÃkeLku íkuLku {ËËYÃk Úkðwt òuEyu. WÃk¼kuõíkkLku økútÚkk÷Þ ÔÞðMkkrÞf íkhVÚke Mktíkku»kfkhf {krníke
{¤ðkÚke íku Ãký ykÃkýk ÔÞðMkkÞLke Mkkhe AkÃk ÷ELku sþu.
«kó fhðwt
ynª «kó fhðwt Lkku yÚko Au «uhýk, sðkçkËkhe yLku fkÞo íkhVLke rËþkMkqÍ îkhk økútÚkk÷Þ ÔÞðMkkrÞf ÃkkuíkkLkk
WÃk¼kuõíkkLkku Mktíkku»k {u¤ðu Au. íku ÃkkuíkkLke MktMÚkkLkk ðzkLkku rðïkMk Ãký MktÃkkËLk fhu Au. yLÞ MkkÚke f{o[kheykuLku Ãký íkuLkk
fkÞo {kxuLke MkqÍçkwÍÚke «uhýk {¤þu. økútÚkk÷Þ ÔÞðMkkrÞf øk{u íkuðe {w~fu÷ ÃkrhÂMÚkrík{kt Ãký sðkçkËkheÃkqðof fkÞo fhþu
suLkkÚke íku WÃk¼kuõíkk íkÚkk íkuLkk MkkÚke f{o[kheyku{kt yuf Wtze AkÃk Akuze sþu.
ðnU[ðwt
yne ðnU[ðwt Lkku yÚko Au xe{ðfo : ¿kkLkLku ðÄkhðwt yLku yufçkeòLku «kuíMkknLk ykÃkðwt. Mk{Þ «{kýu økútÚkk÷ÞLkku Mkíkík
rðfkMk Úkíkku hnu íku{s økútÚkk÷Þ{kt fk{ fhíkkt yLÞ MkkÚke f{o[khe MkkÚku Mkkt{sMÞ fu¤ðeLku hnuðwt òuEyu. ßÞkhu çkÄk MkkÚku
{¤eLku fkuE fk{ fhu Au íÞkhu íku fk{ ©uc çkLku Au. ykÚke çkÄkLku MkkÚku òuzeLku fk{ fhðwt yLku çkÄk yufçkeò n¤e{¤eLku
nt{uþkt fk{ fhu íkÚkk yufçkeòLku Mkíkík «kuíMkknLk ÃkwYt Ãkkzíkk hnuðwt òuEyu suLkkÚke fk{ fhðkLkku WíMkkn ðÄu Au / s¤ðkE
hnu Au.
Mkk{krsf sðkçkËkhe
ynª Mkk{krsf sðkçkËkhe yux÷u Mk{ks «íÞuLkwt ÃkkuíkkLkwt «ËkLk, «k{krýfíkkLkk økwýLku rðfMkkððku yLku su fk{ nkÚk
Ãkh ÷eÄwt nkuÞ íku{kt ¼khku¼kh rLkck çkíkkððe. WÃk¼kufíkkLku íkuLkk MktçktrÄík {krníkeLkk Mºkkuík MkwÄe ÃknkU[ðk {kxuLke íkk÷e{ -
rþûký ykÃkðwt. yk WÃkhktík {krníke WÃk¼kuõíkk MkwÄe ÃknkU[kzðk [kuÃkkLkeÞk AkÃkðk, ÃkwMíkf «ËþoLk Þkusðk, ykf»kof MÃkÄko
Þkusðe. ykðk rðrðÄ fkÞo¢{ku îkhk {krníkeLkku «[kh fhðku suÚke WÃk¼kuõíkkLkk ¿kkLk{kt ð]ÂæÄ ÚkkÞ Lku Mk{ks «økríkLkk ÃktÚku
ykøk¤ ðÄu yk heíku Mk{ksLkk rðfkMk{kt økútÚkk÷Þ ÔÞðMkkrÞfkuyu ÃkkuíkkLke Mkk{krsf sðkçkËkhe îkhk Mk{ksLku Sðtík yLku
Mkíðþe÷ çkLkkððk{kt ÞkuøkËkLk ÃkqY Ãkkzðwt òuEyu.
WÃkMktnkh
yk ÷u¾Lkk ÷u¾f {kLku Au fu Mkk[k «kuVuþLk÷{kt ºký økwýku nkuÞ Au : Ãknu÷wt, fkuELke Ãký Ëu¾hu¾ ðøkh fk{ fhðkLke
ykðzík, çkeswt, fk{ ÃkwYt fÞkoLkwt «{kýÃkºk ykÃkðkLke ykðzík yLku ºkeswt, Ëhuf Mk{Þu yLku MÚk¤u «k{krýfíkkÃkqðof ðíkoðkLke
ykðzík. yk WÃkhktík Ãký íkuyku{kt çkeò økwýku nkuÞ Au. íku ÃkkuíkkLke òíkLku òýíkku nkuÞ Au yLku íku òu øk÷ík nkuÞ íkku íku fçkw÷
fhíkkt øk¼hkíkku nkuíkku LkÚke. ð¤e íku fkuELke {ËË {ktøkíkk y[fkíkku LkÚke yÚkðk òu fkuE çkkçkík íkuLke Lkiríkfíkk fu æÞuÞ MkkÚku
{Lk{u¤ Lk ¾kíke nkuÞ íkku íku Lkfkhe fkZíkk øk¼hkíkku LkÚke. íku ÃkkuíkkLke {ÞkoËkykuLku Mk{su Au, Ãkhtíkw ßÞkhu íkuLku ÷køku Au fu
íkuLke Lkiríkf {ÞkoËk MkkÚku Mk{kÄkLk fhðwt Ãkzþu íÞkhu íku {kiLk hnuðkLku çkË÷u çkku÷ðkLkwt ÃkMktË fhþu íku nt{uþk íkuLkk þheh,
ykí{k yLku {LkLke Mkk[ðýe fhíkku hnuþu yLku yuðe Ëhuf ðkíkLku íku xufku ykÃkþu suLkkÚke MkkiÚke ðÄw LkiríkfíkkLkku W{uhku ÚkkÞ.
ykÃkýu Mkkiyu «kuVuþLk÷ þçËLkk ÃkhtÃkhkøkík yÚkoLku ð¤øke hnuðwt òuEyu yLku ytøkík heíku MkkuøkLk ¾kðk òuEyu fu y{u
¾kíkhe ykÃkeyu Aeyu fu y{u y{khkÚke çkLkíkwt ©uc «ËkLk fheþwt. y{u y{khk ¿kkLk, ykðzík yLku ð÷ýLku yuðe heíku
ðkÃkheþwt fu çkeòykuLkk SðLk{kt çkË÷kð ykðu.
Ethics for library and information science
professionals in information era
Pandya Vaidehi Chandrakant*
INTRODUCTION
In our society, People occupy different profession for their livelihood or for their satisfaction. The occupation
which required advanced education and training are called profession. The profession may be divided into two parts:
1.Productive and 2. Service- Oriented. The profession like medicine, teaching, library and information science, etc. is
related to service-oriented. Library and Information Science (LIS) Profession is a great profession and is the most
brilliant, learned, knowledgeable, challenging and attractive of the peaceful professions with moral responsibilities both
from inside and outside.
MEANING OF ETHICS
Ethics involves the moral principles that govern a particular culture. The term ethics derived from the Greek word
“ethos” which means custom or character (Ethics.en.wikipedia.org). According to Gert (2004), ethics is a set of every-
day ground-rules for living. These ground-rules are understood to apply to everyone, everywhere, at all times.
Ethic is defined as “that branch of philosophy dealing with values relating to human conduct, with respect to
rightness and wrongness of certain action and to the goodness and badness of the motives and ends of such actions”
(Myneni, 2002).
Thus, ethic is a set of moral principles that governs the persons’ conduct, behavior, character, fairness, humble-
ness, morality, values, commitment, duties to self improvement to the society at large and his obligation to the profes-
sion, to the institution and the society at large.
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
Professional Ethics is professionally accepted standards of personal and business behavior, values and guiding
principles. Codes of professional ethics are often established by professional organizations to help guide members in
performing their job function according to sound and consisted ethical principles (www.businessdictionary.com).
Professional ethics is the ethical norms, values and principle that guide a profession and ethics of decisions
made within the profession (medical-dictionary).
ETHICS FOR LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE PROFESSIONALS
Professional Ethics may be defined as a code of conduct written or unwritten for regularity the behavior of a LIS
professionals towards himself, society, information resources, institute, colleagues, profession and clients (users).
According to American Library Association, a code of ethics serves in “making known to the profession and to the
general public the ethical principles that guide the work of librarians, other professional providing information services,
library trustees and library staffs” (www.ala.org).
According to IFLA Code of Ethics for Librarians and other Information Workers, “The Code of Ethics and Profes-
sional Conduct is offered as a series of ethical propositions for the guidance of individual librarians as well as other
information workers, and for the consideration of Library and Information Associations when creating or revising their
own codes”. The function of codes of ethics can be described as
❖ Encouraging reflection on principles on which librarians and other information workers can form policies and
handle dilemmas
❖ Improving professional self-awareness
❖ Providing transparency to users and society in general (www.ifla.org).
Need of Ethics for Library and Information Science Professionals in Information Era
Library and Information Science (LIS) Profession is for public service and therefore require highest standards of
honesty, integrity and character. Only those persons should be encouraged to enter in this profession who are inter-
ested to help others and provide effective services with help of new technologies in information explosion environment.
According to Dr. Ranganathan (1957), “The library profession is a noble profession. It can do no harm to anybody”.
As we know that library and information science is an intellectual profession. Intelligence and knowledge will be
sharpened with hard work and strenuous efforts. This profession requires ‘study’ and ‘study’ throughout the career to
keep him/her update in information era. He/she has to work hard like a spider to provide highest level of services to
users through appropriate and well organized resources; equitable service policies: equitable access, retrieval, storage
and dissemination of information: and accurate, unbiased and courteous responses to all requests of users. Thus, LIS
*Librarian, Law College, Himatnagar
professionals must keep service-orientation in their professional work but for this high principle conduct should be
framed to guide them. A code of ethic is essential to library professionals which lead to the profession to the excellence.
According to Foundation of Library and Information Science, “The ethical conduct of information professionals is an
affirmation of the critical values of service, respect for others, and the need to improve society. Ethics provide a frame
work for conducting essential information functions, instituting policies and developing strategies for service”.
(sites.goole.com)
The code of conduct lays down the LIS professional’s moral responsibilities towards users, information re-
sources, society and the profession. Froehlich (1997) focused on the obligations of library and information professionals
to themselves, to their organizations, and to “the larger environment within which information professionals work: (a)
social responsibility; (b) obligations between professionals and clients and third parties; (c) obligations between profes-
sionals and systems; (d) obligations to the profession; (e) obligations to community or cultural standards”. According to
Koehler and Pemberton (2000), there are six major elements relevant to information professionals’ code of ethics:
concern with the rights and privileges of patrons; selection, access, professional practice and relationships; responsi-
bilities to employers; and social and legal responsibilities. The main object of the code of conduct is to guide LIS
professionals in maintaining standards of ethical behavior in his relationship with users, profession, colleagues, society,
information resources and oneself. It helps to clarify the professional rights, privileges, obligation/responsibilities and
their legal bases. It also helps to build a strong moral and ethical foundation of the LIS profession in the information
society. The LIS professionals have eight categories of moral responsibilities.
R
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Responsibilities Information Responsibilities
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Moral responsibilities of library and information science professionals

A code of ethics provides a guide of dealing with ethical situations which arises in the course of the job. There are
many ethical issues that LIS professionals must deal with when providing information services in libraries. Issues
relating to equity of access, intellectual freedom, censorship/privacy, intellectual property, etc. are the major ethical
challenges for LIS professionals in the information era. The basic goal of LIS professionals has always been to provide
access to information to those who need it but ethical question arise concerned to that. According to Fallis (2007),
information ethics is concerned with the question ‘who should have access to what information’. He also explains that
core issue of information ethics includes intellectual freedom, equitable access to information, information privacy, and
intellectual property. “Human beings have a fundamental right to access to expression of knowledge, creative thought
and intellectual activity and to express their views publicly” (IFLA, 1999). ‘Right of access’ and ‘equal access for all’ also
create ethical dilemmas for professionals.
Koehler, W. C., et al. (2000) define that “There are differences in which principles are emphasized, but that there
is fairly wide agreement about what principles are. For example, library professionals should uphold the principles of
intellectual freedom and resist all efforts to censor library resources”. It is the prime duty of the library professionals ‘to
protect each library user’s right to privacy and also confidently’ and ‘recognize, obey and respect Intellectual Property
Right’. Froehlich (1997) has proposed three main areas of focus, namely information production (copyright, moral
rights, fair use, public lending rights, and related issues); information collection (issues of quality control and censor-
ship); and information retrieval and dissemination (access, privacy and confidentiality).
ETHICAL ISSUES IN INFORMATION ERA
❖ Quality of Information
❖ Equity of Service
❖ Information Access and Dissemination
❖ Privacy/ Confidentiality
❖ Intellectual Freedom
❖ Intellectual Property Rights (Copyright)
❖ Accuracy
According to Hannabus (1996), Information Professionals are still obliged by society to provide accurate and
reliable information; maintain a confidential relationship with their clients; observe and encourage respect of the intellec-
tual property rights of information products; and ensure equitable access to information. In order to deal effectively with
these ethical dilemmas, information professionals should have a good working knowledge of information ethics. Infor-
mation ethics should be a part of LIS education and training as this would enable them to safely and ethically take part
in information related activities (Fallis, 2007). In the information era, to provide qualitative information services to users,
LIS professionals need to upgrade their knowledge with the development of technology. They have to be aware of how to
provide right information, at right time, to right person from authentic online resources available on net. They should
promote inclusion and should not discriminate against any library users regardless of sex, ethnic group, social condi-
tion, nationality, region, etc. They should always attempt to provide highest level of information through courteous,
prompt, accurate, adequate, skillful, positive and user-friendly services to all users without any influence or biased.
Professional Code of Ethics is essential as it help the LIS professionals to make difficult decisions in critical
position. Whenever it is difficult to provide information services as it may disagree with personal values, morals and
beliefs. The code of ethics is guide and helps the LIS professionals in making fair decisions that support the goals and
objectives of the library. Many Library Associations does not have its separate code of ethics. There are number of other
library associations and organizations that have code of ethics and which is also available on net. So, LIS professionals
can take guidance from these codes to provide valuable services and making critical decisions.
LIBRARY CODE OF ETHICS AVAILABLE ON INTERNET
❖ American Library Association (ALA). Code of Ethics http://www.ala.org/advocacy/proethics/codeofethics/codeethics
❖ Association for Library and Information Science Education (ALISE). Ethical Guidelines for Library and Information
Science Educators http://www.alise.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=31
❖ American Society of Information Science and Technology (ASIS&T) Professional Guidelines. www.asis.org/
AboutAsis/professional-guidelines.html
❖ Association of Independent Information Professional (AIIP) Code of Ethical Business Practice. www.aiip.org/
About/Code-of-Ethical-Business-Practice
❖ IFLA. Code of Ethics for Librarians and other Information Workers (full version) retrieved from www.ifla.org/news/
ifla-code-of-ethics-for-librarians-and-other-information-workers-full-version
❖ Latvian Librarian Association. Code of professional ethics for librarians.
http://www.lnb.lv/en/latvian-librarians-association/code-professional-ethics-librarians
❖ Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals (CILIP).Code of Professional Practice. www.cilip.org.uk/
cilip/about/ethics/code-professional-practice
❖ Japan Library Association. Code of Ethics for Librarians. www.jla.or.jp/portals/0/html/ethics-e.html
❖ Medical Library Association. Code of Ethics for Health Sciences Librarianship www.mlanet.org/about/ethics.html
❖ American Association of Law Libraries (AALL). Ethical Principles http://www.aallnet.org/mm/Leadership-Gover-
nance/policies/PublicPolicies/policy-ethics.html
❖ University of Canterbury. Code of Ethics http://library.canterbury.ac.nz/about/code_ethics.shtml
❖ National and University Library in Zagreb. International code of ethics for librarians and information specialists
http://www.nsk.hr/en/international-code-of-ethics-for-librarians-and-information-specialists/
❖ Freedom of Access to Information and Freedom of Expression (FAIFE).Professional Codes of Ethics/Conduct
(International List by Country) www.ifla.org/faife/codes/htm
FAIFE has collected almost 62 codes of ethics for librarians from all over the world. These guidelines are regularly
adopted by national library, librarians’ associations and also government agencies. This codes includes-
Armenia [Armenian Library Association].Professional code of behaviour of the Armenian Librarian. http://
archive.ifla.org/faife/ethics/armeniacode.htm.
Australia [The Australian Library And Information Association (ALIA]. Statement on Professional Ethics. https:/
/www.alia.org.au/about-alia/policies-standards-and-guidelines/statement-professional-conduct
Belgium [Flanders] [Vlaamse Vereniging voor Bibliotheek, Archief en Documentatie (VVBAD)].Professional
code for information professionals in libraries and documentation centers http://www.ifla.org/files/assets/faife/publica-
tions/misc/code-of-ethics-be.pdf
Botswana [Botswana Library Association].Code of Ethics http://www.bla.org.bw/bla-content.php?cid=5
Brasil [Conselho Federal de Biblioteconomia] [Portuguese].Code of Ethics. http://www.google.de/
url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CC4QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfb.org.br%2FUserFiles%2
FFile%2FResolucao%2FResolucao_04202.pdf&ei=wH2oUsbpKoePtQbWyIDIBw&usg=AFQjCNF1aJJ69ZfO4
VNvLYSRY54SPNAY8w&bvm=bv.57799294,d.Yms&cad=rja
Bulgaria [Bulgarian Library and Information Association]. Code of Ethics. http://www.lib.bg/en/Code-of-Ethics
Canada [The Canadian Library Association (CLA]. Code of Ethics. http://archive.ifla.org/faife/ethics/clacode.htm
Chile [Colegio de Bibliotecarios de Chile A.G.] [Spanish]. Código de Ética Profesional. http://archive.ifla.org/
faife/ethics/cbccode.htm
China [Library Society of China]. Code of Ethics. www.ifla.org/files/assets/faife/codesofethics/
chinacodeofethics_librarysocietyofchina.pdf
China [Hongkong] [The Hong Kong Library Association]. Code of Ethics http://archive.ifla.org/faife/ethics/
hklacode.htm
Costa Rica [Colegio de Bibliotecarios de Costa Rica] [Spanish]. Code of Ethics. www.google.de/
url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CC4QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metabase.net%2Fmetarecursos%2
Fprofesionales%2Fpdf%2Fcodigo_etica.pdf&ei=oICoUqL7Ls_Kswb7wICQBw&usg=AFQjCNGwaK-I0oMUKIWiNrmt-
ll7ja3wig&bvm=bv.57799294,d.Yms&cad=rja
Croatia [The Croatian Library Association]. Code of Ethics. http://archive.ifla.org/faife/ethics/crlacode.htm
Cuba [Asociación Cubana de Bibliotecarios] [Spanish]. Code of Ethics. www.ifla.org/files/assets/faife/
nationalcodeofethics/cuba-national-code-of-ethics.pdf
Czech Republic [Association of Library and Information Professionals of the Czech Republic]. Code of Ethics.
http://archive.ifla.org/faife/ethics/czlacode.htm
El Salvador [Asociación de Bibliotecarios de El Salvador] [Spanish]. Code of Ethics. http://docs.google.com/
viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxhc29jaWFjaW9uZGViaWJsaW90ZWNhcmlvc3
xneDo3Yzk0MjcwN2EwMjU3NGEx
Estonia [Estonian Librarians Association, ELA]. Code of Ethics of the librarians and information specialists of
Estonia. http://archive.ifla.org/faife/ethics/code_of_ethics_estonia.htm
Finland [Finnish Library Association]. Ethical Principles of Library Work. www.ifla.org/files/assets/faife/publica-
tions/misc/code-of-ethics-fi.pdf
France [Association des Bibliothécaires Français]. Code de déontologie du bibliothécaire. http://archive.ifla.org/
faife/ethics/frcode.htm
Germany [BID - Bibliothek und Information Deutschland]. Ethics and Information Ethical principles of the library
and information professionals. http://www.ifla.org/node/6496
Hungary [Board of the Association of Hungarian Librarians and the Board of the Federation of Libraries and
Information Centres]. Code of ethics of Hungarian librarians. http://archive.ifla.org/faife/ethics/hungary_code_of_ethics.htm
Iceland [Upplýsing - Félag bókasafns - og upplýsingfraeda]. Code of Ethics. http://www.upplysing.is/
displayer.asp?Page=284&p=ASP%5CPg284.asp
Indonesia [The Association of Indonesian Librarians / Ikatan Pustakawan Indonesia (IPI)]. Code of Ethics for
Librarians. http://archive.ifla.org/faife/ethics/ipicode.htm
Ireland [Library Association of Ireland (LAI)]. Code of Ethics. www.ifla.org/files/assets/faife/nationalcodeofethics/
irelandlaicodeofethics1.pdf
Israel [The Israeli Center for Libraries]. Code of Ethics of the Librarians in Israel. http://archive.ifla.org/faife/
ethics/iclcode.htm
Italy [The Italian Library Association (AIB)]. The Librarian’s Code of Conduct: Fundamental Principles. http://
archive.ifla.org/faife/ethics/aibcode.htm
Jamaica [The Jamaica Library Association]. Code of Ethics. http://archive.ifla.org/faife/ethics/jamlacode.htm
Japan [The Japan Library Association]. Code of Ethics for Librarians. http://archive.ifla.org/faife/ethics/jlacode.htm
Korea [The Korean Library Association (KLA)]. Code of Ethics for Librarians. http://archive.ifla.org/faife/ethics/
klacode.htm
Latvia [Latvian Librarians Associationa (LLA)]. Code of Ethics. http://www.lnb.lv/en/latvian-librarians-associa-
tion/code-professional-ethics-librarians
Lithuania [The Lithuanian Librarians’ Association (LLA)]. Code of Ethics of Lithuanian Librarians. http://
archive.ifla.org/faife/ethics/llacode.htm
Luxembourg [The Librarians´ Association of Luxembourg]. National Code of Ethics of ALBAD. www.ifla.org/
files/assets/faife/codesofethics/libraryassociationofluxemburgnationalcodeofethicsofalbad.pdf
Malaysia [Persatuan Pustakawan Malaysia (Librarians Association of Malaysia)]. Code of Ethics. http://
archive.ifla.org/faife/ethics/lamcode.htm
Malta [Malta Library and Information Association (MALIA)]. Code of Ethics. http://www.malia-malta.org/code-of-
ethics.html
Mauritius [Mauritius Council of Registered Librarians (MCRL)]. Code of Ethics. http://
mauritiuscouncilofreglibrarians.wordpress.com/
Mexico [El Colegio Nacional de Bibliotecarios (CNB)]. Code of Professional Ethics [Spanish version]. http://
archive.ifla.org/faife/ethics/cnbcode.htm
The Netherlands [Public Library Section of the Netherlands Association of librarians]. Professional Charter for
Librarians in Public Libraries. http://archive.ifla.org/faife/ethics/code_of_ethics_netherlands.htm
New Zealand [The Library & Information Association New Zealand Aotearoa (LIANZA)]. Code of Professional
Conduct. http://archive.ifla.org/faife/ethics/nzcode.htm
Nicaragua [Asociación Nicaragüense de Bibliotecarios y Profesionales Afines] [Spanish]. Code of Professional
Ethics. www.metabase.net/metarecursos/profesionales/pdf/codigo-anibipa.pdf
Nigeria [Librarians’ Registration Council of Nigeria]. Code of Ethics. www.ifla.org/files/assets/faife/
nationalcodeofethics/nigeria-code-of-ethics-and-professional-conduct-for-librarians.pdf
Panama [Asociación Panameña de Bibliotecarios] [Spanish]. Code of Ethics. www.facebook.com/
permalink.php?id=587291224653744&story_fbid=588086054574261
Peru [Colegio de Bibliotecólogos del Perú] [Spanish]. Code of Ethics. http://cbp.pe.tripod.com/etica.htm
Philippines [The Professional Regulation Commission of the Republic of the Philippines]. Code of Ethics for
Registered Librarians. http://archive.ifla.org/faife/ethics/filicode.htm
Poland [The Polish Librarians Association]. Code of Ethics for Librarians and Information Professionals. http:/
/archive.ifla.org/faife/ethics/poland_code_of_ethics.htm
Portugal [Portuguese Association of Librarians, Archivists and Documentalists (BAD), Portuguese Association
for the Development of Scientific and Technical Information (INCITE), Portuguese Association of Health Documentation
(APDIS)]. Code of Ethics for Information Professionals in Portugal. http://archive.ifla.org/faife/ethics/badcode.htm
Puerto Rico [Sociedad de Bibliotecarios de Puerto Rico] [Spanish]. Code of Ethics .
www.sociedadbibliotecarios.org/index.php/sbpr-ethics-code-menu-item
Russian Federation [Russian Library Association]. Russian Librarian’s Professional Ethics Code. www.ifla.org/
files/assets/faife/publications/misc/code-of-ethics-ru.pdf
Serbia [Serbian Library Association]. Code of Ethics. www.ifla.org/files/assets/faife/publications/misc/code-of-
ethics-sr.pdf
Singapore [The Library Association of Singapore (LAS)]. Code of Ethics. http://archive.ifla.org/faife/ethics/
lascode.htm
Slovenia [The Slovenian Library Association]. Code of Ethics. http://archive.ifla.org/faife/ethics/slacode.htm
South Africa [Library and Information Association of South Africa (LIASA)]. Code of Ethics. www.liasa.org.za/
about/rules/conduct
Spain [Spanish Federation of Societies of Archivist, Librarians, Documentalist and Museology (FESABID)].
Code of Ethics. www.ifla.org/files/assets/faife/codesofethics/spain-nationalcodeofethics.pdf
Spain [Catalunya] [Collegi Oficial de Bibliotecaris - Documentalistes de Catalunya]. Code of Ethics. www.ifla.org/
files/assets/faife/codesofethics/codeofethicscatalunya.pdf
Sri Lanka [The Sri Lanka Library Association (SLLA)]. Code of Professional Conduct and Ethics. http://
archive.ifla.org/faife/ethics/sllacode.htm
Sweden [The Librarians’ Association (BF)]. Professionalism and Professional Ethics. http://archive.ifla.org/faife/
ethics/dikcode.htm
Switzerland [The Association of Swiss Librarians and Libraries (BBS)]. Ethikkodex des bis [German].
www.ifla.org/files/assets/faife/nationalcodeofethics/swiss-code-of-ethics-german.pdf Code d´éthique [French]. www.ifla.org/
files/assets/faife/nationalcodeofethics/swiss-code-of-ethics-french.pdf
Thailand [The Thai Library Association]. Code of Ethics. http://www.tla.or.th/about_us/ethics_eng.htm
Turkey [The Turkish Librarian´s Association (TKD) Professional Ethics Principles]. Code of Ethics, www.ifla.org/
files/assets/faife/nationalcodeofethics/turkish-national-code-of-ethics-june2014.pdf
Ukraine [The Ukranian Library Association]. Code of Ethics of a Librarian. http://archive.ifla.org/faife/ethics/
ulacode.htm
United Kingdom [CILIP: the Chartered Institute of Library and Information]. Code of Professional Conduct. http:/
/archive.ifla.org/faife/ethics/lacode.htm
Uruguay [Asociación de Bibliotecólogos del Uruguay] [Spanish]. Code of Ethics. www.abu.net.uy/la-asociacion/
codigo-de-etica
USA [The American Library Association (ALA)]. Code of Ethics. http://archive.ifla.org/faife/ethics/alacode.htm
Venezuela [Colegio de Bibliotecólogos y Archivólogos de Venezuela (CBAV)] [Spanish]. Code of Ethics.
www.buenastareas.com/ensayos/C%C3%B3digo-De-%C3%89tica-Del-Colegio-De/917924.html
CONCLUSION
Information professionals play an extremely vital role as participants in the information society, given that their
mission includes gathering, processing, distributing and using information (Fallis, 2007). Only the LIS professionals
have an efficiency and skill to pull out a drop of information from the vast ocean of knowledge. As we know that, if we
write a single word in search engine of internet, it results into list of large number of websites related to that word. All
such websites are not authentic and providing qualitative, appropriate and valuable information. LIS professionals have
a knowledge, training and expertise to find out and disseminate accurate information to users from those resources in
appropriate time. LIS professionals face many critical situations at the time of providing information services to users.
At that time they must rely on their professional standards and value of the institute. LIS professionals have to make
efforts to raise the social prestige of the profession and recognition of its prospective role in the information era by
promoting and following norms and standards of code of ethics.
“After all the future is up to us”.
REFERENCES
❖ Code of Ethics retrieved from www.ala.org/advocacy/proethics/codeofethics/codeethics Dt. 01/11/2014.
❖ Ethics retrieved from Ethics.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics Dt.30/10/2014.
❖ Fallis, D. (2007). Information ethics for twenty-first century library professionals, Library Hi Tech, Vol. 25, No. 1,
pp. 23-36. retrieved from http://dlist.sir.arizona.edu/1820/01/fallislibraryhitech.pdf Dt. 01/08/2012.
❖ Froehlich, T. (1997) Survey and analysis of the major ethical and legal issues facing library and information
services, K.G. Saur, Munich, Germany
❖ Gert, B. (2004). Common morality: Deciding what to do. New York: Oxford University Press.
❖ Hannabus, S. (1996). Teaching Library and Information Ethics. Library Management, Vol.17, No.2, pp.24-35.
❖ IFLA (1999). IFLA statement on libraries and intellectual freedom. retrieved from http://www.ifla.org/en/publications/
ifla-statement-on-libraries-and-intellectual-freedom
❖ IFLA Code of Ethics for Librarians and other Information Workers (full version) retrieved from www.ifla.org/news/
ifla-code-of-ethics-for-librarians-and-other-information-workers-full-version Dt.22/02/2013.
❖ Importance of Professinal Ethics. reterived from http://sites.google.com/site/charitynevejohnson/education/webfolio/
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❖ Koehler, W. C., Hurych, J. M., Dole, W. V. and Wall, J. (2000). Ethical values of information and library profes-
sionals- An expandea analysis. International Information and Library Review, Vol.32, No. 3-4, pp. 485-507.
❖ Koehler, W. C. and Pemberton, J. M. (2000). A search for core values: Towards a model code of ethics for
information professionals, Journal of Information Ethics, vol.9, pp. 27-54.
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❖ Professional Ethics retrieved from www.businessdictonary.com/definition/professioan-ethics.html dt.20/10/2014.
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http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/professional+ethics dt.10/10/2014.
❖ Ranganathan, S. R. (1957). Five Laws of Library Science. Bombay: Asia Publishing House, P.449.
Ãkh{kh rðßÞfw{kh huðk¼kE*
«MíkkðLkk
yksLkku Þwøk ykÄwrLkf Þwøk yLku {krníke Þwøk íkhefu yku¤¾kÞ Au. yk ykÄwrLkf Þwøk{kt MktþkuÄfku, ÷u¾fku, ði¿kkrLkfku
ðøkuhu îkhk hkus Lkðe - Lkðe {krníke Mk{ks{kt ykðu Au.
yk{, ËwrLkÞk{kt ¿kkLk Mkíkík yrðhíkÃkýu [khuçkkswÚke rðfkMk Ãkk{e hÌkwt Au. Lkeík Lkðe þkuÄku yLku xufLkku÷kuSLkk fkhýu
{krníkeLkwt «{ký ðÄíkwt økÞwt Au. yufLke yuf {krníke yLÞ ÔÞÂõík Lkðk MðYÃku «rMkØ fhe Lkk{ f{kE ÷uðkLke ð]r¥k ÷kufku{kt
nkuÞ yu Mðk¼krðf Au. Ãkrhýk{u MktþkuÄfu ÃkkuíkkLkk MksoLk, þkuÄ, rzÍkELk, rð[khku ð]r¥k {kxu fux÷kf Mk{Þ {kxu yLkyrÄf]ík
ÔÞÂõíkÚke çk[kððk {kxu økútÚk - fkÞËku WÃkÞkuøke çkLku Au.
xqtf{kt økútÚkk÷Þ îkhk Mkuðk ykÃkðkLke nkuÞ Au. suÚke økútÚkÃkk÷, f{o[khe yLku WÃk¼kuõíkk ðå[u Lkerík{¥kk ò¤ððe sYhe
Au. økútÚkk÷Þûkuºku Lkerík{¥kkLkk fux÷kf ûkuºkkuLke [[ko yk ÷u¾{kt fhðk{kt ykðe Au :
fkuÃkehkEx yux÷u þwt ?
fkuÃke yux÷u Lkf÷ fhðe fu «ríkf]rík yLku hkEx yux÷u nf. yk{, fkuÃkehkExLkku þkÂçËf yÚko Lkf÷ fhðkLkku yrÄfkh.
ÃkuxLx (Patents)
“yuf MðkrÄfkh” {q¤ ytøkúuS þçËLkwt MkøkðrzÞwt ¼k»kktíkh Au. fkhý fu {q¤ ytøkúuS þçË ÃkuxLxLkku yÚko “¾wÕ÷wt” (ykuÃkLk)
yuðku ÚkkÞ Au. yuf Mðnf yux÷u fu Mkhfkh yLku Lkðe {krníke Mksof (LkðMksof) ðå[uLkku fhkh.5
rzÍkELk (YÃkhu¾k, ¼kík, ykf]rík)
rzÍkELk yux÷u YÃkhu¾k, ¼kík, ykf]rík yu{ fnuðkÞ. su{ MkV¤ «ðkMk {kxu ykÞkusLkLke sYh Au íku{ ßÞkhu fkuE
ÔÞÂõík MktþkuÄLk fhíke nkuÞ íÞkhu «Úk{ íkuLke YÃkhu¾k íkiÞkh fhðe Ãkzu Au.
MkkrníÞ[kuhe (Plagiarism)
MkkrníÞ[kuhe yux÷u çkeòLkk rð[kh fu ÷¾kýLke [kuhe fhu íkuLku MkkrníÞ [kuhe fnu Au. ßÞkhu fkuE ÔÞÂõík ÃkkuíkkLkk rð[kh,
{tíkÔÞ yLku ¿kkLk {krníke{kt ÷ur¾ík MðYÃku ÃkwMíkf, Mkk{rÞf fu yLÞ økútÚk{kt YÃkktíkh fhu Au. íÞkhu Mk{Þ, þÂõík yLku LkkýktLkku
WÃkÞkuøk Úkíkku nkuÞ Au. ykðk Mk{Þu fkuE yLÞ ÔÞÂõík yk {krníkeLku Mkh¤íkkÚke {u¤ðe ÃkkuíkkLkk økútÚk{kt ÷¾u íkuLku MkkrníÞ[kuhe
fnu Au.
MkkrníÞLke [kuhe ÃkkuíkkLkk ytøkík MðkÚko fu ÔÞðMkkÞ fu ðu[ký {kxu Lk fhe þfkÞ Ãkhtíkw ßÞkhu rðãkÚkeo ÃkkuíkkLkk yÇÞkMkLku
MktË¼uo íkuLkku WÃkÞkuøk ÞkuøÞ fhu íkku íkuLku MkkrníÞ[kuhe fnuðkíke LkÚke.
(Ãkhtíkw yLÞ ÔÞÂõík çkeò îkhk ÷¾kÞu÷ ¿kkLk, rð[khku, {tíkÔÞLku ÃkwLk: YÃkktíkh fhe çkòh{kt Lkkýkt f{kððkLkk fu
ÃkkuíkkLke Lkk{Lkk {u¤ððkLkk nuíkwÚke íkuLkku WÃkÞkuøk fhu íkku íkuLku MkkrníÞ[kuhe fnu Au.)
yk{, MkkrníÞ[kuhe fhLkkhLku fkuÃkehkEx ¼tøkLkku fkÞËku ÷køkw Ãkzu Au.
økútÚkk÷Þ yu ÃkwMíkfkuLkku ¼tzkh Au yLku yksLkk ykÄwrLkf Þwøk{kt yðLkðk ÃkwMíkfku «fkrþík ÚkkÞ Au yLku yLkuf «fkhLke {ktøkLkk
WÃk¼kuõíkkyku ykðu Au. su {kxu økúÚt kÃkk÷u ÞkuøÞ ÃkwMíkfLke ¾heËe («kró) fhðk {kxu rð¢uíkkyku MkkÚku ÞkuøÞ ÔÞðnkh fhðku òuEyu.
❖ rð¢uíkkykuLku, økútÚkÃkk÷u yLku yLÞ f{o[kheykuyu økútÚkk÷Þ{kt ykðfkh ykÃke ÞkuøÞ ðíkoLk fhðwt òuEyu.
❖ økútÚkÃkk÷u rð¢uíkkykuLku rçk÷Lke [wfðýe Mk{ÞMkh fhðe òuEyu.
❖ økútÚkÃkk÷u rð¢uíkkykuLku yãíkLk {krníke {¤e hnu íkuðk økútÚkkuLke Ãký rðLktíke fhðe, suÚke rð¢uíkk yãíkLk {krníke ykÃkíkk
økútÚkku Ãkqhk Ãkkze þfu.
❖ økútÚkÃkk÷u rð¢uíkkLku rðLktíke fhðe òuEyu fu sqLke yLku rçkLkWÃkÞkuøke {krníke Lk {kuf÷e ykÃku.
❖ økútÚkÃkk÷Lkk ykËuþ «{kýu ÃkwMíkfLkku Mxkuf ÷kððku rçkLksYhe ÃkwMíkfku Lk ÷kððk.
❖ økútÚkÃkk÷u rð¢uíkk MkkÚku r{ºkíkk yLku r{÷LkMkkh çkLkðwt.
*rðãkÚkeo, økútÚkk÷Þ yLku {krníke rð¿kkLk rð¼køk, {. Ëu. Mk{ks Mkuðk {nkrðãk÷Þ, økqshkík rðãkÃkeX, y{ËkðkË.
økútÚkÃkk÷Lkwt WÃk¼kuõíkkyku MkkÚkuLkwt ðíkoLk yLku ð÷ý
ðk[fð]tË yLku økútÚkkuLkku Mkuíkw (MktÃkfo) MkkÄLkkh økútÚkÃkk÷ Au. økútÚkÃkk÷ yuf yÚko{kt íkku ðk[fðøko {kxu friend, philosopher
and guide Mk{kLk Au.
MkwÞkuøÞ økútÚkÃkk÷ ÃkwMíkfk÷Þ{kt «ký Ãkqhu Au, íku ðkík Mkk[e Ãký íkuLke MkkÚku yu Ãký íkux÷wt s Mkk[wt fu «kýðkLk
ÃkwMíkfk÷ÞLke «ð]r¥kLkku {wÏÞ MktçktÄ ðk[fku (WÃk¼kuõíkk) MkkÚku s nkuÞ Au.3
nfkhkí{f rð[khMkhýe
økútÚkk÷Þ{kt swËk swËk «fkhLkkt swËe swËe rð[khMkhýe Ähkðíkk ÷kufku MkkÚku MktÃkfo{kt hnuðwt Ãkzu Au. ykðk ÷kufku{kt ½ýk
÷kufku Lkfkhkí{f rð[khMkhýeðk¤k Ãký nkuÞ Au. ykðk Mk{Þu økútÚkÃkk÷u nfkhkí{f rð[khMkhýe hk¾ðe Ãkzþu.
WíMkkn
økútÚkk÷ÞLke Mkuðkyku yLku íkuLkkt økútÚkMktøkún rðfMkkððk{kt økútÚkÃkk÷u Mkíkík Mkr¢Þ hnuðwt òuEyu. WÃk¼kuõíkkLku økútÚkk÷Þ «rík
ykf»koðk Mkíkík íku{Lku «uhýk Ãkqhe Ãkkzðk {kxu WíMkkn ¾qçk s sYhe Au.
r{÷LkMkkh
økútÚkk÷Þ yuf yuðwt Ëuðk÷Þ Au ßÞkt Ëhuf Ä{oLkk, Ëhuf ¿kkríkLkk, Ëhuf ÔÞðMkkÞLkk íku{s Mkkûkh, yÄoMkkûkh ík{k{
«fkhLkk ÷kufku ykðíkk nkuÞ Au. yk{kt Ëhuf ÷kufkuLkwt çkwrØMíkh fu Mð¼kð Mkh¾k nkuíkk LkÚke íkuÚke økútÚkÃkk÷u ík{k{ «fkhLkk ÷kufku
MkkÚku r{ºk çkLkeLku hnuðwt òuEyu.
Mk{Ãkoý
½ýeðkh yuðwt Ãký çkLku økútÚkÃkk÷ yøkíÞLkku {wMkÆku íkiÞkh fhíkku nkuÞ fu fkuE {n¥ðLkwt fk{ fhíkku nkuÞ yLku íku Mk{Þu ðk[f
íkuLkk {us (table) ÃkkMku ykðe ftE ÃkqAÃkhA fhðk ÷køku íÞkhu økútÚkÃkk÷u ÃkkuíkkLkwt fk{ çkksw{kt {qfe WÃk¼kuõíkkLke sYrhÞkík
Mktíkku»kðe òuEyu.
Ãkh¾þÂõík
økútÚkk÷Þ{kt Ëhuf «fkhLkkt WÃk¼kuõíkkyku ykðþu. yufðkh ykðe økÞu÷ WÃk¼kuõíkkLku fuðk «fkhLke {krníke{kt hMk Au íku
òýe þfu íkuðe Ãkh¾ þÂõík nkuðe òuEyu.
MknLkþe÷íkk
økútÚkÃkk÷u yLkuf «fkhLkkt WÃk¼kuõíkk MkkÚku fk{ fhðkLkwt nkuÞ Au. ykðk Mk{Þu fkuE WÃk¼kuõíkk MkkÚku fkuEf ðkh çkku÷k[k÷e
fu Í½zku Ãký ÚkkÞ íÞkhu økútÚkÃkk÷u MknLkþe÷ çkLkðwt òuEyu.
ðkýe
{kýMkLke ðkýe yu {kýMkLkwt ÔÞÂõíkíð «ËŠþík fhu Au. {kýMkLke suðe ðkýe nþu íkuðwt íkuLkwt ÔÞÂõíkíð ¾e÷þu. fzðe
ðkýe ÔÞÂõíkíð rðfkMk{kt ¾qçk s yðhkuÄf çkLku Au. ykÚke økútÚkÃkk÷Lke ðkýe, {eXkþðk¤e yLku rLk¾k÷Mk nkuðe òuEyu.
÷kÞfkík
ßÞkhu ÔÞÂõík økúÚt kÃkk÷ çkLÞku nkuÞ íÞkhu íkuLkk{kt sYhe ÷kÞfkík nþu íku íkku MkíÞ çkkçkík Au. AíkktÞ økúÚt kÃkk÷{kt íkuLkk ÔÞðMkkÞLku
÷økíke yLÞ ÷kÞfkíkku nkuðe sYhe Au. Ëk.ík. ykÞkusLk fhíkkt ykðzíkwt nkuðwt òuEyu. fkuBÃÞwxh ¿kkLk, Mkk{kLÞ ¿kkLk ðøkuhu.
WÃk¼kuõíkkLke {ktøk Mktíkku»kðe
WÃk¼kuõíkkLku íkuLke sYrhÞkík òÛÞk ÃkAe íkuLke su {ktøk nkuÞ íku øk{u íku heíku Ãkqhe Ãkkzðe yu økútÚkÃkk÷Lke Vhs ÚkE Ãkzu Au.
{krníke ykÃk-÷u fhðkLke f¤k
yksu {krníke ykÃk-÷u fhðkLkwt MkkÄLk {kºk ÃkwMíkf Lk hnuíkk yLkuf MkkÄLkku yÂMíkíð{kt ykÔÞk Au. ykÚke økútÚkÃkk÷u
WÃk¼kuõíkkLku çkLke þfu yux÷u íkux÷et ðnu÷e íkfu {krníke ykÃke þfkÞ íkuðe f¤k ¾e÷ððe Ãkzþu.
yk{ økútÚkÃkk÷u ÃkwMíkfk÷Þ{kt ðk[f íkÚkk ÃkwMíkfku ðå[uLke Mkktf¤ YÃku ðíkoðkLkwt Au. ðk[fLkk WÃkh íkuLku fk{ LkÚke fhðkLkwt,
Ãký ðk[f MkkÚku hneLku fkÞo fhíkk hnuðkLkwt Au.4
f{o[khe ÃkMktËøke
økútÚkk÷Þ yu ¾qçks {kuxe MktMÚkk Au yLku yk{kt ½ýk çkÄk f{o[kheyku fk{ fhíkk nkuÞ Au yLku f{o[kheLke fwþ¤íkk yLku
ykðzík Ãkh økútÚkk÷Þ MkV¤ çkLku Au. íkuÚke f{o[kheLke ÃkMktËøke ¾qçk s fk¤SÃkqðof yLku ¼uË¼kð ðøkh fhðe òuEyu. (ík{u
fÕÃkLkk fhku fu økútÚkk÷Þ{kt ¾qçk s {kuxk «{ký{kt ÃkwMíkf Mkk{økúe Au, Ãkhtíkw íkuLkk f{o[khe yk¤Mkw yLku rLkYíMkkne nkuÞ íkku íku
{krníke (økútÚk, ÃkwMíkf, Mkk{rÞf) rçkLkWÃkÞkuøke ÚkE òÞ Au.)
(1) «Úk{ íkku f{o[kheLke ÃkMktËøke íkuLke ÷kÞfkíkLku æÞkLk{kt hk¾e fhðe fu fÞk fkÞo {kxu ÃkMktËøke fhðkLke Au yLku íku ÞkuøÞ
÷kÞfkík Ähkðu Au fu Lkrn ?
(2) ¼qíkÃkqðo f{o[kheyku{ktÚke su{fu fkuE f{o[khe MktòuøkkuðMkkíkT Awxk ÚkÞk nkuÞ fu íku{Lku Aqxk fhðk{kt ykÔÞk nkuÞ yLku íku
f{o[khe Vhe økútÚkk÷ÞLkk fkÞo{kt òuzkðk {ktøkíkku nkuÞ íkku íkuLku «Úk{ ÃkMktËøke fhðe.
(3) f{o[kheLke ÃkMktËøke ðíko{kLkÃkºkku îkhk fhðe suÚke ðÄw Mkkhk WíMkkne yLku ÷kÞfkík Ähkðíkk f{o[khe {¤e hnu.
(4) f{o[kheLke ÃkMktËøke çkwrØ fMkkuxeLkk WÃkÞkuøkÚke fhðk{kt ykðu suÚke f{o[khe{kt hnu÷e økúnýþÂõík, ÞkËþÂõík, íkfoþÂõíkLkku
ÏÞk÷ ykðu.6
(5) f{o[khe yuðku ÃkMktË fhðku òuEyu su{kt ÔÞðnkY fwþ¤íkk nkuÞ., fkhý fu f{o[kheyu rðrðÄ «fkhLkkt WÃk¼kuõíkkLkk
MktÃkfo{kt hnuðkLkwt nkuÞ Au.
(6) f{o[khe økútÚkk÷Þ{kt yuðku ÃkMktË fhðku fu su økútÚkk÷Þ{kt ykðíkk WÃk¼kuõíkkLkk «&™Lkku rLkhkfhý ÷kðe «&™ MÃkü heíku
Mk{S ÞkuøÞ sYhe {krníke ÍzÃke Ãkqhe Ãkkze þfu.
(7) WÃk¼kuõíkkLkku Mk{Þ, þÂõík yLku Lkkýkt çk[kðu yLku WÃk¼kuõíkkLku sYhe {krníke ykuAk Mk{Þ{kt Ãkqhe Ãkkze þfu íkuðku
f{o[khe nkuðku òuEyu.
(8) økútÚkk÷Þ{kt f{o[kheLke ÃkMktËøke yuðe fhðe òuEyu fu økútÚkk÷Þ îkhk su Mkuðk ykÃkðk{kt ykðu Au, íku Ëhuf WÃk¼kuõíkk MkwÄe
ÃknkU[kzu íkuðku nkuðku òuEyu. xqtf{kt {krníkeLkwt {kfuoxªøk fhíkku nkuðku òuEyu.
(9) f{o[khe yu økútÚkk÷Þ{kt ykðíkk swËe swËe {ktøkLkk WÃk¼kuõíkkLku {krníke ykÃkðkLke nkuÞ Au yLku WÃk¼kuõíkkLke {ktøk
y÷øk y÷øk heíku Ãkqhe Ãkkzu íkuðe ÷kufrníkLke ¼kðLkk Ähkðíkku nkuðku òuEyu.
(10) f{o[khe WíMkkne nkuðku òuEyu suÚke ÃkkuíkkLkk rð¼køkLkwt fkÞo ÃkqY ÚkkÞ íkku yLÞ fkÞo{kt çkeò f{o[kheLku {ËË fhe Mkíkík
Mkr¢Þ hnu íkuðku nkuðku òuEyu.
(11) økútÚkÃkk÷u «{krýfíkk yLku rLkck Ähkðíkk nkuÞ íkuðk f{o[kheLke ÃkMktËøke fhðe òuEyu.
(12) økútÚkk÷Þ{kt f{o[khe çkÄks fkÞkuo{kt Mkn¼køke çkLku íkuðku ÃkMktË fhðku òuEyu.
økútÚkk÷Þ f{o[kheyku ðå[uLkku ÃkkhMÃkrhf ÔÞðnkh
❖ òu økútÚkk÷Þ{kt f{o[kheyku s Lk nkuÞ íkku Mkuðk fkuý ykÃke þfu yLku yk f{o[kheyku ðå[u Mkw{u¤¼Þko MktçktÄ nkuðk òuEyu.
❖ økútÚkk÷Þ f{o[kheyku ðå[u yuðku MktçktÄ nkuðku òuEyu fu økútÚkk÷ÞLkk Ëhuf fkÞo{kt f{o[khe Mkn¼køke çkLke þfu.
❖ f{o[khe-f{o[khe ðå[u r{ºkíkkLke ¼kðLkk nkuðe òuEyu. Ëw~{Lkkðx Lk hk¾ðe òuEyu.
❖ xufLkku÷kuSLkk Þwøk{kt òu yLÞ f{o[khe fkuE xufrLkf÷ (fkuBÃÞwxh)Lku ÷økíke {krníkeÚke yòý nkuÞ íkku íkuLku {ËËLke
¼kðLkk hk¾ðe òuEyu yLku fkuBÃÞwxhÚke òýfkhe {kxu íkk÷e{ ykÃkðe òuEyu.
❖ Mkk{kLÞ Mk¼k fu çksux Mkr{ríkLke çkuXf{kt Mkr¢Þ ¼køk ¼sððk òuEyu. ßÞkhu f{o[kheLkku MktçktÄ Mkw{u¤¼Þko nþu íÞkhu
Ëhuf f{o[khe n¤e{¤eLku økútÚkk÷Þ Mkuðk WÃk¼kuõíkk MkwÄe ÃknkU[kzþu.
yk{ òu økútÚkk÷Þ f{o[khe ðå[u MktçktÄ r{ºkíkk, Mkw{u¤¼Þko nþu íkku WÃk¼kuõíkkLku ÍzÃke Mkuðk ykÃke þfþu yLku
zkì. htøkLkkÚkLkLkk [kuÚkk MkqºkLku MkkÚkof fhe WÃk¼kuõíkkLkk Mk{ÞLkku çk[kð Úkþu. yus heíku økútÚkk÷ÞLkkt ykÃku÷ zkì. htøkLkkÚkLkLkk Ãkkt[
Mkqºkku MkkÚkof çkLkþu.
Vhs «íÞuLke rLkck, Mk{ÞÃkk÷Lk yLku WÃk¼kuõíkk MkkÚku økútÚkk÷Þ Mkuðkyku{kt ÔÞðnkrhf ð÷ý
fkuEÃký ËuþLke ykŠÚkf ÂMÚkríkLkku ytËks su{ íkuLkk fkh¾kLkkLkk ykiãkurøkf rðfkMkÚke Lkef¤e þfu íku{ fkuEÃký ËuþLke
MktMfkh÷û{eLkwt {kÃk fkZðwt nkuÞ íkku íku ËuþLkk ÃkwMíkfk÷Þku òuðk òuEyu.
yLkufrðÄ «ð]r¥kÚke Ä{Ä{íkk ÃkwMíkfk÷Þkuyu LkqíkLk ÞwøkLkk Ëuð{trËhku fhíkkt Ãký ðÄw {n¥ðLkk Au. fkuEÃký «fkhLke
òrík, ¿kkrík, ðÞ, Ä{o, Ëuþ, rðãk fu MktÃkr¥k ¼uË ðøkh «íÞuf «òsLkLku ykðfkhíkk yuLkk Ëhðkò nt{uþk ¾wÕ÷k nkuðk òuEyu.
❖ MkwÔÞðÂMÚkík yLku MkwMkt[kr÷ík økútÚkk÷Þ{kt ÃkwMíkfku ðøkuhuLkwt ðøkeofhý fhe íku{Lku yuðe MkwtËh yLku ÃkØríkMkh økkuXðu÷ku nkuðk
òuEyu fu {w÷kfkíku ykðu÷ ðk[fLku rLkíÞ ykððkLkwt ykf»koý ÚkkÞ.
❖ Ëhuf f{o[khe fu økútÚkÃkk÷u WÃk¼kuõíkkLku íkuLke {ktøkLku Mktíkku»kðe yLku {krníke Ãkqhe Ãkkzðe yu økútÚkk÷ÞLkku WÆuþ Au.
❖ Ëhuf f{o[kheyu ÃkkuíkkLkk fkÞo{kt MkV¤ Vhs çkòððe òuEyu.
❖ ÃkkuíkkLkk ¼køk{kt ykðu÷ fkÞkuo {kxu f{o[kheyu fk{[kuhe Lk fhðe yLku ÃkkuíkkLke Vhs çkòððe.
❖ òu ÞkuøÞ Mkuðk ykÃkðk{kt ykðþu, f{o[khe ðå[u ÃkkhMÃkrhf MktçktÄ nþu íkku WÃk¼kuõíkkLkk Mk{ÞLkku çk[kð Úkþu.
WÃk¼kuõíkk MkkÚku økútÚkk÷Þ Mkuðk{kt ÔÞðnkrhf ð÷ý
yksLkku Þwøk ykÄwrLkf Þwøk økýðk{kt ykðu Au. Ëhuf økútÚkk÷Þ WÃk¼kuõíkkLku yðLkðe Mkuðkyku ykÃku Au. Ãkhtíkw ykðe
Mkuðk{kt Úkkuzku MkwÄkhku ðÄkhku fhe WÃk¼kuõíkkLku LkðeLk Mkuðk ykÃke WÃk¼kuõíkkLke sYrhÞkík Mktíkku»kðkLkwt fkÞo økútÚkk÷ÞLkwt Au.
(1) {wõík «ðuþ ÃkØrík : «Úk{ íkku økútÚkk÷Þ{kt {wõík «ðuþ ÃkØrík yÃkLkkððe suÚke Ëhuf ykðLkkh ÔÞÂõík fkuEÃký òíkLkk
Mktfku[ ðøkh økútÚkk÷ÞLke {w÷kfkík ÷E þfu.
(2) økútÚk WÃkÞkuøkLke íkk÷e{ ykÃkðe : Ëhuf ðk[f økútÚkk÷ÞÚke yòý nkuÞ Au. fE {krníke õÞktÚke {¤þu íkuLke WÃk¼kuõíkkLku
òý nkuíke LkÚke. ykðk Mk{Þu økútÚkk÷Þ Mkqr[ ðkÃkhðkLke íkk÷e{ ykÃkðe suÚke WÃk¼kuõíkk yLku økútÚkk÷ÞLkku Mk{Þ çk[u.
(3) økútÚkk÷Þ Ãkrh[Þ ÃkwÂMíkfk : ßÞkhu fkuE Lkðku ðk[f økútÚkk÷Þ{kt «ðuþ fhu íkku íkuLku fE {krníke õÞktÚke {¤þu, fÞk fÞk
rð¼køkku Au ? ðøkuhuLke {krníkeLke òýfkhe ykÃkíke yuf økútÚkk÷Þ Ãkrh[Þ ÃkwÂMíkfk ykÃkðe.3
(4) ÃkwMíkf «ËþoLk : ÃkwMíkfkuLkwt «ËþoLk fhðwt WËk. ßÞkhu økktÄeßÞtrík nkuÞ íkku økútÚkk÷Þ{kt {nkí{k økktÄeLku ÷økíkk ík{k{
ÃkwMíkfkuLkwt «ËþoLk fhðk yLku ßÞkhu økútÚkk÷Þ{kt su Lkðk ÃkwMíkfku ykÔÞk nkuÞ íkuLkwt «ËþoLk fhðwt suÚke ðk[fLku {krníke {¤e
hnu fu økútÚkk÷Þ{kt fÞk rð»kÞLkkt ÃkwMíkfku Lkðk ykÔÞk yLku WÃkÞkuøke çkLke þfþu.
(5) ÃkwMíkf {u¤ku (Book fair) : økútÚkk÷Þu ÃkwMíkf {u¤ku Þkusðku. y{wf rðMíkkh{kt økútÚkk÷ÞLkk íku rðMíkkhLku æÞkLk{kt ÷E ÃkwMíkf
{u¤ku Þkusðku.
(6) Mkt½Mkqr[ : økútÚkk÷Þ{kt Mkt½Mkqr[ Mkuðk ykÃkðe. swËk swËk økútÚkk÷ÞLkkt ÃkwMíkfkuLke Mkqr[Lke ÞkËe íkiÞkh fhe WÃk¼kuõíkkLku
Mkuðk ykÃkðe.
(7) rðrþü Mkuðkyku ykÃkðe : WÃk¼kuõíkkLke sYrhÞkíkLkk MktË¼o{kt rðrþü «fkhLke Mkuðkyku ykÞkursík fhðe yÚkðk yk
«fkhLke Mkuðk ykÃkíke yusLMkeykuLkku MktÃkfo fhðku.
Lke[uLkk suðe Mkuðkyku ykÃke þfkÞ :
❖ Vkuxku Lkf÷ Ãkqhe Ãkkzðe. ❖ «÷u¾ «króLke MkwrðÄk. ❖ yLkwðkË Mkuðk. ❖ rðrðÄ MktMÚkkLkk «fkþLk ytøkuLke {krníke Mktøkún
fhðku. ❖ ÃkMktËøkeÞwõík Mkuðk ❖ yãíkLk yðçkkuÄLk Mkuðk ❖ rLkËþo Mkuðk ❖ Mkk{rÞf Mkkh Mkuðk ❖ RLxhLkux Mkuðk ❖ {kuçkkE÷ ðkLk Mkuðk
❖ yk¼k»ke MktË¼o Mkuðk ❖ Mºkkuík Mkk{økúe rnMMkuËkhe Mkuðk ðøkuhu.
WÃkMktnkh
yk{ yksLkku Þwøk nðu {krníke Þwøk çkLke økÞku Au, ðirïfhýLku fkhýu nðu yk ûkuºk{kt y¼qíkÃkqðo rðfkMk ÚkE hÌkku Au.
yLku økútÚkk÷Þ f{o[kheykuyu Mkßs Úkðwt Ãkzþu yLku W¥k{ økútÚkk÷Þ Mkuðk ðk[f MkwÄe ÃknkU[kzðe Ãkzþu, suLkk {kxu økútÚkk÷Þ Mkuðk
yLku f{o[kheykuyu Lkerík{¥kk ò¤ððe Ãkzþu.
MktË¼o MkkrníÞ :
(1) rMktn, ysÞfw{kh, ÃkwMíkfk÷Þ rð¿kkLku fu rMkØktík / ysÞfw{khrMktn - LkE rËÕ÷e : yswoLk ÃkÂç÷þªøk nkWMk, 2011
(2) «òÃkrík, {rý¼kE, 21{e MkËe{kt økútÚkk÷ÞkuLkwt ¼krð / {rý¼kE «òÃkrík - y{ËkðkË : Ãkkïo ÃkÂç÷fuþLk, 2003
(3) Ãkxu÷, çke.yu{., økútÚk økútÚkk÷Þ yLku økútÚkÃkk÷ / çke.yu{. Ãkxu÷, {nuLÿ çk. Ãkxu÷ - y{ËkðkË : ykŠÚkf rðfkMk
(ÃkÂç÷fuþLk rzrðÍLk), 2006
(4) fkLkrzÞk, «Þíkfh ¾e{S¼kE, økútÚkk÷Þ yLku {krníke rð¿kkLkLkkt «ðknku / «Þíkfh, ¾e{S¼kE fkLkrzÞk -
y{ËkðkË : ^÷u®{økku ÃkÂç÷fuþLk, 2013
(5) Ãkxu÷ [tÃkf÷k÷ ykh.,{krníke rð¿kkLk / [tÃkf÷k÷ ykh. Ãkxu÷ - y{ËkðkË : økwshkík økútÚkk÷Þ - Mkuðk Mkt½, 1990
(6) Ãkt[k¤e, yuLk. ðe., {kLkð MktMkkÄLk Mkt[k÷Lk-1 / yuLk.ðe. Ãkt[k¤e, rËóe yuMk. rºkðuËe - y{ËkðkË : hÂ~{fkLík
s{LkkËkMk þkn, 2012-13
ðýfh rðsÞ¼kE yuMk.*
yksLkk økútÚkk÷Þku LkðeLk yLku xufLkku÷kuS Ãkh ykÄkrhík rðfMku÷k økútÚkk÷Þku Au. yk økútÚkk÷Þku{kt {krníke íkkífkr÷f {¤e
hnu Au. økútÚkk÷Þ{ktÚke ðk[fLke yÃkuûkk {wsçkLke {krníke ðk[fkuLku {¤e hnu Au. yk ytøku ßÞkhu rð[kheyu íÞkhu økútÚkk÷ÞLke
Mkuðkyku yLku íkuLke ÔÞðMkkrÞf Lkerík{¥kkLke ¼qr{fkLke ðkík ynª Ãkwhðkh fhíke òuðk {¤u Au.
fkuÃkehkEx yux÷u þwt ?
fkuÃkehkEx yux÷u økútÚkMðkr{íðLkku fkÞËku (xqtf{kt økútÚkMðkr{íð) fkuÃke yux÷u Lkf÷ fu «ríkf]rík yLku hkEx yux÷u nf yk{
fkuÃkehkExLkku þkÂçËf yÚko Lkf÷ fhðkLkku yrÄfkh yuðku ÚkkÞ Au.
fkuÃkehkEx yu rðËuþe ÏÞk÷ Au. ¼khík{kt yk ÏÞk÷ rçkúxeþ Mkk{úkßÞ Mk{Þu s ykÔÞku Au. ðuË yLku WÃkrLk»kËLkkt Mk{Þ{kt
su Ãký ¿kkLk «rMkØ Úkíkwt íku {kuxu ¼køku ¼økðkLkLke Míkwíke {kxu yLku ¼økðkLku Mksuo÷ f]ríkLkkt MðYÃku Úkíkwt. ykÄwrLkf Mk{Þ{kt ÔÞÂõík
¼økðkLk yLku íkuLke Açke{ktÚke çknkh ykðeLku ÃkkuíkkLke f]rík ÃkkuíkkLkk ÔÞÂõíkøkík Lkk{u «rMkØ ÚkkÞ íku heíkLkwt rð[khíkku ÚkÞku yLku
yk{ ÃkkuíkkLkk MksoLkLku Mðef]ík f]rík íkhefu Lkk{Lkk {¤u íkuLkku ykLktË Ãký ÷uíkku ÚkÞku yk{ çkkirØf MktÃkËk yLku íkuLkk yLðÞu økútÚk
Mðkr{íðLkku fkÞËku (fkuÃkehkEx)Lkku WËT¼ð ÚkÞku.
¼khík{kt økútÚkMðkr{íðLkku fkÞËku
çkLkeo fLðuþLk yLku ÃkurhMk fLðuþLkLke MkV¤íkk çkkË fkuÃkehkEx ytøkuLkwt {níðLkwt fkÞo Úkðk {ktzâwt. ¼khík{kt rçkúrxþ
þkMkLkLke nuX¤ Mkki «Úk{ 1914{kt fkÞËku yÂMíkíð{kt ykÔÞku, su fkÞËku su rçkúrxþ fkuÃkehkEx yuõx 1911Lke MkwÄkhu÷e
ykð]rík níke. 1947{kt ¼khík ykÍkË ÚkÞk çkkË yk fkÞËk{kt MkwÄkhk ðÄkhk Úkðk ÷køÞk. Ãkrhýk{u Ëhuf hkßÞku{kt yk fkÞËku
yufMkh¾ku LkÚke, Aíkkt ÷kuf{kLkMk{kt yu ðkík Au fu fkuÃkehkEx suðku fkuE fkÞËku Au su MksofLku hûký ykÃku Au.
økútÚkMðkr{íðLkku fkÞËku (1957) nuX¤Lke økútÚkk÷Þ {kxuLke Mkøkðz
yk fkÞËk nuX¤ ¼khík{kt «fkrþík ÃkwMíkfkuLke ykuAk{kt ykuAe [kh [kh Lkf÷ MkhfkhLku ykÃkðkLke hnu Au. su{ktLke yuf
Lkf÷ LkuþLk÷ ÷kÞçkúuíke, fku÷f¥kkLku yLku çkkfeLke Lkf÷ku Ëhuf hkßÞ{kt hkßÞu Lk¬e fhu÷k økútÚkk÷Þku{kt {kuf÷ðk{kt ykðu Au.1
fkuÃkehkExLkwt ¼krð
yuf Mkðuo yLkwMkkh LkðeLkðe xufLkku÷kuS Íuhkuûkªøk, fuçk÷, xur÷rðÍLk, Mkuxu÷kEx, fkuBÞwrLkfuþLk fBÃÞwxh rðrzÞku xuÃkªøkLkk
fkhýu fux÷ef Mkðo Mkk{kLÞ ÃkrhÂMÚkrík W¼e Úkðk Ãkk{e Au. Mkku^xðuh zuð÷Ãkh {kxu fkuEÃký ykxeof÷Lkwt fkuÃke fhíkkt yxfkððkLkkt
(ÃkuÃkh yÚkðk rðòýwt) MkkÄLkku þkuÄðk y½hk Au. yk WÃkhktík rVÕ{, r[ºk, MkkWLz, hufkuŠzLøk yÚkðk yLÞ fkuE zuxk çkuÍ
RLxhLkuxLkk {kæÞ{Úke yMktÏÞ ÷kufkuLku Mkh¤íkkÚke {¤e hnu Au.
MktþkuÄLkLke {krníke ßÞkhu ykuLk÷kELk nkuÞ íÞkhu rðãkÚkeoyku, MktþkuÄfku, MxkVr{ºkku ðå[u Mknu÷kEÚke {krníke rðíkhý
Úkíkwt nkuÞ Au.
fkuÃkehkExLkwt y{÷efhý
fkuÃkehkExLkwt y{÷efhý yux÷u fu íku yk fkÞËk îkhk su {q¤¼qík fíkkoLkk fkÞoLke Lkf÷ yxfkððkLkwt fk{, su fkÞËkfeÞ
hûký Ãkqhw Ãkkzu Au. yk fkÞËk nuX¤ ßÞkhu fkuE ÔÞÂõíkLku nf {¤u Au íÞkhu íku ÔÞÂõík yk fkÞËkLkwt ÃkqhuÃkqhwt Ãkk÷Lk ÚkkÞ Au fu Lknª
íku òuðkLkku yrÄfkh yLku nf Ähkðu Au.
{Õxer{rzÞk MktçktrÄík fkuÃkehkEx
zuxkçkuÍ fhíkk {Õxer{zeÞk ytøku ðÄkhu Ãkzíke yMÃküíkk ytøku økwt[ðý òuðk {¤u Au. B÷xe{erzÞk {wÏÞíðu r[ºkku nhíke
Vhíke r[ºkkuðk¤e rVÕ{ku, Mktøkeík rðòýwtfeÞ xuûk, økúkrVõMk yLku yurLk{uþLk ðøkuhu MkkÚku Mkt÷øLk Au. su{Lke ÃkkMku fkÞËkfeÞ
÷kÞMkLMk Au. íkuLku íku WíÃkkËLk ðkÃkhe þfu yLku íkuLkk yLkyrÄf]ík heíku WÃkÞkuøk MktçktrÄík «ríkçktÄ nkuÞ Au.1
*rðãkÚkeo, økútÚkk÷Þ yLku {krníke rð¿kkLk rð¼køk, {.Ëu. Mk{ks Mkuðk {nkrðãk÷Þ, Ãkkhtøkík ð»ko-2, økqshkík rðãkÃkeX, y{ËkðkË
rðòýwtfeÞ ðkíkkðhý{kt fkuÃkehkEx
Lkðe xufLkku÷kuS {krníke WÃk¼kuõíkk MktþkuÄfku, rðãkÚkeoyku yLku Mk{økú Mk{ks {kxu ykþeðkoËYÃk rLkðze Au. íku øk{u íku
MÚk¤u hnuíkk øk{u íku Mk{Þu øk{u íkux÷k «{ký{kt yLku ¾[o{kt fhfMkhÞwõík {krníke ÃkqheÃkkze «íÞkÞLkLkk yðhkuÄLku Ëwh fhu Au.1
{krníke fkÞËkLkku rðþu»k yrÄfkh
furLÿÞ {krníke Ãkt[ yux÷u f÷{ 12Lke Ãkuxk f÷{ (1) nuX¤ h[kÞu÷ furLÿÞ {krníke Ãkt[ furLÿÞ ònuh {krníke
yrÄfkhe yux÷u f÷{ 5Lke Ãkuxk f÷{ (1) nuX¤ {wfhh fhu÷ furLÿÞ ònuh {krníke yrÄfkh yLku íku{k Ãkuxkf÷{ (2) nuX¤
{wfhh fhu÷ furLÿÞ {ËËLkeþ ònuh {krníke yrÄfkheLkku Mk{kðuþ ÚkkÞ Au. ÷kufMk¼kLkk yÚkðk hkßÞMk¼kLkk yÚkðk
rðÄkLkMk¼kLkk yÚkðk Mkt½hkßÞ ûkuºkLkk rfMMkk{kt yæÞûk yLku hkßÞMk¼k yÚkðk hkßÞ rðÄkLk Ãkrh»kËLkk rfMMkk{kt yæÞûk
Wå[¥k{ LÞkÞk÷ÞLkkt rfMMkk{kt Wå[LÞk÷ÞLkkt {wÏÞ LÞkÞ{qŠík MktrðÄkLkÚke yÚkðk íku nuX¤ MÚkÃkkÞu÷kt yÚkðk hkßÞÃkk÷ ðøkuhu
MktrðÄkLkLke f÷{ 239 nuX¤ rLk{kÞu÷k ðrnðxËkhku ðøkuhu yLku {krníke yux÷u hufkuzo, ËMíkkðuòu, {u{ku, R-{uE÷ ðøkuhu
yr¼«kÞku yLÞkuLkku Mk{kðuþ ÚkkÞ Au.
MkkrníÞ [kuhe (ðkt[Lk Mkk{økúeLke Lkf÷ fhðe)
økútÚkk÷Þ{kt swËk swËk «fkhLkkt ðk[fku ykðíkk nkuÞ Au. íku{kt rMkrLkÞh rMkxeÍLk, ðfe÷ku, zkìõxhku MktþkuÄfku, WãkuøkÃkríkyku,
rðãkÚkeoyku, ði¿kkrLkfku, çkk¤rð¼køk{kt çkk¤fku ðøkuhu ÔÞÂõíkyku ykðíkk nkuÞ Au. ykðk WÃk¼kuõíkkyku ðå[u òu fkuEÃký MkkrníÞ
íku{ýu øk{e òÞ yLku [kuhe (Lkf÷) fhðkLkku «ÞkMk fhu yÚkðk íkuyku íku{Lku MktíkkzeLku ÷E Lk òÞ íku {kxu ykÃkýk økútÚkk÷Þku{kt
f{o[kheyku fkWLxh Ãkh hk¾ðk{kt ykðu÷k nkuÞ Au. Ãkhtíkw yksLkk Mkkt«íkÞwøk «{kýu Ãknu÷kLkk økútÚkk÷Þku yLku yksLkk
økútÚkk÷Þku{kt xufrLkf÷ ÃkØríkLkku ¾qçk s WÃkÞkuøk ðÄe økÞku Au. íkuLkk fkhýu òu MkkrníÞLke [kuhe Lk ÚkkÞ, ðk[fku MktíkkzeLku ÷E Lk
òÞ yu {kxu fu{uhkykuLkwt Ãký ykÞkusLk Úkðwt òuEyu. òu Mkuðk ykÃkíkku f{o[khe ÔÞðÂMÚkík Lknª nkuÞ íkku íkuLke MkuðkLkwt Ãkk÷Lk Lknª
fhíkku nkuÞ íkku íkuLkku fkuE yÚko hnuíkku LkÚke.
yksLkk ykÄwrLkf Þwøk{kt ykÃkýu òýeyu Aeyu íku {wsçk Ëhuf søÞkyu Xuh Xuh çkwfMxku÷, ÷kheyku, ËwfkLkku yLku
yufuzur{yku [k÷íke nkuÞ Au. ßÞk yLkuf «fkþLkku òuðk {¤u Au. ðkt[fkuLke sYrhÞkíkLku ykÄkhu økútÚkk÷ÞLkkt økútÚkÃkk÷kuyu
rð¢uíkkyku MkkÚkuLkk ÔÞðnkhku fu¤ððku òuEyu.
økútÚkÃkk÷kuLkwt WÃk¼kuõíkkyku MkkÚkuLkwt ðíkoLk yLku ð÷ý
fkuEÃký økútÚkk÷Þku{kt økútÚkÃkk÷kuLkwt WÃk¼kuõíkk ðå[uLkwt ðíkoLk, ÔÞðnkh yLku yufçkeòLku Mk{òððkLke sYh Au. nwt Ãkýwt
ynt{ Lk nkuðku òuEyu. økútÚkÃkk÷ yk¾e ÷kÞçkúuhe [÷kðíkk nkuÞ yux÷u yu{ýu yu ðkíkLkwt æÞkLk hk¾ðwt òuEyu fu yk
økútÚkk÷Þ{kt nwt fhwt Awt íku{s Lknª Ãkhtíkw su fkuE WÃk¼kuõíkk ÃkkuíkkLke Mk{MÞk ÷ELku íkuLke {krníke {u¤ððk {kxu ykíkwhíkkÚke
ykÔÞku nkuÞ íÞkhu þktríkÚke ykðfkh ykÃkðku íÞkhçkkË íkuLke çkuXf ÔÞðMÚkk fhe ykÃkðe yLku íkuLku «u{Úke çkuMkkzðku. íÞkhçkkË
íkuLke sYrhÞkík çkkçkíku ÃkwAðwt. íkuLku òuEíke {krníke íkkífkr÷f {¤e hnu yu{ nkuÞ íkku Mkíðhu Ãkqhe Ãkkzðe yLku Lkrnðík
Mktòuøkku{kt òu Lk çkLku íkku íkuLku «u{Úke fnuðwt fu Úkkuze hkn òuþku ykðwt fnuðkÚke WÃk¼kuõíkkLku Mknus Ãký ¾kuxw ÷køkíkwt LkÚke.
Ëhuf WÃk¼kuõíkkyku yufs «fkhLke {krníke {u¤ððk ykðíkk nkuíkk LkÚke. ykÚke su íku {krníke y[kLkf WÃk¼kuõíkk
{ktøkðkÚke íkuLku rLkhkþ Lk fhðku Ãkhtíkw íkuLku fnuðwt òuEyu fu yk {krníke y{wf søÞkyuÚke {¤e hnuþu. ykðwt rLkËuoþefhý fhðkÚke
ðk[fLku ¾kuxwt ÷køkíkwt LkÚke. yLku íkuLku yuf «fkhLke Mkrn»ýwíkk yLku nwtV {¤e hnu Au. íkuLku ÃkkuíkkLkk MktþkuÄLk fkÞo{kt fk{ fhðkLkku
ykLktË Úkþu yLku íkuLkku ykí{rðïkMk ðÄþu. suÚke íkuLkwt fkÞo Mktíkku»kfkhfÃkqýo fhþu.
økútÚkÃkk÷ yLku WÃk¼kuõíkk ðå[uLkwt ð÷ý :
Ëhuf økútÚkÃkk÷ku yu Lk¬e fhðwt fu {Lku su Vhs Ãkqhe Ãkkzu÷ Au. su fk{økehe {kxu nkuÆku ykÃÞku Au. íku {khku nkuÆku Au Ãký {khwt
MkuðkLkwt fk{ Au suÚke nwt sux÷e ðÄw Mkuðk fheþ, sux÷e ðk[fkuLku òuEíke {krníke Ãkqhe Ãkkzeþ, ðk[f Mktíkku»k yus {khe Mkuðk Au.
økútÚkÃkk÷u WÃk¼kuõíkkLke sYrhÞkíkLke LkkUÄ ÷uðe suÚke økútÚkk÷Þ{kt MkwÄkhku ykðe þfu.
f{o[kheykuLke ÃkMktËøke fhðe
økútÚkk÷Þ{kt rLkÞ{ku «{kýu f{o[kheykuLke ÃkMktËøke fhðe. íku{kt f{o[khe ðVkËkh íkÚkk rþûkeík nkuðk òuEyu. ðk[fku
MkkÚkuLkwt ðíkoLk yLku ÔÞðnkh fuðe heíku fhðk íkuLkwt ¿kkLk nkuðwt òuEyu. íkuLku íkuLkk Mk{Þ WÃkhktík fkuE fkÞo MkkUÃkðk{kt ykðu íkku íku fkÞo
Ãkqhwt fhe þfðkLke ûk{íkk Ähkðíkku nkuðku òuEyu íkÚkk økútÚkk÷ÞLkku yLkw¼ð Ähkðíkku nkuÞ.
rðrðÄ Ãkrhýkí{f økútÚkk÷Þ MkuðkLku ÷ûk{kt hk¾e íkuLke MkwðkMkLku MkwÞkuøÞ heíku «Mkhkððk {kxu rðr¼Òk fûkkyu rLkÞík
÷kÞfkík Ähkðíkk f{o[kheyku nkuðk RåALkeÞ Au. økútÚkk÷ÞLkkt f{o[kheykuLku MkwÞkuøÞ rþûký ykÃkðkLke òuøkðkE nkuðe òuEyu
yux÷wt s Lknª Ãký þiûkrýf ÷kÞfkík MkkÚku ÞkuøÞ Ãkøkkh ÄkuhýLke MÃküíkk RåALkeÞ Au. suÚke f{o[kheLke ÃkMktËøke fhðk {kxu
ÞkuøÞ heíku W{uËðkh Mkûk{ nkuðku òuEyu.2
ík{k{ Mkk{krsf Mkuðkyku{kt økútÚkk÷Þ MkuðkLkwt MÚkkLk «Úk{ nhku¤{kt Au. yk Mkuðk {kLkðMkuðkLke ¼kðLkk Ãkh h[kÞu÷ Au.
yux÷u økútÚkk÷Þ Mkuðk{kt ykfkh ÷uíke rºk{qŠík{kt økútÚkÃkk÷ (f{o[kheøký) yuf yMkhfkhf ½xfíkíð hnu Au. økútÚkk÷ÞLkk f{o[kheyku
yÃkurûkík ÷kÞfkík Ähkðíkk nkuÞ íkux÷wt Ãkqhíkwt s LkÚke. {kLkð yLku ÃkwMíkf «íÞu íkuLku yLknË ÷køkýe nkuðe òuEyu.
økútÚkk÷Þ MkuðkLke Mk{s yLku Mk{kLkíkk f{o[khe {kºkk{kt nkuðe òuEyu. íkuLkk{kt r{÷LkMkkhÃkýwt yLku MknfkhLke ¼kðLkk
nkuðe òuEyu. íkuLkku Mð¼kð {]Ëw yLku ÔÞðnkhrþü nkuðku òuEyu. ðkfTÃkxwíkkLke MkkÚku ðk[fLke {ktøkLku yku¤¾ðkLke íkuLkk{kt
þÂõík nkuðe òuEyu. íkuLkk{kt ÔÞðMkkÞ «rík rLkck yLku íku MðtÞ ¿kkLk rÃkÞkMkwt nkuðkLke MkkÚku ðk[fLkku r{ºk, ÃkÚkËþof yLku
MknkÞf çkLke hnuðku òuEyu yLku yu ðkík æÞkLk{kt hk¾ðe òuEyu fu økútÚkk÷Þ MkuðkLke rºk{qŠíkLkkt yk [uíkLk rçktËw Úkfe rLkùuíkLk
ðk[Lk Mkk{økúe ðk[fkuLkkt fhf÷{Lkku MÃkþo Ãkk{e [uíkLkkLkku Äçkfkh Ãkk{u Au.2
Vhs «íÞuLke rLkck
VhsLke ðkík ykðu íÞkhu Ëhufu ÃkkuíkkLkk nf yLku Vhs yËk fhðkLkkt nkuÞ Au. Mkhfkh ykÃkýLku ÃkkuíkkLkk fk{ ytøku Lkkýkt
[wfðu Au. yuLke Mkk{u ykÃkýu fk{ ykÃkðwt sYhe Au. íku heíku Vhs «íÞuÃký yux÷k s rLkckðkLk yLku Mk{ÞMkh íkuLkku y{÷efhý
fhe íkuLkku ÞkuøÞ y{÷ ÚkkÞ íkuðwt ykÞkusLk fhðwt ÃkkuíkkLke Vhs{kt su fk{økehe ykðíke nkuÞ yLku yuLkk WÃkhktík òu fkuE Mk{Þu
ðÄkhkLke fk{økehe fhðkLke ykðu íkku íku rLkckÚke, n{ËËeoÚke Mðefkhe ÷uðe òuEyu yLku yk fk{økehe Ãký nkuþu nkuþu Ãkqhe fhðe
yus ¾hu¾h ÃkkuíkkLke Vhs yËk fhe økýkÞ ykÚke Vhs «íÞu rLkckðkLk çkLkðwt yu sYhe Au.
Mk{ÞÃkk÷Lk
økútÚkk÷Þ{kt f{o[kheykuyu Ãký Mk{ÞLkwt Ãkk÷Lk fhðwt rníkkðn Au. fu{ fu f{o[khe Mk{ÞMkh økútÚkk÷Þ{kt ykðu Lknª íkku
ðkt[fkuLkku Mk{Þ çkøkzíkku nkuÞ Au. yuf f{o[kheLkk fkhýu Ãký yLkuf ðk[fku nuhkLk Úkíkk nkuÞ Au. suÚke ÃkkuíkkLkk rLkÞík fhu÷k Mk{Þu
ykððwt yLku rLkÞík fhu÷k Mk{Þu Awtxðwt òu rLkÞ{çkØ yLku ÃkkuíkkLkk nfkuLkwt ¼kLk hk¾e Mk{ÞMkh fk{økeheLke MkkÚku Mk{ÞLkwt Ãkk÷Lk
s¤ðkÞ íkku økútÚkk÷ÞLkk fkÞoLku ¾qçks ðuøk {¤u Au.
WÃk¼kuõíkk MkkÚku økútÚkk÷Þ Mkuðkyku{kt ÔÞðnkrhf ð÷ý
WÃk¼kuõíkkykuLke Mkuðkyku{kt økútÚkÃkk÷u WÃk¼kuõíkkyku {kxuLke Mkuðkyku{kt WÃk¼kuõíkkykuLke yÃkurûkík {ktøkLkk MktË¼o{kt yÃkurûkík
Mkuðkyku ykÞkursík fhðe òuEyu.
WÃk¼kuõíkk {kxu fkÞ{e yLku rLkÞr{ík heíku Mkuðkyku Ãkqhe Ãkkzðk {kxuLkwt ykÞkusLk fhðwt òuEyu. WÃk¼kuõíkk «rþûký fkÞo¢{
rðrðÄ fûkkLkk Þkuòíkk nkuÞ Au. su økútÚkk÷ÞLkk MktøkúnLkku ÔÞkÃkf WÃkÞkuøk ðk[fku fhe þfu íkuðwt fkiþÕÞ rðfMkkððk {kxuLkk fkÞo¢{ku
Au. WÃk¼kuõíkk rþûký þk¤k, fku÷us yLku rðïrðãk÷Þ{kt yLku þiûkrýf MktMÚkk íkÚkk MktþkuÄLk MktMÚkkLkk Lkðk f{o[kheyku
(MktþkuÄfkuLku) økútÚkk÷ÞLkk Mktøkún yLku MkuðkykuÚke Ãkrhr[ík fhkððk òuEyu yLku WÃk¼kuõíkkykuLku Mkuðkyku {¤ðe òuEyu.3
MktË¼o Mkqr[
(1) fkLkrzÞk, «Þíkfh ¾e{S¼kE, hkðík WŠ{÷kçkuLk «rðý, {krníke yLku «íÞkÞLk, y{ËkíkðkË : Ãkkïo ÃkÂç÷fuþLk
(2) ¼iÞk, AøkLk. økútÚkk÷Þ yLku Mk{ks, y{ËkðkË : økqsohøkútÚk híLk fkÞko÷Þ.
(3) ¼kðMkkh, rfhex. økútÚkk÷Þ{kt WÃk¼kuõíkk rþûký, y{ËkðkË : Ãkkïo ÃkÂç÷fuþLk.

RÐ KÞ Çkeòu Økútúkk÷Þ Ylku (Krníke RÐ¿KKLK Íkúkk Mkuðkyku (KT Ôþðmkkrþf Lkerík ( KK

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RÐ KÞ Çkeòu Økútúkk÷Þ Ylku (Krníke RÐ¿KKLK Íkúkk Mkuðkyku (KT Ôþðmkkrþf Lkerík ( KK

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rð»kÞ çkeòu

økútÚkk÷Þ yLku {krníke rð¿kkLk íkÚkk Mkuðkyku{kt ÔÞðMkkrÞf Lkerík{¥kk

1 hkð÷ Lkeíkk Ãke. 81

and Tai Hasanali Abdulkhal 101

❖ yk Ãk]Úðe Ãkh fkuE s Mk÷k{íke LkÚke. ynª {kºk íkfku Au.

*økútÚkÃkk÷, yu.ðe. Ãkxu÷ fku{Mko fku÷us, çke÷e{kuhk

* økútÚkÃkk÷, {h[Lx çke.Mke.yu./Ãke.S.ze.Mke.yu. fku÷us, rðMkLkøkh.

❖ yk søkík{kt ÞkuøÞíkk fhíkkt ½ýe ðÄw íkfku Au.

❖ yðMkh [qfe sLkkhLku ÃkAíkkðwt Ãkzu Au.

❖ íkf ¼køÞu s çkeS ðkh {¤u Au.

❖ íkf økw{kððe yux÷u MkV¤íkk økw{kððe.

❖ yðMkh ðøkh çkku÷ðwt ÔÞÚko Au.

❖ yr¼{kLk fhLkkh {kLkðeLkwt ÃkíkLk rLkrùík nkuÞ Au.

❖ yr¼{kLku VrhMíkkykuLku þuíkkLk çkLkkðe ËeÄk, ßÞkhu Lk{úíkkyu ELMkkLkLku VrhMíkk

❖ fqfzku {kLku Au fu MkqÞo {khe çkktøk Mkkt¼¤ðk {kxu s Qøku Au.

❖ Ëwçko¤ þhehku{kt yntfkh «çk¤ nkuÞ Au.

❖ yn{TLkk ykuøk¤ðkÚke ¼Þ Lkkþ Ãkk{u Au.

❖ yr¼{kLkÚke {kLkðe Vw÷kE þfu Au, Vu÷kE þfíkku LkÚke.

❖ {kuxk ÷kufkuLke «þtMkkÚke ykÃkýku ykí{rðïkMk ðÄw áZ ÚkkÞ Au.

*økútÚkÃkk÷, ©e yu.fu. Ëkuþe {rn÷k fku÷us, ò{Lkøkh.

* økútÚkÃkk÷, ©e{íke ðe.ze. ½u÷kýe {rn÷k ykxoTMk fku÷us, Mkkðhfwtz÷k

*Librarian, Law College, Himatnagar

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