13 PDF

WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
13
Sludge Treatment & Disposal
((Solid Characteristics, Treatment & Disposal)
p )
h Manuell B.Vergell
John
BS CE, MS
BS-CE, CE
MS-CE
Solid Treatment & Disposal
p
y Conventional WasteWater Treatment Process:
p
p
p
y Sludge
Sl d is the commonlyy accepted name for wastewater solids.
solids
y If wastewater sludge is used for beneficial reuse (e.g., as a soil

amendmentor fertilizer), it is commonly called biosolids.
y Because sludge
g can be as much as 97% water
ater content and the
cost of disposal will be related to the volume of sludge being
processed one of the primary purposes or goals of sludge
processed,
treatment is to separate as much of the water from the solids as
possible.
possible
p
y .
Solid Characteristics
y Sources of Sludge:
• Wastewater sludge is generated in primary,
primary secondary,
secondary and
chemical treatment processes.
processes
• Primary Treatment:
1
1. In primary treatment
treatment, the solids that float or settle are
removed The floatable material makes up a portion of the
removed.
solid
l d waste kknown as scum. (Scum
(S
( is not normallylly
considered
id d sludge)
l dg )
2 The
2. Th settleable
ttl bl material
t i l th
thatt collects
ll t on ththe bbottom
tt off th
the
clarifier (primary or raw sludge)
3 Raw primary sludge from a typical domestic has a high
3.
percentage of water
• Secondary Treatment:
1 The
1. Th secondary
d y treatment
t t t system
y t (i.e.,
(i trickling
t i kli g filt
filter,
activated sludge
sludge, etc
etc.)) is designed to change those colloidal
solids into settleable solids that can be removed. Once in
th settleable
the ttl bl form,
f , th
these solids
lid are removedd in
i th
the
secondary clarifier.
clarifier (secondary sludge)
2
2. SSecondary
d y sludges
l dg are light
light andd flfluffy
ffy andd more diffi
difficult
lt to
t
process than primary sludges.
sludges In short,
short secondary sludges do
not dewater well.
g
• Chemical
Ch i l Treatment:
T
1 This chemical addition results in the formation of heavier
1.
solids that trap the colloidal solids or convert dissolved
solids
l d to settleable
l bl solids.
l d Th
The resultant
l solids
l d are kknown as
chemical
h l sludges.
l dg
2
2. Chemical sludges can be very difficult to process; they do
not dewater well and contain lower percentages of solids.
solids
y Sludge
g Characteristics:
• This
Thi hi
high
gh water content makes
k sludge
l dg hhandling
dli g andd
p
processing
i g extremely
t ly costly
tly iin tterms off bboth
th moneyy andd
time.
ti
y Sludge Characteristics:
• The forms of water associated with sludges are:
1
1. Free water - water t that
th t iis nott attached
tt h d tto sludge
l dg solids
lid iin
any way
way. This can be removed by simple gravitational
settling.
2. Floc water - water that is trapped within the floc and
travels
l with
i h them.
h IIts removall iis possible
p ibl bbyy mechanical
h i l
dewatering.
dewatering g
3 Capillary
3. Capillar
p y water
ater - water
t th thatt adheres
dh tto th
the iindividual
di id l
particles and can be squeezed out of shape and compacted.
compacted
4 Particle water - water that is chemically bound to the
4.
individual particles and can’t
can t be removed without
i li i
inclination.
y Sludge Characteristics:
• Wastewater solids can be classified into two categories based on their
origin:
igi
1 Organic
1. g Solids - mayy bbe subject
bj t tto biological
bi l gi l
decomposition in either an aerobic or anaerobic
environment.
i t DDecomposition
p iti off organic
g i mattertt andd th
the
possibility of toxic organic solids within the sludge
compound
p d the
th problems
p bl off sludge
l dg didisposal.
p l
2
2. Inorganic solids – are generally not subject to
breakdown by biological action and are considered stable.
Certain inorganic
g solids
solids, however
however, can create problems
when related to the environment (e.g., heavy metals such
as copper,
pp llead,d zinc,
i mercury, y andd others).
th ) Th These can bbe
extremely harmful if discharged.
y Sludge Pumping Calculations:
• Estimating Daily Sludge Production:
¾ Example
E pl 11:The
Th sludge
l dg withdrawn
i hd ffrom the
h primary
p i y settling
li g
tank contains 11.4%4% of solids
solids. The unit influent contains 285
mg/L TSS and the effluent contains 140 mg/L TSS. TSS If the
influent
flue t flow
flo rateate iss 5.55 MGD,
G , what
hat iss the
the estimated
est ated sludge
sludge
withdrawal
ithd l rate
t in
i gallons
g ll perp minute
i t ((assumingi g th
the pump
p p
operates continuously)?
y Sludge
g Pumping
p g Calculations:
• Sludge
Sl dg PPumping
p g TTime:
¾ Example
pl 2:What
h is the
h pump
p p operating
p g time?
y Sludge
g Pumping
p g Calculations:
• Sludge
Sl dg PPumped
p d in G
Gallons
ll perp D
Day:
y
¾ Example
pl 3:What
h is the
h amount off sludge
l dg pumped
p p d in ggallons
ll
pper day?
d y?
y Sludge
g Pumping
p g Calculations:
• Sludge
Sl dg PPumped
p d in PPounds
d per
p Day:
Dy
¾ Example
pl 44:What
h is the
h amount off sludge
l dg pumped
p p d in ppounds
d
pper day?
d y?
y Sludge
g Pumping
p g Calculations:
• Solids
S l d PPumped
p d in PPounds
d per
p Day:
Dy
¾ Example
pl 5:What
h is the
h amount off solid
l d pumped
p p d in pounds
p d perp
d y?
day?
y Sludge
g Pumping
p g Calculations:
• Volatile
Vl l M Matter Pumped
P p d in PPounds
d per
p DDay:
y
y Example
pl 66:What
h is the
h amount off volatile
l l matter pumped
p p d in
ppounds
d per
p dday?
y?
= 88,798
798 lb/d
y Sludge
g Pumping
p g Calculations:
• Sludge
Sl dg Production
P d in PPounds
d per
p MMillion
ll G Gallons:
ll
y Example
pl 7: Records
d show
h that
h the
h plant
pl hhas produced
p d d 885,000
,000
g l off sludge
gal l dg during
d i g the
h past
p 30 d.d The
Th average
g daily
d ily flow
fl for
f
thi period
this p i d was 1.2
1 2 MGD.
MGD What
Wh t was the
th plant’s
pl t’ sludge
l dg
pproduction
d ti in i pounds
p d perp million
illi gallons?
g ll ?
y Sludge
g Pumping
p g Calculations:
• Sludge
Sl dg PProduction
d inWet
W Tons
T per
p YYear:
y Example
pl 8:The
Th plant
pl is currently
ly producing
p d g sludge
l dg at the
h rate
off 16,500
16,500 lb/MG.
lb/MG The
Th current average g daily
d ily wastewater flow
fl
rate
t iis 11.55 MGD
MGD. Wh
Whatt will
ill bbe th
the ttotal
t l amountt off sludge
l dg
pproduced
d d per p year
y iin wett ttons per
p year?
y ?
Treatment & Disposal
p
y The release of wastewater solids without proper treatment could
result
l in severe damage
g to the environment.
y Sludge
Sl dg treatment methods
h d are generally
g lly ddivided
d d into M
Major
j categories:
g
1. Sludge
Sl dg Thi
Thickening,
k i g,
2
2. Dig i or SStabilization,
Digestion bili i andd
3
3. D
De-watering,
t i g
4
4. P
Pressure filt
filters,
5
5. C t if g ti
Centrifugation
6
6. Incineration
Incineration,
7
7. Land Application
p
1
1. Sludge g Thickning g
y Sludge
Sl dg thickening
hi k i g (or( concentration) i ) is
i a uniti process
p usedd to
i
increase the
h solids
lid content off th
the sludge
l dg bbyy removing
i g a portion
p i off
th liquid
the liq id ffraction.
ti
y Sludge thickening processes include:

a
a. Gravity thickeners
b Flotation
b. Fl t ti thickeners
thi k
c. Solids concentrators
p
1
1. Sludge
g Thickning g
a. Gravity
G i y thickeners:
hi k
y Gravity thickening is most effective on primary sludge. In
operation, solids are withdrawn from primary treatment (and
sometimes secondary
d y treatment)) andd pumped
p p d to the
h
thickener.
hi k
p
1
1. Sludge Thickning
a. Gravity thickeners:
¾ HowH it works? k?
i
i. Th solids
The lid bbuildup
ild p ini th
the thickener
thi k forms
f a solids
lid blanket
bl k t
on the bottom.
bottom
ii
ii. The weight of the blanket compresses the solids on the
bottom and “squeezes”
squeezes the water outout.
iii By adjusting the blanket thickness
iii. thickness, the percent of solids in
tthe
he uunderflow
de flo (solids
(sol ds withdrawn
thd a ffromo thethe bbottom
otto ofof tthe
he
thi k
thickener)) can be
b increased
i d or decreased.
d d
iv. TheTh supernatant
p ((clear
l water)) that
h rises
i to the h surface
f iis
returned to the wastewater flow for treatment.
treatment
p
1
1. Sludge Thickning
y Generally
G lly th
the tank
t k isi circular
i l andd provides
p id equipment
q ip t ffor
continuous solids collection.
collection
y The collector mechanism uses heavier construction than a

settling tank
tank’ss because the solids being moved are more
concentrated.d
y The gravity thickener pumping facilities (i.e., pump and flow

measurement)) are usedd ffor withdrawal
i hd l off thickened
hi k d solids.
lid
p
1
1. Sludge
g Thickningg
a. Gravity
G i y thickeners:
hi k
p
1
1. Sludge
g Thickning g
a. Gravity
G i y thickeners:
hi k
y Performance of gravity thickeners (i.e., the solids
concentrations achieved) typically results in producing:
i
i. 8 to 10% solids from primary underflow,
underflow
ii
ii. 2 to 4% solids from waste
aste activated
acti ated sludge
g (WAS),
(WAS)
iii. 7 to 9% solids
lid from
f trickling
i kli g filter
fil residuals,
id l , andd
iv 4 to 9% from combined primary and secondary residuals.
iv. residuals
p
1
1. Sludge Thickning
y TheTh performance
p f off ggravity
ity thickening
thi k i g processes
p depends
d p d on
various factors,
factors including:
i
i. Type of sludge
ii
ii. Condition of influent sludge
iii Temperature
iii.
i
iv. Bl k t ddepth
Blanket pth
v. Solids
S lid lloading
di g
vi. Hydraulic
Hyd li lloadingdi g
vii. Solids
S l d retention time
viii.. HDT
p
1
1. Sludge
g Thickning g
a. Gravity
G i y thickeners:
hi k
y Operational Problem:
i
i. Odors and rising sludge
ii
ii. Thi k d sludge
Thickened l dg iis bbelow
l ddesired
i d solids
lid concentration
t ti
iii. Torque
T q alarm
l is activatedd
p
1
1. Sludgeg Thickning g
b. Floatation
Fl i Thickening:
Thi k i g
y Flotation thickening is used most efficiently for waste sludges
from suspended
suspended-growth
growth biological treatment process, such as
the
h activatedd sludge
l dg process.
p
y Flotation thickener performance is typically 3 to 5% solids

for WAS (Waste Activated Sludge) with polymer addition and 2
to 4% solids without polymer addition.
addition
p
1
1. Sludge Thickning
b Floatation Thickening:
b.
¾ HowH it WWorks? k?
i
i. R y l d water
Recycled t ffrom ththe flotation
fl t ti thi
thickener
k iis aerated
t d
under pressure.
pressure
ii
ii. During this time the water absorbs more air than it would
under normal pressure.
pressure
iii The recycled flow together with chemical additives (if
iii.
used)
use d) iss mixed ed with
th the
the flow.
flo .
iv. When the mixture enters the flotation thickener, the
excess air i iis released
l d iin the h fform off fifine bbubbles.
bbl
v. These
Th bbubbles bbl become
b attached
h d to the
h solids lid andd lif
lift them
h
t
toward d th
the surface.
f
p
1
1. Sludge Thickning
b Floatation Thickening:
b.
¾ How
H it W Works?k?
i The
vi. Th accumulation
l ti off solids
lid on th
the surface
f iis called
ll d th
the flfloatt
cake.
cake
vii As more solids are added to the bottom of the float cake,
vii. cake it
becomes thicker and water drains from the upper levels of
the
h cake.
k
viii.. The
he solids
sol ds are
a e then
the movedo ed up an
a inclined
cl ed plane
pla e bbyy a
scraper
p andd di discharged.
h g d
ix. TheTh supernatant
p lleaves the
h tankk bbelow
l theh surface
f off the h
float solids and is recycled or returned to the wastestream
for treatment.
treatment
p
1
1. Sludge
g Thickning g
b. Floatation
Fl i Thickening:
Thi k i g
p
1
1. Sludge
g Thickning g
b. Floatation
Fl i Thickening:
Thi k i g
y The performance of dissolved air air-thickening
thickening process depends
on various factors that include:
i
i. Bubble size
ii
ii. Solids loadingg
iii. Sludge
Sl dg characteristics
h i i
iv Chemical selection
iv.
v
v. Chemical dose
p
1
b. Floatation
Fl i Thickening:
Thi k i g
y Operational Problems:
i
i. Float solids concentration is too low
ii
ii. Di l d air
Dissolved i concentration
t ti iis ttoo llow
iii. Effluent
ffl flflow contains excessive solids
ld
p
1
c. Solid
S lid CConcentrators
y Solids concentrators (belt
thickeners) usually consist of a
mixingg tank,k, chemical
h l storage
g
andd metering
i g equipment,
q ip , andd a
moving
i g pporous bbelt.
lt
y This process is primarily used in

facilities where space is limited.
limited
p
1
1. Sludge
g Thickning g
¾ How
H iit W
Works?
k?
i
i. The process residual flow is chemically treated and then
spread evenly over the surface of the moving porous belt.
ii
ii. As the flow is carried down the belt (similar to a conveyor
belt) the solids are mechanically turned or agitated and
water drains through the belt.
p
1
1. Sludge Thickning
¾ Process Calculations:
y Estimating Daily Sludge Production:
¾ Example 9:The sludge appliedwithdrawn from the primary

settling
ttli g tank
t k contains
t i 11.5%
5% off solids.
lid ThThe unit
it iinfluent
fl t contains
ti
280 mg/L TSS,TSS and the effluent contains 141 mg/L.
mg/L If the influent
fl rate is
flow i 5.55
5 55 MGD
MGD,, what
h iis the
h estimated
i d sludge
l dg withdrawal
i hd l
rate in gallons per minute (assuming the pump operates
continuously)?y)
p
1
¾ Process
P C
Calculations:
l l i
y Surface Loading Rate:
¾ Example 10:The 70
70-ft
ft diameter gravity thickener receives
32,000
32 000 gal/d of sludge.
sludge What is the surface loading in gallons
per square foot per day?
p
1
¾ Process
P C
Calculations:
l l i
y Solids Loading Rate:
¾ Example 11:The thickener influent contains 1.6%

1 6% of solids.
solids
The influent flow rate is 39
39,000
000 gal/d.
gal/d The thickener is 50 ft
in diameter and 10 ft deep. What is the solid loading in
ppounds
d per
p dday?y
p
1
1. Sludge
g Thickning g
¾ Process
P C
Calculations:
l l i
y Concentration Factor:
¾ Example 12:The influent sludge contains 3.5%

3 5% solids.
solids The
thickened sludge solids concentration is 7.7%.
7 7% What is the
concentration factor?
p
1
¾ Process
P C
Calculations:
l l i
y Air Solids
Solids-Ratio:
Ratio:
¾ Example 13:The sludge pumped to the thickener is 0.85%

0 85%
solids. The airflow is 13 ft3/min.
solids ft3/min What is the air-to-solids
air to solids
ratio if the current sludge flow rate entering the unit is 50
g l/
gal/min?
p
1
¾ Process
P C
Calculations:
l l i
y Recycle Flow in Percent:
¾ Example 14:The sludge flow to the thickener is 80 gal/min.

gal/min
The recycle flow rate is 140 gal/min.
gal/min What is the recycle
flow?
p
2
2. Sludge g Stabilization
y The
Th purpose
p p off sludgel dg stabilization
bili i iis:
a
a. to reduce volume,
b
b. stabilize the organic matter,
matter
c. and d eliminate
li i t pathogenic
p th g i organisms
g i tto permit
p it reuse or
disposal.
disposal
p
y The equipment required for stabilization depends on the

specific process used.
p
2
2. Sludge
g Stabilization
y Sludge
Sl dg stabilization
bili i processes
p iinclude:
l d
a
a. Aerobic digestion
b
b. Anaerobic digestion
c. Composting
C p ti g
d. Lime stabilization
bl
e
e. Wet air oxidation (heat treatment)
f
f. Chemical oxidation (chlorine oxidation)
p
2
2. Sludgeg Stabilization
a. Aerobic
A bi di digestion:
g i
y Equipment used for aerobic digestion consists of an aeration
tank (digester) which is similar in design to the aeration tank
usedd for
f the
h activatedd sludge
l dg process.
p
y Process control testing should include alkalinity,

alkalinity pH,
pH percent
solids, percent volatile solids for influent sludge
solids sludge, supernatant,
supernatant
digested sludge,
sludge and digester contents
contents.
p
2
2. Sludge
g Stabilization
a. Aerobic
A bi di digestion:
g i
p
2
2. Sludge Stabilization
a
a. Aerobic digestion:
y How it Works?
i
i. Process residuals (sludge) are added to the digester and aerated
to maintain
i i a DO concentration i off 11.00 mg/L.
g/L
ii. Aeration
A i also l ensures thath the
h tankk contents are wellll mixed.
i d
iii
iii. G
Generally,
lly aeration
ti continues
ti ffor approximately
pp i t ly 20 d retention
t ti
time.
time
iv
iv. Aeration is periodically stopped and the solids are allowed to
settle.
l
v. Sludge
Sl dg andd theh clear
l liliquid
q id supernatant
p are withdrawn
i hd as
needed to provide more room in the digester.
digester
vi
vi. When no additional volume is available,
available mixing is stopped for
122 to 24 h bbefore
f solids
l d are withdrawn
hd ffor ddisposal.
p l
p
2
a. Aerobic
A bi di digestion:
g i (Process
(P
( C
Calculation)
l l i )
y Volatile Solids Loading:
¾ Example 15: The aerobic digester is 25 ft in diameter and has

an operating depth of 24 ft
ft. The sludge added to the digester
daily contains 1350 lb of volatile solids. What is the volatile
solids
l d loading
l d g in pounds
p d per p day d y per
p cubic
b ffoot?
p
2
a. Aerobic
A bi di digestion:
g i (Process
(P
( C
Calculation)
l l i )
y Digestion Time:
y Example 16: Digester volume is 240

240,000
000 gal.
gal Sludge is being
added to the digester at the rate of 13,500
13 500 gal/d.
gal/d What is the
digestion time in days?
p
2
a. Aerobic
A bi di digestion:
g i (Process
(P
( C
Calculation)
l l i )
y Digestion Efficiency: (Matter)
y Example 17: Using the digester data provided below,

below
determine the percent volatile matter reduction for the
digester.
Raw sludge
g volatile matter = 71%
Digested sludge volatile matter = 53%
p
2
a. Aerobic
A bi di digestion:
g i (Process
(P
( C
Calculation)
l l i )
y Digestion Efficiency: (Moisture)
y Example 18: Using the digester data provided below,

below
determine the %moisture reduction for the digester (Note:
%Moisture = 100% – Percent Solids):
p
2
a. Aerobic digestion: (Process Calculation)
y ppH
H Adjustment:
Adjj t t
y Example
pl 19
19: The
Th lab
l b reports
p that
h it tookk 22
225 mgg off llime to
iincrease pH
pH off a 1-L
1 L sample
pl off th
the aerobic
bi di
digester
g t contents
t t
to pH 77.2.
2 The digester volume is 240,000
240 000 gal.
gal How many
pounds of lime will be required to increase the digester pH
to 7.2?
7 2?
p
2
b
b. Anaerobic digestion:
y Anaerobic
A bi digestion
dig ti isi the
th traditional
t diti l method
th d off sludge
l dg
stabilization.
stabilization
y It involves using bacteria that thrive in the absence of oxygen

and is slower than aerobic digestion.
digestion
y The advantage of anaerobic digestion is that only a small

percentage of the wastes are converted into new bacterial
cells.
ll
p
2
b. Anaerobic
A bi digestion:
dig i
y Most of the organics are
converted into carbon dioxide
andd methane
h gas.
g
p
2
b
y HowH it WWorks?
k?
i
i. P
Process residual
id l (thi
(thickened
( k d or unthickened
thi k d sludge)
l dg ) iis
pumped into the sealed digester.
digester
ii
ii. The organic matter digests anaerobically by a two-stage
two stage
process.
process
1 Sugars,
1. Sugars starches,
starches and carbohydrates are converted to
volatile
olat le ac
acids,
ds, ca
carbon
bo ddioxide,
o de, and
a d hhydrogen
yd oge sulfide.
sulf de.
2. The volatile acids are then converted to methane gas.
iii This operation can occur in a single tank (single stage) or
iii.
i two tanks
in k ((two stages).
g )
p
2
2. Sludge
g Stabilization
b. Anaerobic
A bi digestion:
dig i
y How it Works?
iv In a single-stage
iv. single stage system
system, supernatant and digested solids
must be removed whenever flow is added.
added
v. In a two-stage
t o stage
g operation
operation,
p solids and liliquids
quids from the first
stage flow into the second stage each time fresh solids are
added.
added
i Supernatant
vi. S p t t is
i withdrawn
ithd from
f the
th secondd stage
t g to
t provide
p id
additional treatment space.
space
p
p
2
b
b. A
Anaerobic
bi digestion:
di ti
y How
H iit W Works?
k?
vii. Solids
S l d are periodically
p d lly
withdrawn
ithd ffor
dewatering or disposal.
disposal
iii The methane gas
viii.
produced in the process
may be used for many
pplant
l activities.
i ii
p
2
b
y Parameters
P t tto observed
b d dduring
i g operation:
p ti
i
i. Sl dg additions
Sludge dditi
ii. Supernatant
S p t t withdrawal
ithd l
iii. Sludge
Sl dg withdrawal
i hd l (25%
( retained)
i d))
iv. p pH controll (6.8
(6 8 – 7.2)
7 2)
v. Temperature
e pe atu e control
co t o (32-35°C)
(3 35°C)
vi. Mixing
vii Safety
vii.
p
2
2. Sludge
g Stabilization
b. Anaerobic
A bi digestion:
dig i ((Process
(P C
Calculations)
l l ti )
y Required SeedVolume in Gallons:
¾ Example
pl 20
20:The
Th new ddigester
g requires
q a 225%
% seedd to achieve
h
normall operation
p i within i hi theh allotted
ll d time.
i If the
h di
digester
g
volume
l is
i 266,000
266,000 ggal,
l, hhow manyy gallons
g ll off seedd material
t il
will
ill be
b required?
q i d?
p
2
b. Anaerobic
A bi digestion:
dig i ((Process
(P C
Calculations)
l l ti )
y Volatile Acids
Acids-Alkalinity
Alkalinity Ratio:
¾ Example 21:The digester contains 240 mg/L volatile acids

and 1860 mg/L alkalinity.
alkalinity What is the volatile acids-alkalinity
acids alkalinity
ratio?
p
2
2. Sludge
g Stabilization
b. Anaerobic
A bi digestion:
dig i ((Process
(P C
Calculations)
l l ti )
y Sludge Retention Time:
¾ Example 22:Sludge is added to a 525

525,000
000-gal
gal digester at the
rate of 12,250
12 250 gal/d.
gal/d What is the sludge retention time?
p
2
b
b. Anaerobic digestion: (Process Calculations)
y Estimated
E ti t d G
Gas Production:
P d ti
¾ Example
pl 23
23:The
Th ddigester
g receives 11
11,450
,4 0 lb off volatile
l l
matter
tt per
p day.
d y The
Th volatile
l til matter
tt reduction
d ti achieved
hi d bbyy ththe
digester is 52%
52%. The rate of gas production is 11
11.22 ft3 of gas
per pound of volatile matter destroyed. What is the estimated
ggas production
p d i per p dday?
y?
p
2
b. Anaerobic
A bi digestion:
dig i ((Process
(P C
Calculations)
l l ti )
y PercentVolatile Matter Reduction:
¾ Example 24:Using the digester data provided below,

below
determine the percent volatile matter reduction for the
digester.
Raw sludge volatile matter = 74%
Di t d sludge
Digested l d volatile
l til matter
tt = 55%
p
2
y Other
O h Sl Sludge
dg SStabilization
bili i Process:
P
c
c. Composting:
• The purpose of composting sludge is to stabilize the organic
matter reduce volume,
matter, volume and eliminate pathogenic organisms
organisms.
• volatile
l il matter reduction
d i andd percent
p moisture
i reduction
d i
ranges
g from
f 40 tto 60%
60%.
p
2
y Oth Sludge
Other Sl d Stabilization
St bili ti Process:
P
c. Composting:
C p g
• How
H it works?k
i. Dewatered solids are usuallyy mixed with a bulkingg agent g (i.e.,
( ,
h d
hardwood d chips)
hip ) andd storedd untilil bi
biological
l gi l stabilization
bili i occurs.
ii. The
Th composting
p g mixture is ventilated
l d dduringg storageg to provide
p d
sufficient
ffi i t oxygen
yg for
f oxidation
id ti andd to t prevent
p t odors.
d
iii. After
Af the h solids
lid are stabilized,
bili d they
h y are separated
p d ffrom the
h
bulking agent.
agent
i
iv. Th composted
The p t d solids
lid are th
then stored
t d ffor curing i g andd applied
ppli d tto
farmlands or other beneficial uses.
uses
p
2
y Other Sludge Stabilization Process:
c. Lime
Li St
Stabilization:
bili ti
• In
I lime
li stabilization,
t bili ti process
p residuals
id l are mixed
i d with
ith lime
li tot
achieve a pH of 12.
12
• This pH is maintained for at least 2 h.

h
• The
Th treated
t t d solids
lid can th
then bbe ddewatered
t d for
f di
disposal
p l or
directly land applied.
applied
p
2
2. Sludge
g Stabilization
y Other
O h SlSludge
dg SStabilization
bili i Process:
P
d Wet air oxidation (Thermal treatment):
d.
• This process substantially improves dewatering and reduces the
volume of material for disposal.
disposal
• It
I also
l produces
p d a veryy high
h gh strength
g h waste,, which
hi h must be
b
returned
t d to
t the
th wastewater
t t treatment
t t t system
y t for
f further
f th
t t
treatment.
t
p
2
2. Sludge
g Stabilization
y Other
O h SlSludge
dg SStabilization
bili i Process:
P
d Wet air oxidation (Thermal treatment):
d.
• Thermal treatment (or wet air oxidation) subjects sludge to
high temperature and pressure in a closed reactor vessel.
vessel
• The
Th hi
high
gh temperature
p andd pressure
p rupture
p the
h cellll walls
ll off
anyy microorganisms
i g i present
p t iin th
the solids
lid andd causes chemical
h i l
oxidation
id ti off th
the organic
g i matter.
tt
p
2
y Other Sludge Stabilization Process:
e. Chemical
Ch i l oxidation
id ti (chlorine
( hl i oxidation)
id ti )
• Chlorine
Chl i oxidation
id ti also
l occurs in
i a closed
l d vessel.
l
• In
I this
hi process,
p , chlorine
hl i (100
( to 1000 mg/L)
g/L)) iis mixed
i d with
iha
recycled
y solids flow.
flow
• The
Th recycled
y l d fl
flow andd process
p residual
id l flow
fl are mixed
i d in
i the
th
reactor.
reactor
• The
Th solids
lid andd water
t are separated
p t d after
ft leaving
l i g the
th reactor
t
vessel.
vessel
p
2
2. Sludge
g Stabilization
y Other
O h Sl Sludge
dg SStabilization
bili i Process:
P
e
e. Chemical oxidation (chlorine oxidation)
y The water is returned to the wastewater treatment system
and the treated solids are dewatered for disposal.
disposal
y The
Th main advantage
d g off chlorine
hl i oxidation
id i iis that
h iit can bbe
operated
p t d iintermittently.
t itt tly
y The main disadvantage is production of extremely low pH and

high chlorine content in the supernatant.
supernatant
p
3
3. Sludge Dewatering
y Sludge dewatering is used to reduce volume by removing the water
to permit easy handling and economical reuse or disposal.
disposal
y Dewatering processes include:

a
a. Sand drying beds,
beds
b
b. vacuum filters,
filters
c. centrifuges,
t if g
d
d. filt presses
filter p (b
(belt
( lt andd plate),
pl t )
e. andd incineration.
i i i
p
3
a. Sand drying beds:
y Composed
C p d off a sandd bed b d (consisting
( i ti g off a gravel
g l base,
b
underdrains and 8 to 12 in.
underdrains, in of filter grade sand),
sand) drying beds
include an inlet pipe, splash pad containment walls, and a system to
return filtrate
fil
f ((water)
t ) ffor treatment.
t t t
y In
I some cases,, the
h sandd bbeds
d are coveredd to provide
p d ddrying
y g
solids
lid protection
p t ti from
f the
th elements.
l t
y Solids
S lid are pumped
p p d to the
h sandd bbedd andd allowed
ll d to ddryy bbyy fifirst
draining off excess water through the sand and then by
evaporation
p
3
3. Sludgeg Dewatering g
a. Sand
S d drying
d yi g beds:
b d
y Simplest and cheapest method for dewatering sludge
y Downside:
D id drying
d yi g beds
b d require
q i a great
g t deal
d l off manpower
p tto
clean beds,
beds they
they can create odor and insect problems,
problems
p and
they can cause sludge buildup during inclement weather.
weather
p
3
3. Sludge g Dewatering g
a. Sand
S d drying
d yi g beds:
b d
y Major factors that affect the drying bed performance:
1 Climate
1.
2 Depth
2. D pth off applied
ppli d sludge
l dg
3. Type
Typ off sludge
l dg applied
ppl d
4 Bed Cover
4.
p
3
a. Sand
S d drying
d yi g beds:
b d
1 Sludge takes a long time to dewater
1.
2 Influent
2. I fl t sludge
l dg iis veryy thi
thin
3. Sludge
Sl dg ffeedd lines
l plug
pl g ffrequently
q ly
4 Flies breeding in the drying sludge
4.
5 Objectionable odors are present when sludge is applied to
5.
bed
p
3
b. Rotary
R yV
Vacuum Fil Filtration:
i
y The vacuum filter includes filter media (belt, cloth or metal
coils), media support (drum), vacuum system, chemical feed
equipment,
q p , andd conveyor
y belts
b l to transport
p theh dewatered
d d solids.
ld
p
3
b RotaryVacuum Filtration:
b.
y How it works?
i
i. chemically treated solids are pumped to a vat or tank in which a
rotating
i g drum
d iis submerged.
b g d
ii. As
A theh ddrum rotates, a vacuum iis applied
ppli d to the
h ddrum.
iii
iii. S lid collect
Solids ll t on ththe media
di andd are hheld
ld th
there bbyy th
the vacuum as
the drum rotates out of the tank.
tank
iv
iv. The vacuum removes additional water from the captured solids. solids
v
v. When solids reach the discharge zone,
zone the vacuum is released
andd the
h dewatered
d d solids
lid are di
discharged
h g d onto a conveyor y bbelt
l
for disposal.
disposal
vi
vi. The media are then washed prior to returning to the start of the
cycle.
yl
p
3
b. Rotary
R yV
Vacuum Fil
Filtration:
i
y 3 Types of RotartyVacuum Filters:
1 Rotary Vacuum Filters:
1.
y The
Th rotary
t y ddrum filter
filt consists
i t off a cylindrical
yli d i l ddrum rotating
t ti g
partially submerged
ppartially g in a vatat or pan
p of conditioned sludge
sludge.
g
y The drum is divided length

length-wise
wise into a number of sections
that are connected through internal piping to ports in the
valve
l bbodydy (p
(plant)
l ) at the
h hhub.
b
p
3
b. Rotary
R yV
i
i
i. Rotary Vacuum Filters:
y This
Thi plate
pl t rotates
t t ini contact
t t with
ith a fixed
fi d valve
l plate
pl t with
ith
similar parts
p that are connected to a vacuum
acuum suppl
supply,
pp y a
compressed air supply,
supply and an atmosphere vent
vent.
y As the drum rotates, each section is connected to the

appropriate
pp p service.
p
3
b. Rotary
R yV
Vacuum Fil
Filtration:
i
i
i. Rotary Vacuum Filters:
p
3
b.
y 3 Types
Typ off RotartyVacuum
R t tyV Filt
Filters:
ii
ii. C il Type
Coil Typ V Vacuum Filt
Filters:
y The
Th coilil ttype
yp vacuum filt
filter uses ttwo llayers
y off stainless
t i l steel
t l
coils arranged in corduroy fashion around the drum.
drum
y After
Aft a dewatering
d t i g cycle,
y l the
th two
t layers
l y off springs
p i g leave
l th
the
drum bed and are separated from each other so that the cake
is lifted off the lower layer and is discharged from the upper
llayer.
y
y The
h coils
l are then
h washed
h d andd reapplied
ppl d to the
h ddrum.
p
3
b. Rotary
R yVVacuum Fil Filtration:
i
ii
ii. Coil Type Vacuum Filters:
y The
Th coilil filt
filter is
i usedd successfully
f lly for
f allll types
typ off sludges;
l dg
sludges
g that ha havee eextremely
tremely fine pparticles or are resistant to
flocculation de-water
de water poorly with this system
p
3
b.
y 3 Types
Typ off RotartyVacuum
R t tyV Filt
Filters:
iii Belt
iii. B lt Filters:
Filt
y TheTh media di on a belt
b lt filter
filt lleave the
th drum
d surface
f att the
th endd
of the drying zone and passes over a small diameter discharge
roll to aid cake discharge.
discharge
y Washing of the media occurs next.

next
y Then the media are returned to the drum and to the vat for
another cycle.
cycle
p
3
3. Sludge
g Dewatering g
b. Rotary
R yV
i
iii Belt Filters:
iii.
y This
Thi type
typ off filter
filt normally lly hhas a small-diameter
ll di t curvedd bbar
bet een the ppoint where
between here the belt leaves
lea es the drum and the
discharge roll.
roll
y This bar primarily aids in maintaining belt dimensional

stability
bl y
p
3
3. Sludge
g Dewatering g
b. Rotary
R yV
Vacuum Fil
Filtration:
i
iii Belt Filters:
iii.
p
3
b.
y Operational
Op ti l Problems:
P bl
1
1. High solids
High lid iin filt
filtrate
t
2
2. Thi filter
Thin filt cake k andd poor
p dewatering
d t i g
3. Vacuum
V pump
p p stops p
4. Drum stops p rotatingg
5. Receiver
ece ve vibrating
v b at g
6. Vacuum pump is drawing high amperage
7
7. Scale buildup on vacuum pump seals
p
3
b. Rotary
R yV
Vacuum FilFiltration:
i (Process
((P Calculations)
C l l i )
¾ FilterYield:Vacuum Filter:
¾ Example 25: Thickened thermally conditioned sludge is
pumped to a vacuum filter at a rate of 50 gal/min.
gal/min The
vacuum area of the filter is 12 ft wide with a drum diameter
of 9.8 ft. If the sludge concentration is 12%, what is the filter
yield in pounds per hour per square foot? Assume the sludge
weighs
gh 88.34
34 lb/
lb/gal.
gl
p
4
4. Pressure Filtration
y Pressure filtration differs from vacuum filtration in that the
liquid is forced through the filter media by a positive pressure
insteadd off a vacuum.
y Filter presses have lower operation and maintenance costs than

vacuum filters
fil or centrifuges.
if g
y They
hey typically
typ cally pproduce
oduce a good
good quality
qual ty cake
cake aandd can
ca be
be bbatch
atch
operated.
p t d
y Downside:
D id construction
i andd iinstallation
ll i costs are hhigh.
gh
p
4
y 2 Types
Typ off Presses
P usedd in Pressure
P Filtration:
Fl
a. Belt Presses:
y The belt filter includes two or more porous belts
belts, rollers,
rollers
and related handling systems for chemical makeup and feed. feed
y It
I also
l iincludes
l d supernatant
p
andd solids
lid collection
ll ti andd
transport
p
4
y 2 Types of Presses used in Pressure Filtration:
a. Belt Presses:
Presses
y Performance
P f ffactors ffor the
h bbelt
l ppress iinclude:
l d
i. Sl dg ffeedd rate,
Sludge t,
ii. belt
b l speed,
p d,
iii. belt
b l tension,,
v. be
iv. beltt permeability,
pe eab ty,
v. Chemical dosage,
vi chemical selection.
vi. selection
p
4
y 2 Types
T off PPresses usedd in
i PPressure Filt
Filtration:
ti
a. BeltB l Presses:
P
y How it works? k
i. It uses a coagulant
g (p
(polymer)
y ) mixed with the influent solids.
ii
ii. The chemically treated solids are discharged between two
movingg belts.
b l
iii.. First water drains from the solids byy ggravity. y.
iv
iv. The two belts then move between a series of rollers rollers, and
ppressure squeezes
q additional
dd l water out off the
h solids.
ld
v. Thee solids
so s are
a e then
t e discharged
sc a ge ontoo to a conveyor
co veyo belt
be t for
o
transport
p to storage g or didisposal.
p l
p
4
y 2 Types
Typ off Presses
P usedd in Pressure
P Filtration:
Fl
a. Belt Presses:
i
i. Filt cake
Filter k di
discharge
h g iis diffi
difficult
lt
ii. Sludge
Sl dg leaking
l k g from
f belt
b l edges
dg
iii Excessive moisture in filter cake
iii.
i
iv. Excessive belt wear along edges
v. Belt
B l shifts
hif or seizes
i
p
4
y 2 Types
Typ off Presses
P usedd in Pressure
P Filtration:
Fl
a. Belt Presses: (Process Calculations)
y Hydraulic Loading Rate:
y Example
E pl 26
26: A bbelt
lt filt
filter press
p receives
i a ddaily
ily sludge
l dg flflow off
0 30 ggal MGD.
0.30 MGD If the belt is 60 in. in wide,
ide what
hat is the hydraulic
hydraulic
loading rate on the unit in gallons per minute for each foot of
belt width?
p
4
y Types
Typ off PPresses usedd in PPressure FFiltration:
l
b. Plate and Frame Presses:
y The plate and frame filter consists of a support frame, frame filter
plates covered with porous materialmaterial, hydraulic or mechanical
mechanism for pressing plates together together, and related handling
systems for chemical makeup and feed.
y It also
l iincludes
l d supernatant
p t t andd solids
lid collection
ll ti andd
transport.
transport
p
p
4
y Types
l
y How it works?
i
i. S lid are pumped
Solids p p d ((sandwiched)
d i h d)) bbetween
t pplates.
lt
ii. Pressure (200 (200 to 2502 0 psi)
p ) is applied
ppl d to the
h plates
pl andd water
i squeezed
is q d ffrom theh solids.
lid
iii At the end of the cycle
iii. cycle, the pressure is released and as the
plates separate the solids drop out onto a conveyor belt for
transport
p to storage g or ddisposal.
p l
p
4
y Types
l
y Performance factors for plate and frame presses include:
i
i. f d sludge
feed l dg characteristics,
h t i ti
ii. typeyp andd amount off chemicalh l conditioning,
d g,
iii operating pressures
iii. pressures, and
i
iv. the type and amount of precoat.precoat
p
4
y Types of Presses used in Pressure Filtration:
b
i
i. Plates fail to seal
ii. Cake discharge is difficult
iii. Filter cycle times are excessive
iv.. Filter cake sticks to conveyors y
v. Precoat p pressures ggraduallyy increase
vi. Frequent
q media
d bbinding
d g
vii. Excessive
E moisture in cake.k
viii. Sludge
Sl dg blblowing
i g out off ppress.
ix. Plate
Pl Press:
P Leaks
L k aroundd LowerL Faces
F off Pl
Plates
p
4
y Types
l
b. Plate and Frame Presses: (Process Calculations)
y Pounds of Solids Press per Hour:
¾ Example
E pl 27
27: A plate
pl t andd fframe filt filter press
p can process
p 850
ggal of sludge
g duringg its 120-min
120 min operating
p g cycle.
cycle If the sludge
g
concentration is 33.7%,7% and if the plate surface area is 140 ft , 2
how many pounds of solids are pressed per hour for each
square foot of plate surface area?
p
5
5. Centrifugation
y The centrifugal force it creates throws the solids out of the water.
water
y Chemically conditioned solids are pumped into the centrifuge.

centrifuge
y The spinning action throws the solids to the outer wall of the
centrifuge.
t if g
y The
Th centrate
t t (water)
( t ) flows
fl inside
i id ththe unit
it tto a di
discharge
h g point.
i t
y The solids held against the outer wall are scraped to a discharge
point by an internal scroll moving slightly faster or slower than the
centrifuge
t if g speed
p d off rotation.
t ti
p
5
5. Centrifugation
g
y The
Th expected
p d ppercent solids
lid for
f centrifuge
if g dewatered
d d sludges
l dg
i iin th
is the range
g off 10 tto 15%
15%.
p
5
5. Centrifugation
g
y Performance
P f Factors:
F
1 Bowl design (length
1. (length-diameter
diameter ratio and flow pattern)
2 Bowl speed
2.
3 Pool
3. P l volume
l
4. Conveyor
C y ddesigng
5 Relative conveyor speed
5.
6 Type and condition of sludge
6.
7 Type
7. Typ andd amount off chemical
h i l conditioning
di i i g
8. Operating pool depth
9 Relative conveyor speed (if adjustable)
9.
p
5
5. Centrifugation
1 Poor
1. P centrate t t clarity
l ity
2 Solids
2. S lid cakek iis nott ddryy enough
gh
3 Torque
3. T q control t l kkeepsp ttripping
ippi g
4. Excess
E vibration
ib i
5. Sudden
S dd increase in power p consumption
p
6. G
Gradual
a ua increase
c ease in power
powe consumption
co su pt o
7. Spasmodic surging of solids discharge
8 Centrifuge shuts down or will not start
8.
p
5
5. Sludgeg Incineration
y Incinerators
I i pproduce
d theh
maximum
i solids
lid andd moisture
i
reductions.
d ti
y The system will require: a

source of heat to reach ignition
temperature, solids feed system
andd ashh hhandling
dl g equipment.
q p
p
5
5. Sludge
g Incineration
y HowH itWWorks?
k?
i
i. Solids are pumped to the incinerator.
ii
ii. The solids are dried and ignited (burned).
(burned)
iii As
iii. A th
theyy burn
b the
th organic
g i matter
tt iis converted
t d to
t carbon
b
dio ide and water
dioxide ater vapor
apor
p and the inorganic
g matter is left
behind as ash or fixed solids.
solids
iv. The
Th ashh iis th
then collected
ll t d ffor reuse off di
disposal.
p l
p
5
5. Sludge Incineration
y 2 Types of Incineration Process:
a. Multiplep Hearth Furnance:
Furnance
y Consists
C i t off a circular
i l steelt l shell
h ll surrounding
di g a number
b off
hearths.
hearths
y Scrappers (rabble arms) are connected to a central rotatingg

shaft.
shaft
y Units range from 4

4.55 to 21.5
21 5 ft in diameter and have from 4
to 11 hearths.
hearths
p
5
Furnance
y Operational
Op i l PProblems:
bl
i. I i
Incinerator
t ttemperature
p t is i ttoo hi
high
gh
ii. Furnace
F temperature
p iis too llow
iii. Oxygen
O yg content off stackk gas g is too hhigh
gh
v. O
iv. Oxygen
yge content
co te t of
o stack
stac gas iss too low ow
v. Furnace refractories have deteriorated
vi Unusually high cooling effect
vi.
vii Short hearth life
vii.
viii Center shaft shear pin failure
viii.
p
5
Furnance
y Operational
Op i l PProblems:
bl
i. S bb temperature
Scrubber t p t is i too
t hihigh.
gh
ii. Stack
S k gas
g temperatures
p are too llow.
iii. Stack
S k gas
g temperatures
p are too hhigh.
gh
v. Furnace
iv. u ace burners
bu e s area e sslagging
agg g up.
v. Rabble arms are dropping.
vi Excessive air pollutants are in stack gas.
vi. gas
vii Flashing or explosions.
vii. explosions
p
5
5. Sludgeg Incineration
y 2 Types
Typ off IIncineration PProcess:
b. Fluidized Bed Furnance:
y The fluidized bed incinerator consists of a vertical circular
steel shell (reactor) with a grid to support a sand bed and an
air system to provide warm air to the bottom of the sand
bed.
y The
Th evaporation
p ti andd incineration
i i ti process
p ttakes
k place
pl within
ithi
the super-heated
super
p heated sand bed layer.
layer
y
p
5
b Fluidized Bed Furnance:
b.
i
i. Bed temperature is falling
ii. Low (<3%)
( 3%) oxygen in exhaust gas
iii. Excessive ((>6%)6%) oxygen in exhaust gas
iv.. Erratic bed depthp on control panel p
v. Preheat burner fails and alarm sounds
vi. Bed d temperature
p is too hhigh
gh
vii. Bed
B d temperature
p reads
d offff scale
l
viii. Scrubber
S bb inlet i l shows
h high
high temperature
p
ix. Poor
P bed b d fluidization.
fl idi i
p
6
6. Land Application of Biosolids
y The
Th purpose off llandd application
li ti off biosolids
bi lid isi tto dispose
di off th
the
treated biosolids in an environmentally sound manner by recycling
nutrients and soil conditioners.
y Biosolids must not contain materials that are dangerous to human

health (i.e.,
(i e toxicity,
toxicity pathogenic organisms,
organisms etc
etc.)) or dangerous to
the
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6. Land Application
pp of Biosolids

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WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

y If wastewater sludge is used for beneficial reuse (e.g., as a soil

y Sludge thickening processes include:

y The collector mechanism uses heavier construction than a

y The gravity thickener pumping facilities (i.e., pump and flow

y Flotation thickener performance is typically 3 to 5% solids

y This process is primarily used in

¾ Example 9:The sludge appliedwithdrawn from the primary

¾ Example 11:The thickener influent contains 1.6%

¾ Example 12:The influent sludge contains 3.5%

¾ Example 13:The sludge pumped to the thickener is 0.85%

¾ Example 14:The sludge flow to the thickener is 80 gal/min.

y The equipment required for stabilization depends on the

y Process control testing should include alkalinity,

¾ Example 15: The aerobic digester is 25 ft in diameter and has

y Example 16: Digester volume is 240

y Example 17: Using the digester data provided below,

y Example 18: Using the digester data provided below,

y It involves using bacteria that thrive in the absence of oxygen

y The advantage of anaerobic digestion is that only a small

¾ Example 21:The digester contains 240 mg/L volatile acids

¾ Example 22:Sludge is added to a 525

¾ Example 24:Using the digester data provided below,

• This pH is maintained for at least 2 h.

y The main disadvantage is production of extremely low pH and

y Dewatering processes include:

y The drum is divided length

y As the drum rotates, each section is connected to the

y Washing of the media occurs next.

y This bar primarily aids in maintaining belt dimensional

y Filter presses have lower operation and maintenance costs than

y Chemically conditioned solids are pumped into the centrifuge.

y The system will require: a

y Scrappers (rabble arms) are connected to a central rotatingg

y Units range from 4

y Biosolids must not contain materials that are dangerous to human

y Treated biosolids are land applied by either direct injection or

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