Module 1: COMMUNICATION PROCESSES, PRINCIPLES, ETHICS AND

GLOBALIZATION

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Demonstrate an understanding of the key ideas in language and communication; and
2. Relate your personal experience with the input presented.

Contents:
Communication is the act of conveying meaning to a person or group of people using a
mutually understood symbols, gestures, behaviors and semiotic rules. It plays a significant role in
a day to day basis since it is used to persuade, inform, entertain and motivate. It is important to
develop vanity of skills in communication depending on its purpose, as well as to know how to
interpret conversation and information coming from others. As much as communication is
acquired skills, not everyone can communicate properly not unless they exert effort to develop
and refine their communication skill. By knowing our audience and understanding how they
need to receive information is equally important as knowing ourselves.
Purposive communication is an intentional communication that happens within the
bounds of specific contexts. A communication applied in a specific setting, environment, scene,
social relations and culture. Contexts affects the process of sending and receiving of messages;
semantics or meanings, choice of channels, words and methods of delivery. The context includes
the settings or environment, social relationships, scenes which include place, time and occasion,
and culture.

Lesson I
What is Language?
Language is a wonderfully rich vehicle for communication. It is a system of
conventional spoken, manual, or written symbols by means of which human beings,
as members of a social group and participants in its culture, express themselves. The
functions of language include communication, the expression of identity, play,
imaginative expression, and emotional release. It has a system of rules (also known as
grammar), a sound system (phonology), and a vocabulary (lexicon). These are the requirements
for identifying a means of communication as a language. When people use language, they can
understand each other because they belong to the same speech community. They can understand
each other because in their speech community, people share the same set of rules in the language
system. While growing up, people acquire the languages used by those in the community. This is
the process of language acquisition. The languages acquired while growing up are known as
mother tongues, which may also be referred to as first language. People discover later on that
other language are needed various reasons. These other languages may be referred to as second
language. People learn these languages by studying formally in school or informally on their
own. This is a process of language learning.
What happens if people visit another speech community that is different from their own?
American’s and British speak English. However, they spell English words differently. They
pronounce words differently. They have different ways of expressing the same concepts. It can
be said that the Americans and the British belong to two speech communities which do not have
exactly the same set of rules for their languages. This is why there are differences in their
languages. The opening activity on the previous page illustrates this reality.
What happens if you, for example, who speak the mother tongue and English, go to work
in China where the residents speak Putonghua (Mandarin) and a little bit of English? Will you be
able to communicate with the Chinese? The answer is yes. Though it will be a challenge for you
and your Chinese friends to try to understand each other, eventually you will be able to
communicate as you slowly learn each other’s languages. What is happening here is called
language contact. The result of such contact may be a new form of language. It is possible that
in your attempt to communicate with each other, you and your Chinese friend will produce a new
language form that is understandable to both of you. Your own languages may also change as
you constantly interact and communicate with each other. Thus, language change is the result of
language contact.
Language is indeed a complex human capacity. It is, therefore, important to be aware of
its feature and behavior to be able to use language more effectively and productively in
communicating with each other’s.
Lesson II
What is Communication?
Communication as a term takes on different contexts resulting in people
having different views in communication types. Since communication is generally
defined as the exchange of thoughts, ideas, concepts and view between or among
two or more people. Context is the circumstances or environment in which
communication takes place. Such circumstances may include the physical or actual
setting, the value positions of a speaker/listener, and the relevance or
appropriateness of a message conveyed. It focuses on certain communication
process and even groupings of people that constitute a communication situation.
Different contexts can impact one’s communication. Each communication type is
governed by a particular circumstance. Hence, it is essential to pay attention and
interplay of factors surrounding the context of communication which may be
physical, cultural, social, and psychological in nature. Communication may then be
class according to:(1) communication mode,(2) context mode, and (3) purpose and
style.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO MODE

A message may be impart through these types; verbal-non-verbal and visual.
While communication is often thought of as verbal, the non-verbal mode is equally
essential as it enhances one’s message.
VERBAL-NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Effective communication calls for the blending of these two types. One cannot
be separated from the other. For example, door-to-door sales persons who
demonstrate product knowledge can only be effective if they know how to properly
punctuate what they say with proper gestures and facial expressions. Their
communication with the customer begins upon greeting him/her with a welcoming
smile then assessing customer needs and answering customer queries enhanced by
gestures and a friendly, happy and pleasant disposition. It is through this mode that
salespole with excellent communication skills are able to provide the best
information needed, by that means convincing the client to patronize their products.
VISUAL COMMUNICATION
Visual communication, on the other hand, is the type of communication that
uses visuals to convey information and/or messages. Some examples are signs,
symbol, imagery, maps, graphs , charts, diagrams,pictograms, photos, drawings or
illustrations, and even various forms of electronic communication.
 Visual communication now occupies an important place in any work
environment. For instance, during presentations, instructors, managers, doctors,
lawyers, legislators and the like use visuals to transfer data into digestible
information. Very likely, they have greater success in catching the attention of the
audience making the latter easily recall the information. What makes visual
communication even more advantages is that it makes use of communication even
more advantages is that it makes use of technology that provides
apps( applications), videos and images that rely less on the printed word making
presentations more interesting. This leaves a powerful effect on the audience and
prospective clients. Speakers/presenters should be mindful of the content of their
presentation since wrong and irrelevant information may lead to miscommunication.
Likewise, they should pay attention to graphic elements, such as
position,color,size,shape and orientation as all these play an important role in the
presentation of slides. Audience size should be considered as well when preparing
slide presentations or other forms of visuals.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO CONTEXT
In this sub-section, context in communication is referred to as composite of
people interacting with each other. Communication may also be classified according
to context:(1)intrapersonal; (2) interpersonal; (3)extended; (4) organizational
communication and (5) intercultural communication.
INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
The Latin prefix intra-means within or inside. Intrapersonal communication then
means talking to oneself. Some label it as self or inner talk, inner dialogue.
Psychologists call it with other names such as self-verbalization or self-statement.
Intrapersonal communication can be defined alsoas communication with one’s self,
and that may include self-talk, acts of imagination and visualization, and even recall
and memory (McLean, 2005). You read on your phone that your friends are going to
have dinner at your favourite restaurant. What comes to mind? Sights, sounds, and
scents? Something special that happened the last time you were there? Do you
contemplate joining them? Do you start to work out a plan of getting from your
present location to the restaurant? Do you send your friends a text asking if they
want company? Until the moment when you hit the “send” button, you are
communicating with yourself. Communications expert Leonard Shedletsky examined
intrapersonal communication through the eight basic components of the
communication process (i.e., source, receiver, message, channel, feedback,
environment, context, and interference) as transactional, but all the interaction
occurs within the individual (Shedletsky, 1989). From planning to problem solving,
internal conflict resolution, and evaluations and judgments of self and others, we
communicate with ourselves through intrapersonal communication. All this
interaction takes place in the mind without externalization, and all of it relies on
previous interaction with the external world.
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
Interpersonal communication can be defined as communication between two
people, but the definition fails to capture the essence of a relationship. This broad
definition is useful when we compare it to intrapersonal communication, or
communication with ourselves, as opposed to mass communication, or
communication with a large audience, but it requires clarification. The
developmental view of interpersonal communication places emphasis on the
relationship rather than the size of the audience, and draws a distinction between
impersonal and personal interactions. For example, one day your coworker and best
friend, Iris, whom you’ve come to know on a personal as well as a professional level,
gets promoted to the position of manager. She didn’t tell you ahead of time because
it wasn’t certain, and she didn’t know how to bring up the possible change of roles.
Your relationship with Iris will change as your roles transform. Her perspective will
change, and so will yours. You may stay friends, or she may not have as much time as
she once did. Over time, you and Iris gradually grow apart, spending less time
together. You eventually lose touch. What is the status of your relationship? If you
have ever had even a minor interpersonal transaction such as buying a cup of coffee
from a clerk, you know that some people can be personable, but does that mean
you’ve developed a relationship within the transaction process? For many people the
transaction is an impersonal experience, however pleasant. What is the difference
between the brief interaction of a transaction and the interactions you periodically
have with your colleague, Iris, who is now your manager? The developmental view
places an emphasis on the prior history, but also focuses on the level of familiarity
and trust. Over time and with increased frequency we form bonds or relationships
with people, and if time and frequency are diminished, we lose that familiarity. The
relationship with the clerk may be impersonal, but so can the relationship with the
manager after time has passed and the familiarity is lost. From a developmental
view, interpersonal communication can exist across this range of experience and
interaction. Regardless of whether we focus on collaboration or competition, we can
see that interpersonal communication is necessary in the business environment. We
want to know our place and role within the organization, accurately predict those
within our proximity, and create a sense of safety and belonging. Family for many is
the first experience in interpersonal relationships, but as we develop professionally,
our relationships at work may take on many of the attributes we associate with
family communication. We look to each other with similar sibling rivalries,
competition for attention and resources, and support. The workplace and our peers
can become as close, or closer, than our birth families, with similar challenges and
rewards. To summarize, interpersonal relationships are an important part of the work
environment.

LESSON III

INPUT
COMMUNICATION MODELS
Why is it important that you know the communication models? You will realize their
importance because they will help you understand how a communication process works. It is
only by knowing the flow of communication that you will be able to make the communication
process effective.

Communication models are systematic representations of the process which helps in

understanding how communication works can be done. Models show the process
metaphorically and in symbols. They form general perspectives on communication by breaking
communication from complex to simple and keeps the components in order. Communication
models can sometimes encourage traditional thinking and stereotyping but can also omit some
major aspects of human communication.

Methods and channels of communication to be used and the purpose of

communication, must be considered before choosing a specific communication model. Models
are used by business companies and other firms to foster their communication, explore their
options and to evaluate their own situations. It is also used to understand how the receivers will
interpret the message.

A model is often abstract. It is a representation of a real world phenomenon applied to

different forms. The interplay of variables in the model is represented graphically. Try to assess
later what comprises the communication models and what variables are common to each of
them. A model is widely used to depict any idea, thought or a concept in a more simpler way
through diagrams, pictorial representations etc. Models go a long way in making the
understanding of any concept easy and clear. Through a model one can easily understand a
process and draw conclusions from it. In simpler words a model makes the learning simple.

There are general types of communication models in which all other communication models are
mostly categorized to only four: (1) Aristotle model; (2) Laswell’s model; (3) Shannon-Weaver’s
model; and (4) David Berlo’s model of communication.

ARISTOTLE MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

Aristotle was the first to take an initiative and design the communication model. Let us
first go through a simple situation. In a political meeting, the prospective leader delivers speech
to the audience urging for more votes from the constituency. He tries to convince the crowd in
the best possible way he can so that he emerges as a winner. What is he actually doing?

He is delivering his speech in a manner that the listeners would get convinced and cast
their votes only in his favour, or in other words respond in the same manner the speaker
wanted to. Here the leader, speaker or the sender is the center of attraction and the crowd
simply the passive listeners.

According to this model, the speaker plays a key role in communication. He is the
one who takes complete charge of the communication. The sender first prepares a content
which he does by carefully putting his thoughts in words with an objective of influencing the
listeners or the recipients, who would then respond in the sender’s desired way. No points in
guessing that the content has to be impressive in this model for the audience or the receivers
to get convinced. The model says that the speaker communicates in such a way that the
listeners get influenced and respond accordingly.

The speaker must be very careful about his selection of words and content in this model
of communication. He should understand his target audience and then prepare his speech.
Making eye contact with the second party is again a must to create an impact among the
listeners. Let us again go through the first example. The politician must understand the needs
of the people in his constituency like the need of a shopping mall, better transport system,
safety of girls etc and then design his speech. His speech should address all the above issues
and focus on providing the solutions to their problems to expect maximum votes from them.
His tone and pitch should also be loud and clear enough for the people to hear and
understand the speech properly. Stammering, getting nervous in between of a conversation
must be avoided.Voice modulations also play a very significant role in creating the desired
effect. Blank expressions, confused looks and similar pitch all through the speech making it
monotonous and pullify its effect. The speaker should know where to lay more stress on,
highlight which words to influence the listeners.
 One will definitely purchase the mobile handset from that store where the sales man
gives an impressive demo of the mobile. It depends on the sales man what to speak and how to
speak in a manner to influence the listeners so that they respond to him in a way he actually
wants i.e. purchase the handset and increase his billing.

The Aristotle model of communication is the widely accepted and the most common
model of communication where the sender sends the information or a message to the
receivers to influence them and make them respond and act accordingly. Aristotle model of
communication is the golden rule to excel in public speaking, seminars, lecture where the
sender makes his point clear by designing an impressive content, passing on the message to
the second part and they simply respond accordingly. Here the sender is the active member
and the receiver is the passive one.

Classical rhetoric dates back to ancient Greece during the time of Plato, Aristotle, and
the Greek Sophists who were great rhetoricians. Effective public speaking was an important
consideration in the study of communication. They were good at argumentation and debate
and speech was characterized by repartee.

Aristotle emphasized that there are three variables in the communication process:
speaker, speech, and audience as illustrated in the communication flow below.

SPEAKER SPEECH AUDIENCE

LASWELL’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

In 1948, Harold Dwight Laswell described communication as being focused on the
following Ws: Who says What in Which channel to Whom and with What effect as seen in the
model below:

Who Says what In which channel To whom With what effect

Communicator Message Medium Receiver Effects

The whole process of communication begins with the communicator (who) sending out
a message (what) using a medium (in which channel) for a receiver (to whom) experiencing an
effect (with what effect) afterwards. The process may be analyzed through the content sent, the
medium used, as well as the effect on the recipient of the message.

While this model is similar to Aristotle’s in the sense that both are linear and have the
same components, Laswell’s also differs in that there are five variables involved, with the
addition of two: medium and effect.

Lasswell’s communication model was developed by communication theorist Harold D.

Lasswell (1902-1978) in 1948. Lasswell’s model of communication (also known as action
model or linear model or one way model of communication) is regarded as one the most
influential communication models.
 Lasswell’s
communication model
has 5
components which is used as an analysis tool for evaluating the communication process and
components. The components are the questions to be asked to get the answers and keep
communication going.

Though Lasswell’s model was developed to analyze mass communication, this model is
used for interpersonal communication or group communication to be disseminated message to
various groups in various situations.
Lasswell’s model was developed to study the media propaganda of countries and businesses at
that time. Only rich people used to have communication mediums such as televisions and
radios back them. It was made to show the mass media culture.

Lasswell also brought the concept of Effective Communication Process. He talked about
the relation between presentation of facts and how it generates different effects. The use of the
concept of effect makes Lasswell’s model non-linear unlike it’s name. It’s because effect can also
be taken as feedback.
Though, generally, the component of effect was made to be more about outcome of the
message, the model is applied in different medias and fields despite being developed
specifically for mass communication.
This model is similar to the communication model proposed by Claude Shannon and
Warren Weaver. Their model is more graphical than Lasswell’s. George Gerbner who is the
founder of the cultivation theory, expanded Lasswell’s model and included the concept of
reaction of the receiver.
SHANNON AND WEAVER’S MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION
Shannon Weaver model of communication was created in 1948 when Claude Elwood Shannon
wrote an article “A Mathematical Theory of Communication” in Bell System Technical Journal with
Warren Weaver.

Shannon was an American mathematician whereas Weaver was a scientist. The Mathematical
theory later came to be known as Shannon Weaver model of communication or “mother of all
models.” This model is more technological than other linear models.

Sender (Information source) – Sender is the person who makes the message, chooses the
channel and sends the message.
Encoder (Transmitter) –Encoder is the sender who uses machine, which converts message
into signals or binary data. It might also directly refer to the machine.
Channel –Channel is the medium used to send message.
Decoder (Receiver) – Decoder is the machine used to convert signals or binary data into
message or the receiver who translates the message from signals.
Receiver (Destination) –Receiver is the person who gets the message or the place where the
message must reach. The receiver provides feedback according to the message.
Noise –Noise is the physical disturbances like environment, people, etc. which does not let the
message get to the receiver as what is sent.

The sender encodes the message and sends it to the receiver through a technological channel
like telephone and telegraph. The sender converts the message into codes understandable to
the machine. The message is sent in codes through a medium.

The receiver has to decode the message before understanding it and interpreting it. The
receptor machine can also act as a decoder in some cases. The channel can have noise and the
receiver might not have the capacity to decode which might cause problems in communication
process.
Here, for instance, brain might be the sender, mouth might be the encoder which encodes to a
particular language, air might be the channel, another person’s ear might be the receptor and
his brain might be the decoder and receiver.

Similarly, air is the channel here, the noise present in his environment that disturbs them is
the noise whereas his response is the feedback. There were only 5 components when the
model was made. Noise was added later.
As Shannon was an engineer, this model was first made to improve technical communication,
mainly for telephonic communication. It was made to to maximize telephone capacity with
minimum noise.

Later, Weaver applied it for all kind of communications to develop effective communication and
the model became famous as Shannon Weaver model. In engineering, Shannon’s model is also
called information theory and is used academically to calculate transmission through machines
and also has a formula.

DAVID BERLO’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication represents the process of communication in its
simplest form. The acronym SMCR stands for Sender, Message, Channel, and Receiver. Berlo’s
SMCR Model of Communication describes the different components that form the basic
process of communication. Because this communication tool also emphasises the coding and
decoding of the message, it can be used for more efficient communication.

As far back as ancient Greece, Aristotle already wrote about communication processes. He
described three primary aspects of all forms of communication: the speaker, the subject, and
the person who receives the message. He argued that it is the listener who ultimately
determines the meaning of any particular message. Similar to modern theories on
communication, Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication describes four components of
communication.

In 1948, the Bell System Technical Journal published a mathematical model developed by
Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver. This model was initially developed to improve technical
communication, but would later be applied in many other fields. In 1960, David Berlo expanded
on this linear communication model and created the SMCR Model of Communication. Today,
the sender-receiver framework is often used in communication sciences. Lasswell’s
communication model, for example, consists of a similar framework.
 The major
variables
involved in the

communication process are (1) source, (2) message, (3) channel, and (4) receiver.

The source being the originator of the message acts as the encoder. As such, the
encoder should practice communication skills such as listening, speaking, reading, and writing.
His/Her attitude towards the audience or the subject as well as his/her knowledge about the
topic on hand likewise counts along with the social system that he/she is in which includes
values, beliefs and practices, and culture.

The second variable which is message includes (1) content; (2) elements such as the
language used and gestures employed; (3) treatment or the manner by which the message is
transmitted; and (4) structure which refers to the arrangement of parts or flow of the message.
The code shows how the message is sent: that is, the language (verbal code) used and the
accompanying gestures (non-verbal code) employed. Note that there should be no mismatch
between the verbal and non-verbal codes.

The third variable which is channel refers to the different senses: seeing, hearing,
smelling, tasting, and touching. Finally, the fourth variable is receiver, the one who decodes the
message. Note that the components of this last variable are similar to those of the first since for
communication to be effective, both the source and the receiver should have good
communication skills.

If you were to insert noise as an additional variable fo SMCR, where do you think will it
fit?

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

Since communication is a two-way process, it is significant that you know the principles
to be observed to make it effective. For both oral and written communication, one should be
able to apply the following principles:

1. Know your purpose in communicating. Are you communicating basically to inform, to

entertain, or to persuade? While you may have more than one purpose, there is still a more
dominant objective or reason why you communicate.
2. Know your audience. In both speaking and writing, you should know your audience as it will
dictate the speaking or writing style you are going to employ. Consider the age, educational
background, profession, culture, and other salient features of your listeners or readers.

3. Know your topic. You communicate essentially because you want to share something. In
speaking situations, speakers are invited because they have something to share. This also
applies to writing. You write because you wish that other people learn something from you.
You may then utilize several or multiple communication techniques to easily catch the attention
of the audience.

4. Adjust your speech or writing to the context of the situation. The environment in which your
speech or writing is to be delivered determines the kind of language you will use.

5. Work on the feedback given to you. Once you receive comments from the listeners/readers,
work on them. Take kindly to criticisms. In the long run, constructive criticisms will prove
beneficial to you as you learn to address them.

PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE ORAL COMMUNICATION

1. Be clear with your purpose. You should know by heart your objective in communicating.

2. Be complete with the message you deliver. Make sure that your claims are supported by
facts and essential information.

3. Be concise. You do not need to be verbose or wordy with your statements. Brevity in a
speech is a must.

4. Be natural with your delivery. Punctuate important words with the appropriate gestures and
movements. Exude a certain degree of confidence even if you do not feel confident enough.

5. Be specific and timely with your feedback. Inputs are most helpful when provided on time.

PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE WRITTEN COMMUNICATION: THE 7Cs

1. Be clear. Be clear about your message. Always be guided by your purpose in communicating.

2. Be concise. Always stick to the point and do not beat or run around the bush. Be brief by
focusing on your main point.

3. Be concrete. Support your claims with enough facts. Your readers will easily know if you are
bluffing or deceiving them because there is nothing to substantiate your claims.

4. Be correct. It is important that you observe grammatical correctness in your writing. Always
have time to revise and edit your work. Even simple spelling errors may easily distract your
readers.

5. Be coherent. Your writing becomes coherent only when you convey a logical message. The
ideas should be connected to each other and related to the topic. Make sure that you observe a
sound structure that will present a smooth flow of your ideas. Use transitional or cohesive
devices so that the ideas cohere with one another.
6. Be complete. Include all necessary and relevant information so that the audience will not be
left wanting of any information. Always place yourself in the shoes of the audience, who is
always interested to receive new information.

7. Be courteous. The tone of your writing should be friendly. Avoid any overtone/undertone or
insinuation to eliminate confusion and misinterpretation.

ETHICS OF COMMUNICATION
Communication ethics emphasizes that morals influence the behavior of an individual,
group, or organization thereby affecting their communication. For instance, given the unethical
communication practice of a certain company of concealing the non-remittance of deducted
premiums from employees’ salaries to the SSS or the Social Security System (or GSIS or
Government Service Insurance System in the case of government offices), the company’s
accountability to its employees is undoubtedly affected. Compare this situation with that of an
organization that observes ethical practice and remits the employees’ monthly contributions to
the SSS or GSIS regularly. It is important to note that one’s behavior should be regulated by
honesty, decency, truthfulness, sincerity, and moral uprightness.

Be guided by the following to achieve ethical communication:

1. Establish an effective value system that will pave the way for the development of your
integrity as a person. One’s behavior and decision-making style affect, in turn, the operations of
an organization.

2. Provide complete and accurate information. Whether it is needed or not, the data you
provide should always be contextualized and correct.

3. Disclose vital information adequately and appropriately. Never conceal or hide information
that are necessary for purposes of transparency.

Observing a code of ethics is essential as it determines the kind of behavior that is

proper and desirable over one that is displeasing and offensive. A code of ethics sets the
standards to be observed by a person or a company that will create a good reputation or a
positive image not only for an individual but also for the organization. It will, therefore, pave the
way for the attainment of the desired results leading to the success of an individual or the
entire company. Success in decision-making will likewise impact the company’s reputation.

Lesson IV

ETHICS OF COMMUNICATION

Communication ethics emphasizes that morals influence the behavior of an individual, group, or
organization thereby affecting their communication. For instance, given the unethical communication
practice of a certain company of concealing the non-remittance of deducted premiums from employees’
salaries to the SSS or the Social Security System (or GSIS or Government Service Insurance System in the
case of government office),the company’s accountability to its employees is undoubtedly affected.
Compare this situation with that of an organization that observes ethical practice and remits the
employees’ monthly contributions to the SSS or GSIS regularly. It is important to note that one’s behavior
should be regulated by honesty, decency, truthfulness, sincerity, and moral uprightness.
 Be guided by the following to achieve ethical communication:

1. Establish an effective value system that will pave the way for the development of your
integrity as a person. One’s behavior and decision-making style affect, in turn, the operations of
an organization.

2. Provide complete and accurate information. Whether it is needed or not, the data you provide
should always be contextualized and correct.

3. Disclose vital information edequately and appropriately, Never conceal or hide information
that are necessary for purposes of transparency.

Observing a code of ethics is essential as it determines the kind of behavior that is proper and
desirable over one that is displeasing and offensive. A code of ethics sets the standards to be observed
by a person or a company that will create a good reputation or a positive image not only for an individual
but also for the organization. It will, therefore, pave the way for the attainment of the desired results
leading to the success of an individual or the entire company. Success in decision-making will likewise
impact the company’s reputation.

Processing & Reflections

(Ron Oposa na assign – wala pa nahuman)

Excercises and Assessments

Lesson I.
Task 1.1.1
My Language Biography

Reflect on the concepts presented in the input and connect these to your personal
experience of language by creating you own language Biography. Begin by filling with the
language Biodata form below.
Language Biodata Form
How many languages do you speak? Identify
these languages.
What is/are your first language/s or mother
tongue/s?
How did you acquire your first language/s or
mother tongue/s?

What skills you can perform using your first

language/s?
What is/are your second language/s?

How did you learn your second language/s?

What skills you perform using your second

language/s?

What are your language strengths?

What are your language weaknesses?

Which language is your favorite and why?

With the information provided in your Language Biodata Form, write your Language
Biography, which is a paragraph that tells the story of your languages.

My language Biography:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Task 1.1.2
Language and communication
Exercise/Assessment :
Read the following statements carefully. Decide if each statement is true or false. Write T
on the blank if the statement is true and F if it is false. If the statement is false , rewrite or revise
it to make it true.
____ 1. Not all languages have a grammar system.

____ 2. Change happen to all languages.

____ 3. The first language that a child acquires is called mother tongue.

____ 4. All living creatures have the capacity for language.

____ 5. Two persons who do not speak the same language will never be able to communicate
with each other.

Lesson II- Wala naghimo si Karen

Lesson III.

ACTIVITY 1. Oral Participation (INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY)

Mechanics

 The student teacher will give a root word with the meaning, students will analyze and give the word they
think is suitable from the root word given.

Activity 2: Role Play (GROUP ACTIVITY)

Mechanics

 The student teacher will group everyone into five and they will be tasked to portray or role-play a situation in
the workplace where ethical communication is put into question. Each group will be required to give a copy
of their manuscript and to explain the situation first before presenting.

Activity 3: ASSESMENT QUESTIONS

1. What is the significance of having communication models?

2. What are the communication models and how do they differ?

3. How will these communication models guide you when communicating?

4. How do the principles of effective written communication similar from those of effective oral communication? Do
they have differences at all?

5. How can one have the means of achieving ethical communication?

6. Why is it essential to be aware and observe the code of ethics?

7. Is it necessary to follow the ethics of communication? Why?

UNIT 2 MODES OF COMMUNICATION SYNTHESIS
1. The various modes of communication are face-to-face, video, audio, and text-based.

2. Face-to-face communication is the most common. This includes casual conversation between two
or more people. It requires no extra materials, making this the cheapest option for communication.
3. Video communication is used to connect two or more people who cannot interact face-to-face.
This is the next-best communication option after face-to-face.

4. The audio mode of communication is limited to hearing only the speaker's voice such as a
conversation on a telephone.

5. Text communication includes internet communication, such as email, instant messaging and
forums, text messaging and printed papers. However, it is much easier to distribute information to a
large group of people and save records of the communication.

COMMUNICATION PROCESSES, PRINCIPLES, AND ETHICS SYNTHESIS

1. Models of communication are conceptual models used to explain the human communication
process. Some of the well-known conceptual models are Aristotle, Shannon-Weaver, Laswell and
Berlo's models.

2. For oral communication to be effective, there is a need to be clear with a purpose, complete and
concise with the message, natural with the delivery, specific and timely with the feedback.

3. The 7C's of communication as a checklist for all communication namely; clarity, conciseness,
concreteness, correctness,coherence, completeness and courtesy.

4. A code of ethics is important for any organization. It clearly lays out the rules of behavior of a
company or organization. Without this guidelines, confusion, misunderstandings and conflicts may
arise within the structure since there are no standards to be observed.

THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE

1. Language is a human capacity that consist of(a) system of rules (also known as grammar), (b) a
sound system(phonology), and (c) a vocabulary (lexicon)

2. While growing up in a community, people acquire the languages used by those in the community.
This is the process of language acquisition.

3. The language acquired while growing up are known as mother tongues, which may also be
referred to as first languages.

4. Other thab the first languages, there other languages that are needed for various reason. These
other languages are referred to as second language.

5. People learn their second languages in school or in their own. This is the process of language
learning.

6. In our interaction with other people, our language come into contact with their languages
resulting in language change. Language change is a natural behavior of all languages.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION SYNTHESIS

1. There are various types of communication. These types can be divided according to mode,
context, purpose and style. In terms of communication mode, the types of communication are
verbal, non-verbal and visual. In terms of context, the communication types are intrapersonal,
interpersonal, extended, organizational and intercultural. In terms of purpose and style, the types of
communication are formal and informal.

2. Verbal and non-verbal codes shoul complement each other. With visual communication,
interpretation of signs and symbols is crucial since people have different ways of interpreting them.
It is important to always contextualized the symbol/sign received in order to arrive at the correct
interpretation.

3. In any organization, a system of communication should be put in place. Transmission of message

and message flow also play an important rule in effective oragnizational communication.

4. People have different linguistic, religious, ethics, social and professional backgrounds.It is then
necessary to pay attention to intercultural communication to avoid miscommunication and/or
communication breakdown.

5. Formal communication and informal communication have different uses depending on the
situation. Both types may be kn oral or written mode.

ANSWER KEYS:

True or false answer keys:

F 1. All languages have a grammar because since all languages are spoken, they
must have phonetic and phonological systems; and also since they all have words and
sentences.
T 2.
T 3.
T 4.
F 5. They can still communicate with each other even though they don’t have the same
language to speak. When they start to interact with each other he/she will slowly learn
each other’s languages.

REFERENCES
CourseHero (2019) Purposive Communication. Communication Processes, Principles and Ethics.
Retrieved from https://www.coursehero.com/file/36064107/Lesson-1-Communicationpdf/

Juneja, P. (2008) Communication Models. Retrieved from

https://www.managementstudyguide.com

Hendricks, B. (2003) Linear Model of Communication. Retrieved from

https://study.com/academy/lesson/linear-model-of-communication-definition-examples.html

Businesstopia. (2018, January 6) Transactional Model of Communication. Retrieved from

https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/transactional-model-communication.

Hendricks B. (2003) Interactive Model of Communication. Retrieved from

https://study.com/academy/lesson/interactive-model-of-communication-definition-
application.html

Shannon, C. and Weaver, W. (1949). The mathematical theory of communication. Urbana, IL:
University of Illinois Press.

Businesstopia. (2018, January 6). Laswell’s Communication Model. Retrieved from

https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/lasswell-communication-model
Businesstopia. (2018, January 6). Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication. Retrieved
from https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/lasswell-communication-model

Janse, B. (2018). Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication. Retrieved from ToolsHere:

https://www.toolshero.com/communication-skills/berlo’s-smcr-model-of-communication/

Jaballa, A. (2019). Lesson 1 Communication Processes, Principles and Ethics. Retrieved from
https://www.academia.edu/38641612/LESSON_1_COMMUNICATION_Processes_Principles_and_
Ethics