Namma Kalvi 12th Tamil Unit 4 Surya Guide

Namma Kalvi
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
bry;tj;Js; vy;yhk; jiy 12

,ay; 4 fy;tp
ciueil gz]ila fhyj;Jg; gs;spf;Tl=;fs; c.nt.rhkpehjh; 4

bra;a[s; ,jpy; btw;wp bgw Rujh
,ay;
bra;a[s; ,ilaPL rp.kzp
bra;a[s; g[wehD}W xsitahh;;
Jizg;ghlk; ghJfhg;gha; xU gazk;

,yf;fzk; gh. ,aw;wg; gHfyhk;
,ay; 4
ciueil cyfk;
gz;ila fhyj;Jg; gs;spf;Tl=;fs;
? c.nt.rhkpehjh;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
bry;tj;Js; vy;yhk; jiy

gyt[s; bjhpf
1. RtonahL bghUe;jhj xd;iwj; njh;t[ bra;f.
m) trk;g[ M) kzj;jf;fhspapiyr; rhW
,) fLf;fha; <) khtpiyf;fhp tpil: ,
2. `FHpkhw;W~ ve;jj; JiwnahL bjhlh;g[ila brhy;
m) ,yf;fpak; M) fzpjk; ,) g[tpapay; <) ntshz]ik tpil: M
FWtpdh
1. mf;fhyj;Jf; fy;tp Kiwapy; kddg; gapw;rpf;F cjtpa E}y;fs; ahit >
jkpHpy; : epfz]L/ ed;D}y;/ fhhpif/ jz]oay=;fhuk;/ ePjpE}y;fs;.
fzpjj;jpy; : fPH;thapyf;fk;/ nky;thapyf;fk;/ FHpkhw;W Kjypa gytif tha;ghLfs;.
`jiyfPH;g;ghlk;~ vd;w Kiwa[k; cz]L.
Mj;jpr;No/ bfhd;iwnte;jd; nghd;w mfuhjp totpy; mike;j E}y;fs; epidthw;wiy
tsh;f;f cjtpd. 147
Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH
12 rpWtpdh
1. eP=;fs; Mrphpauhdhy; khzhf;fiu md;gpdhy; vt;tifapy; bewpg;gLj;JtPh;>
khzhf;fh;fspd; mwpt[/ jpwd;fs;/ kdg;gh=;F/ braw;ghLfs;/ gz]g[fs;/ ghlhPjpahd
milt[fs; vy;yh khzth;fSf;F xnu khjphpahf ,Uf;f ntz]Lk; vd;w vdJ
kdepiyia khw;Wntd;.
4 fw;wypy; gpd;dilt[ mile;jpUf;Fk; khzhf;fiu vf;fhuzk; bfhz]Lk; fw;wypy; KG
milt[ mila[k; khzhf;fnuhL xg;gpl;Lf; Twkhl;nld; " khwhf/ fw;wypy; mk;khztd;
,ay;
gpd;dilt[ mile;jjw;fhd fhuzj;ijf; fz]L mtidj; njw;Wntd;.

fw;wypy; gpd;j=;fpa khzhf;fh; fw;wypy; ,lh;g;gLtjw;fhd fhuzj;ij ,d=;fz]L
mtd; KGikahd milt[ va;j ey;y tHpfhl;oahfr; bray;gLntd;.
vyyh khzhf;fiua[k; md;g[ld; mQFk; kdj;ijg; bgWntd;.
jfhj thh;j;ijfs;/ bghUj;jkw;w thh;j;ijfis xUnghJk; tFg;giwapy; cr;rhpf;f
khl;nld;.
khzf;fh;fspd; FLk;gr;NHy;fis czh;e;J mth;fSf;F MWjyhd thh;j;ijfisf;
TWntd;.
khzhf;fnuhL Kuz]gLjy;/ vjph;j;J epd;W braw;gLjy; " Jd;g[Wj;jy;/ kdk;nehf
elj;jy; vd;gd nghd;w kdntjidg;gLj;Jk; bray;ghLfis Kw;wpYk; jtph;g;ngd;.
ey;y Mrhdha; ,Uf;Fk; vd;dhYk; ey;y md;ghdtdha; ,Uf;f Koa[k; vd;gij
epiyepWj;Jntd;.
2.
kzypy; vGjpaJ Kjy; jw;fhyk; tiu vGJk; Kiwapy; Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;w=;fisj;
bjhFj;Jiuf;f.
Kjypy; Mrphpah; jiuapy; vGj mjd; nky; gps;isfs; vGjpdh;. kzypy; vGjpg; gHFth;.
vGj;Jfs; thpirahft[k; ed;whft[k; mike;jpUe;jd.

gH=;fhyj;jpy; fy;/ fspkz]gyif/ cnyhfj;jfL/ Jzp/ ,iy/ gidXiy/ g{h;$
kug;gl;il/ kug;gyif/ njhy;/ @=;fpy; gj;ij nghd;wita[k; vGJgLbghUl;fshfg;
gad;gL;j;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
,iy/ kug;gl;il/ fspkz] gyif nghd;wit tpiutpy; mHpaf;Toait.
kug;gyif/ @=;fpy; gj;ij ,itfspd; bghpa E}y;fis vGjpf; ifahs;tJ fodkhf
,Ue;jd. njhy;/ Jzp/ cnyhfj;jfL nghd;wit kpFe;j bghUl;brytpid cz]
lhf;fpd.
fU=;fy;ypy; vGjpdhy; gpw ,l=;fSf;Ff; bfhz]L bry;tJ fodkhFk;.
Xiyr;Rtofspy; vGj;jhzpfisf; bfhz]L vGjpdh;. fy;btl;Lfspy; fy;jr;rh;fshy;
rpw;Wsp bfhz]L vGj;Jfs; bghwpf;fg;gl;ld. fspkz] gyiff; fzpjk; vGj;jhzp
bfhz]nl vGjpdh;.
vGj;Jfspd; cUtk; gy fhykhf khwhky; ,Ue;jJ. fhyk; bry;yr; bry;y vGJnfhiyg;
gad;gLj;jpf; fhfpjj;jpy; vGJk; Kiwiaf; fw;Wf;bfhz]ldh;.
148
beLtpdh 12
1. gz]ilf;fhyf; fy;tp Kiwapy; Mrphpah; khzth;fSf;fpilna epfH;e;j fw;wy;/ fw;gpj;jy;
Kiwfisj; bjhFj;J vGJf.
gz]ilf;fhyj;jpy; Mrphpah;fspilna kpFe;j cwt[Kiw ,Ue;jJ. Mrphpaiu cghj;jpahh;
vd;wdh;. cghj;jpahiuf; fzf;fhah; vd;gh;. cghj;jpahaUila tPnl FUFykhf
,Ue;jJ. 4
Ch;njhWk; bghJthf ,lj;jpy; nkil mikf;fg;gl;oUf;Fk;. mk;nkilia kd;wk;
,ay;
vd;Wk; mk;gyk; vd;Wk; TWth;. kd;wk; vd;gJ kuj;joapy; cs;s jpz;iz. mJjhd;
gpwF jpz;izg; gs;spf;Tlkhf khwpaJ. kuj;jog; gs;spfs; ehsiltpy; Foirg;
gs;spahf khwpaJ.
bgw;nwhh;fs; Ie;J tajpy; gps;isfis Mrphpahplk; xg;gilj;jdh;. xU ey;y ehspy;
Vl;od;kPJ k+;rs; g{rp igadplk; bfhLg;gh;. cghj;jpahh; beL=;fzf;ifr; brhy;y
khztd; mijg; gpd;gw;wpr; brhy;thd;. ,g;go khzhf;fh;fs; gyh; nru;e;J brhy;tij
`Kiw itg;gJ~ vd;gh;.
Rtoapy; vGj;Jfs; bjspthfj; bjhpa k+;rs;/ kzj;jf;fhspr; rhW/ khtpiyf; fhp/
jh;g;igf; fhp jlt[th;. cghj;jpahah; khzth;fis Kjypy; kzypy; vGjpg; gHf;Fth;.
cghj;jpahah; vGjpajpd;nky; khzth;fs; vGjp vGjpg; gapw;rp bgWth;.
vGj;Jfs; xd;nwhL xd;W xl;lhky;/ thpnfhzhky; giHa fhyj;jpy; vGJk;
Kiwiaf; fw;Wf; bfhLj;jdh;. g[s;sp/ fhy;/ bfhk;g[/ tpy=;F Kjypait thpbaGj;jpd;
cWg;g[fshFk;. ,jid Kiwahff; fw;Wf; bfhLj;jdh;.
kddk; bra;a[k; Kiwiar; brhy;ypf; bfhLj;jdh;. khzhf;fh;fs; mjpf Kaw;rp vLj;J
kddk; bra;jdh;.
jkpHpy; epfz]L/ ed;D}y;/ fhhpif/ jz]oay=;fhuk;/ ePjp E}y;fs; Kjypatw;iwa[k;

Mj;jpNo/ bfhd;iwnte;jd; Kjypa mfuhjp thpirapy; mike;j E}w;fis kdg;ghlk;
bra;a itg;gjd; @ykhff; fw;Wf; bfhLj;jdh;.
fzpjj;jpy; fPH;thapyf;fk;/ nky;thapyf;fk;/ FHpkhw;W Kjypa gytif tha;ghLfs; @
yk; fw;gpj;jy; eilbgw;wJ. vy;nyhUk; xd;whff; To nfs;tpfs; nfl;Lk; tpilTwpa[k;
fw;W tUk; Kiwa[k; ,Ue;jJ. Rtoapy; vGj;Jfis vGJk; Kiwa[k;/ fw;Wf;bfhLj;jdh;.
Mrphpah;fs; khzf;fh;fis md;gpdhy; tHp elj;jp te;jhh;fs;. fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kf;fpakhf
tps=;fpa thjk; bra;a[k; fw;wy; Kiwa[k; ,Ue;jJ. muritapy; Tl thJg[hpa[k; mstpw;Ff;
fw;wy; Kiwfs; ,Ue;jd. gs;spf;Tlj;jpy; khzhf;fh;fs; E}y; gapYk; ,ay;ig ed;D}y;
E}w;gh ,t;thW TWk;.
``tpdhjy; tpdhait tpLj;jy; vd;wpit
fldhf; bfhspnd kledp ,ff;Fk;~~ ? ed;D}y; 41
+hgfrf;jpia tsh;f;f jpdKk; g{/ kpUfk;/ gl;rp/ Ch; ,tw;wpd; bgah;fspy; tiff;F
xt;bthd;iw Mrphpah; brhy;yp mDg;g khzhf;fh; me;jg; bgah;fis kWehs; kwthky;
te;J brhd;dhh;fs;.
,t;thW/ khzth;fspd; vy;yhj; jpwikfisa[k; tsh;f;Fk; tpjkhf fw;gpj;jy; ,Ue;jJ.
149
khzth;fSk; j=;fspd; mwptpid tsh;f;Fk; tpjkhff; fw;wdh;.
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12 TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. jpz]izg; gs;spf;Tl=;fs; ve;j E}w;whz]oy; mjpfk; ,Ue;jd>
4 m) 12?Mk; E}w;whz]L M) 18?Mk; E}w;whz]L
,) 19?Mk; E}w;whz]L <) 17?Mk; E}w;whz]L tpil: ,
,ay;
2. FUFyk; vd;gJ
m) Mrphpahpd; miw M) FUf;fs; j=;Fk; ,lk;
,) Jwtpahpd; FHy; <) Mrphpahpd; tPL tpil: <
3. kd;wj;jpw;F tH=;Fk; ,d;bdhU bgah;
m) rig M) r=;fk; ,) nfhl;il <) mk;gyk; tpil: <
4. i$d kl=;fSf;fhd bgah;
m) mk;gyk; M) kd;wk; ,) jpz]iz <) gs;sp tpil: <
5. gs;spbad;Dk; bgah; vt;twpw;bfy;yhk; bghJthf tH=;fg;gLk;
m) ghlrhiy/ Myak; M) ghlrhiy/ tpUe;jpdh; TLk; ,lk;
,) ghlrhiy/ kl=;fs; <) ghriw/ kl=;fs; tpil: ,
6. `beL=;fzf;F~ vd;gJ
m) ePz]l fzf;F M) bgUf;fy; fzf;F ,) Xiyr; Rto <) mhpr;Rto tpil: <
7. `rl;lhk;gps;is~ vd;gth; ahh;>
m) Chpy; bghpath; M) rz]oj;jdk; bra;gth;
,) jiyik tfpf;Fk; khzth; <) gpothjk; gpof;Fk; khzth; tpil: ,
8. `m|uhg;gpahrk;~ vd;why;
m) ghlk;goj;jy; M) vGj;jwptpj;jy; ,) kddk; bra;jy; <) VL vGJjy;tpil: M
9. Ìahz; bla;jp ikaho mwpe;jhh; fiyfs;~ vd ciuf;Fk; E}y;
m) rpyg;gjpfhuk; M) tisahgjp ,) Fz]lynfrp <) rpe;jhkzp tpil: <
10. bra;a[is epidt[g;gLj;Jk; Kiwfs;
m) vGJjy;/ goj;jy; M) thrpj;jy;/ vJif nkhid
,) vJif nkhid/ me;jhjp <) fw;gpj;jy;/ vGJjy; tpil: ,
11. vGj;jhzpf;F tH=;Fk; ntW bgah;
m) klf;bfGj;jhzp M) Fz]blGj;jhzp ,) Crp <) vGJnfhy; tpil: ,
12. fijg;ghly; Fwpg;gpLk; kddk; bra;tjw;fhd Rto
m) mk;bfhtjp Rto M) ,e;jpur;Rto
,) gpughtjp Rto <) ru!;tjp Rto tpil: ,
13. ``k+;rs; Fspg;ghl;o ikapl;L Kg;ghYk;
kp+;rg; g[fl;l kpftsh;e;jha;~~ ? vdf; Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;
150
m) rpe;jhkzp M) jkpH;tpL J}J
,) jkpH;f;nfhit <) ,ul;ilmh;j;j=;fs; khz]L nghftpy;iy 12
tpil: M
14. Xjw; gphpt[f;bfd bjhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpg;gpLk; fhy vy;iy
m) @d;W Mz]Lfs; M) ehd;F Mz]Lfs;
,) ,uz]L Mz]Lfs; <) VG Mz]Lfs; tpil: m 4
15. gz]ila fhyj;Jg; gs;spf;Tl=;fs; vd;Dk; c.nt.rhtpd; ,f;fl;Liu ve;jj; bjhFg;gpy;
,ay;
,Ue;J vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ>
m) caph;ePl;rp M) caph;kPl;rp ,) caph;f;fhl;rp <) ikahly; tpil: M
16. Tw;W 1 :
Mrphpah; beL=;fzf;ifr; brhy;ypf; bfhLf;f khzf;fd; mjidg; gpd;gw;wpr;
bry;thd;.
Tw;W 2 : gps;isfs; Kjypy; jiuapy; vGj Mrphpah;fs; mjd; nky; vGJthh;fs;.
m) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; rhp M) Tw;W 1 jtW 2 rhp
,) Tw;W 1 rhp 2 jtW <) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; jtW tpil: ,
17. Tw;W : RtofspYs;s vGj;Jfspy; ikiaj; jltp thrpf;fj; jUthh;fs;.
fhuzk; : fz]Qf;Ff; Fsph;r;rpiaj; jUk;/ vGj;Jfis tpsf;fkhff; fhl;Lk;.
m) Tw;W rhp/ fhuzk; jtW M) Tw;W rhp/ fhuzk; rhp
,) Tw;W jtW/ fhuzk; jtW <) Tw;W jtW/ fhuzk; rhp tpil: M
18. Tw;W 1 : cghj;jpahaUila tPnl gs;spf;Tlkhf ,Ue;jJ.
Tw;W 2 : fzf;fhabud;gJ mikr;rhpd; bgah;.
m) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; jtW M) Tw;W 1 rhp 2 jtW
,) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; rhp <) Tw;W 1 jtW 2 rhp tpil: M
19. Tw;W : g{/ kpUfk;/ gl;rp/ Ch; ,tw;wpd; bgah;fis Mrphpah; Twp mDg;g[tjpy;iy.

fhuzk; : bgah;fis epidtpy; itj;J kWehs; brhy;tjd; @yk; epidthw;wy; mjpfkhFk;.
m) Tw;W jtW fhuzk; rhp M) Tw;W rhp fhuzk; jtW
,) Tw;W rhp fhuzk; rhp <) Tw;W jtW fhuzk; jtW tpil: m
20. Tw;W : jkpH;ehl;ow;Fk; etj;tPgk; Kjypa ,l=;fspypUe;J te;J goj;Jr; brd;wth;fs; gyh;
cz]L.
fhuzk; : jpUthtLJiw klk;/ jUkg[uk; klk; Kjypad gy tU&khff; fy;tpiag;
nghjpf;ftpy;iy.
m) Tw;W rhp/ fhuzk; rhp M) Tw;W jtW/ fhuzk; rhp
,) Tw;W rhp fhuzk; jtW <) Tw;W jtW fhuzk; jtW tpil: ,
21. Tw;W 1 : gs;spf;F Kjypy; tUgtid ntj;jhd; vd;W miHg;gh;.
Tw;W 2 : ntj;jhd; rpy neu=;fspy; rl;lhk;gps;isf;Fhpa flik bra;thd;.
m) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; rhp M) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; jtW
,) Tw;W 1 rhp 2 jtW <) Tw;W 1 jtW 2 rhp tpil: ,
151
22. rhpahdijj; njh;f.
12 m) cghj;jpahah; ? fzf;fhah;
M) fPH;thapyhf;fk; ? gpd;d vz]zpd; nky; bjhif
,) etj;tPgk; ? fy;tpg; gapw;rpf; Tlk;
<) tpj;jpahuk;gk; ? vGj;Jg; gapw;rp tpil: m
4
m) kdg;ghlk; bra;a rfy ty;ythjp Rto vd;w g[j;jfk; ,Ue;jJ.
M) ìkahly; tpHh~ vd;gJ jpUkz tpHh.
,ay;
,) beL=;fzf;if khzhf;fh; jhnd fw;wdh;.

<) epfz]Lfis kdg;ghlk; bra;a[k; khztDf;F kjpg;gpUe;jJ. tpil: <
m) rh!dk; ? ,Uf;if
M) kzy; ? rpnyl;
,) gidnaL ? fUk;gyif
<) vGj;jhzp ? bgd;rpy; tpil: M
25. bghUe;jhjijj; njh;f.
. m) Xjw;gphpt[ ? 3 tUlk;
M) ntj;jhd; ? Kjypy; tUk; khzf;fd;
,) ikahly; tpHh ? m|uhg;gpahrk;
<) tpy=;F ? thpbaGj;jpd; ,dk; tpil: <
m) Rtofis itf;ft[k; vLj;Jr;bry;yt[k; gad;gLk; fUtp mir vdg;gLk;.
M) `fpsp@f;F~ vd;gJ Xiyr; Rtoa[ld; bjhlh;g[ilaJ.
,) khzth;fs; nrh;e;J brhy;tJ kdd Kiw vd;gh;.

<) g[s;sp/ fhy;/ bfhk;g[/ tpy=;F Kjypad thpbaGj;jpd; cWg;g[fs;. tpil: ,
m) nfhzhky; ? bfhk;g[ RHp
M) rhahky; ? bfhz]l ge;jp
,) mirahky; ? juhRnghy; fhy;fs;
<) bfhk;g[ ? thpbaGj;jpd; cWg;g[ tpil: ,
28. bghUj;Jf.
m) cghj;jpahah; ? 1. jhiHkly;
M) FHpkhw;W ? 2. Mrphpah;
,) rPjhsgj;jpuk; ? 3. vGj;Jg;gapw;rp
<) m|uhg;gpahrk; ? 4. bgUf;fy; tha;ghL
m) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3 M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 ,) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 <) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2 tpil: m
152
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29. bghUj;Jf.
m) vl;lag[uk; jpz]izg; gs;sp ? 1. gpd;dj;J}h; ehuhazrhkp 12
M) Kj;Juhk ghujp jpz]izg; gs;sp ? 2. ehtyh; nrhkRe;ju ghujpahh;
,) fzgjpahh; jpz]izg; gs;sp ? 3. bts;isf;fhy; g. Rg;gpukzpadhh;
<) bksdFU ? 4. khz. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhh;
m) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4
30. bghUj;Jf.
M) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 ,) 2/ 3/ 1/ 4 <) 2/ 4/ 3/ 1 tpil: m
4
m) beL=;fzf;F ? 1. murhiz
,ay;
M) rl;lhk; gps;is ? 2. Xiyr;Rto
,) J}f;F ? 3. mhpr;Rto
<) rh!dk; ? 4. tFg;g[j;jiytd;
m) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 M) 3/ 2/ 4/ 1 ,) 4/ 1/ 3/ 2 <) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 tpil: <
31. brd;id g[uirthf;fk; rh;/vk;.rp.o. Kj;ijah cah;epiyg; gs;sp Mrphpah; r=;fj;jpd; Kjy;
brhw;bghHpthf 20.03.1936,y; epfH;j;jg;gl;L 16.08.1936,y; fl;Liuahf btspahd
thu ,jH;
m) ,e;jpah M) tp$ah
,) etrf;jp <) Rnjrkpj;jpud; [tpil: <]
32. kpy;ldpd; Rth;f;f ePf;fj;ijj; jkpHpy; bkhHpbgah;j;jth;

m) bts;isf;fhy; g. Rg;gpukzpadhh; M) vl;ilag[uk; rp.Rg;gpukzpa ghujp
,) Rg;ukzpa rpth <) c.nt.rhkpehjh; [tpil: m]
33. bts;isf;fhy; Rg;gpukzpadhh; vd;ghh; ................... Mthh;.

m) tHf;fwp+h; M) bghwpahsh;
,) caphpd kUj;Jth; <) ePjpaurh; [tpil: ,]

34.
g. Rg;gpukzpahh;/ jpUbey;ntyp bjw;Fj;bjU fzgjpahh; jpz;izg; gs;spf;Tlj;jpy;
goj;j tUl=;fs;
m) @d;W M) ehd;F ,) Ie;J <) MW [tpil: M]
35. tuyhw;wha;thsUk; jkpHwp+Ukhd lhf;lh; kh. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhh; ............... goj;jpUf;fpwhh;.

m) +hd FUtplk; M) bksd FUtplk;
,) fzgjpahuplk; <) kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;judhuplk;
[tpil: M]
36. ew;wpiz E}ypd; ciuahrphpah;

m) lhf;lh; kh. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhh; M) gpd;dj;J}h; ehuhazrhkp
,) g. Rg;gpukzpadhh ; <) t.Rg. khzpf;fk; [tpil: M]
37. ehuhazrhkp/ gpd;dj;J}h; mUnf cs;s fpU&;zhg[uk; .................. jpz;izg; gs;spf;Tlj;jpy;

,ytrkhfg; goj;jhh;.
m) nrhkRe;ju ghujp M) Rg;gpukzpa ghujp
,) Kj;Juhk ghujp <) ftpghujp [tpil: ,]
153
38. ehtyh; nrhkRe;ju ghujpf;Fg; bghUe;jhjijf; fz;lwpf.
12 m) ghujpapd; ez;gh; M) tHf;fwp+h;
,) jkpHwp+h; <) tuyhw;wha;thsh; [tpil: <]
39. gpd;tUk; jkpHwp+h;fspy; rpyg;gjpfhu ciuahrphpaiuf; fz;lwpf.

m) g. Rg;gpukzpadhh;. M) kh.,uhrkhzpf;fdhh;
4 ,) t.Rg. khzpf;fk; <) nt=;flrhkp [tpil: <]
40. lhf;lh; t.Rg. khzpf;fk; ................... gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpd; Jiznte;juhf ,Ue;jhh;.

,ay;
m) brd;id M) kJiu ,) ikNh; <) bly;yp [tpil: M]
41. `,ul;il mh;j;j=;fs; khz;Lnghftpy;iy~ vd;Dk; E}ypd; Mrphpah;

m) m.fh. bgUkhs; M) t.Rg. khzpf;fk;
,) t.nt.R. Iah; <) K.tujuhrdhh; [tpil: m]
42. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.

m) fPH;thapyf;fk; ? 1. bgUf;fy; tha;g;ghL
M) nky;thapyf;fk; ? 2. jhiH kly;
,) FHpkhw;W ? 3. gpd;d vz;zpd; fPH;j;bjhif
<) rPjhsgj;jpuk; ? 4. gpd;d vz;zpd; nky;bjhif
m) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 M) 3/ 1/ 2/ 4 ,) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 <) 2/ 3/ 1/ 4 [tpil: m]
43. etj;tPg;k; vd;gJ
m) neghsj;jpy; cs;s gs;spf;Tlj;jpd; bgah;
M) t=;fhsj;jpy; cs;s Xh; Ch;
,) bja;tj;jpw;Fg; gilf;fg;gLk; xUtpj bghUs;
<) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: M]
44. Kjd; Kjypy; tpj;jpahg;gpahrk; bra;a[k;bghGJ jha;je;ijah; gps;isfis Mrphpah;fsplk;

milf;fykhff; bfhLj;j taJ

m) Ie;J M) VG ,) gj;J <) gjpd;@d;W [tpil: m]
45. cghj;jpahah; ................... brhy;ypf;bfhLf;f/ khzhf;fd; mjidg; gpd;gw;wpr; brhy;thd;.
m) FW=;fzf;if M) beL=;fzf;if ,) g[uhzj;ij <) ,jpfhrj;ij[tpil: M]
46. cghj;jpahah; xd;iwr; brhy;y mij khzth;fs; gyUk; nrh;e;J brhy;tij ....................
vd;W TWthh;fs;.
m) Kiw itg;gJ M) jpUkiw gog;gJ
,) ghlk; gog;gJ <) E}y; thrpg;gJ [tpil: m]
47. cghj;jpahaUf;Fg; gpujpahfr; rpy rka=;fspw; Kiw itg;gth;;

m) rl;lhk;gps;is M) fzf;Fg;gps;is
,) cghj;jpahah;pd; kidtp <) ,th;fspy; vtUkpyh; [tpil: m]
48. ik jltpg; g[j;jfj;ij thrpf;fj; bjhl=;Ftjdhy; mTuhg;gpahrj;ij .................... vd;W

brhy;thh;fs;.
m) k+;rs; ePuhl;LtpHh M) ikahly; tpHh
154 ,) ikapiHf;Fk; tpHh <) g[Jthrpg;g[ ehs; tpHh [tpil: M]
49. thpbaGj;jpd; cWg;g[fs;
i) g[s;sp ii) fhy; iii) bfhk;g[ iv) tpy=;F 12
m) i), ii) rhp M) ii), iii) rhp ,) iii) kl;Lk; jtW <) ehd;Fk; rhp [tpil: <]
50. rpWth;fisg; gof;fitf;Fk; tifapy; mfuhjp thpirapy; mike;j E}y;fs;

m) Mj;jpr;No/ bfhd;iwnte;jd; M) jpUf;Fws;/ ehyoahh;
,) ,d;dh ehw;gJ/ ,dpait ehw;gJ <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: m] 4
51. fPH;thapyf;fk;/ nky;thapyf;fk;/ FHpkhw;W/ bey; ,yf;fk; Kjypa tha;ghLfisf; fl;lhak;
,ay;
kdg;ghlk; bra;tjw;fhf ,Ue;j Rtog; g[j;jfk;
m) yPyhtjp M) fyhtjp ,) gpughtjp <) mkuhtjp [tpil: ,]

52.
,ul;ilj; Jiza[s;s VLfspy; xU Jisapy; brg;g[f;fk;gp my;yJ @=;fpw; Fr;rpiar;
brUfpf; fl;Ltij .................. vd;W TWth;.
m) @=;fpyhrdk; M) ehuhrk; ,) Vlhrk; <) fpsp@f;F [tpil: M]
53. Rtofis itg;gjw;Fk; vLj;Jr; bry;tjw;Fk; cgnahfg;gLk; fUtpf;F .................. vd;W
bgah;.
m) ikahly; M) ehuhRuk; ,) fpsp@f;F <) J}f;F [tpil: <]
54. J}f;F vd;Dk; Rto rhu;e;j bghUSf;F .................. vd;Wk; bgah;.
m) mir M) ,ir
,) J}f;fpir <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: m]

55.
muritapy; thJg[hpe;J jk; fy;tpj;jpwikia epiyehl;Lk; E}w;gapw;rpa[ilath;fs;
bfhofl;oapUg;gbud;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;
m) ghpghly; M) gl;odg;ghiy
,) kJiuf;fh+;rp <) Ky;iyg;ghl;L [tpil: ,]
56. ``tpdhjy; tpdhait tpLj;jy; vd;wpit

fldhf; bfhspnd kledp ,f;Fk;~~ ? vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;
m) mfj;jpak; M) bjhy;fhg;gpak;
,) ed;D}y; <) bjhd;D}y; tpsf;fk; [tpil: ,]
57. `vd; xUtd; rhe;Jiza[k; fy;yhj thW~ vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;

m) jpUf;Fws; M) ehyoahh; ,) ehd;kzpf;foif <) jphpfLfk; [tpil: m]
58. fy;tpapd; bghUl;L gphpa[=;fhyj;ijj; bjhy;fhg;gpak; ................... gphpt[ vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

m) Xjw;gphpt[ M) bghUs;tapd; gphpt[
,) jiykfw;gphpt[ <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: m]
59. j+;rht{hpy; ,Ue;j Mfk rh!;jpu gz;ojuhfpa rh;trpt gz;ojbud;gthplj;jpy; gy md;dpa

njrj;J khzhf;fh;fs; te;J fw;Wr; brd;whh;fbsd;Dk; bra;jp ................... rh!dk; xd;why;
bjhpfpd;wJ.
m) Kjy; ,uh$uh$ nrhHd; fhyj;jpy;/ j+;irapy; bghwpf;fg;gl;l
M) Kjy; ,uhnre;jpu nrhHd; fhyj;jpy;/ ciwa{hpy; bghwpf;fg;gl;l
,) ,uz;lhk; ,uh$,uh$nrhHd; fhyj;jpy;/ jhuhRuj;jpy; bghwpf;fg;gl;l
<) Kjyhk; Fnyhj;J=;f nrhHd; fhyj;jpy;/ fh+;rpg[uj;jpy; bghwpf;fg;gl;l [tpil: m] 155
60. gy tUlfhyk; jkpH;f;fy;Y}hpahft[k;/ tlbkhHpf; fy;Y}hpahft[k; tps=;fp te;j kl=;fs;
12 m) jpUthtLJiw/ jUkg[uk; M) kJiu/ jpUg;ghjphpg; g[ypa{h;
,) fh+;rpg[uk;/ jpUbey;ntyp <) ,tw;wpy; VJkpy;iy [tpil: m]
61. rhpahdf; Tw;iwf; fz;lwpf.

i) gs;spf;Tlj;jpw;Ff; fhiyapy; Ie;J kzpf;nf te;Jtpl ntz;Lkhifahy; gps;isfs;
4 bghpath;fis miHj;J tUtnj tHf;fk;.

ii) Kjypy; tUgtid ntj;jhd; vd;W brhy;thh;fs;.
iii) ntj;jd; vd;gjw;F kw;wth;fis tpl ntwhd jdpg;bgUik cilatd; vd;gJ bghUs;.
,ay;
m) i), ii), iii) jtW M)

i), ii) rhp ,) iii) kl;Lk; jtW <) @d;Wk; rhp [tpil: <]
62. `jkpH;j;jhj;jh~ vd;Dk; rpwg;g[f;Fhpath;

m) c.nt.rh. M) k.bgh.rp. ,) bj.bgh.kP <) K.t. [tpil: m]
63. c.nt.rh. bgwhj gl;lj;ijf; fz;lwpf.

m) kfhknfhghj;jpaha M) jpuhtpl tpj;jpah g{&zk;
,) jh|pzhj;jp fyhepjp <) jh\%zhj;jpa fUzhepjp [tpil: <]
64. gHe;jkpH; ,yf;fpa=;fisj; njoj;njo mr;rpy; gjpg;gpf;f mUk;ghLgl;lth;
m) c.nt.rh. M) k.bgh.rp. ,) bj.bgh.kP <) K.t. [tpil: m]
65. c.nt.rh. brd;idg; gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpy; lhf;lh; gl;lk; bgw;w Mz;L

m) 1932 M) 1930 ,) 1928 <) 1926 [tpil: m]

66.
c.nt.rh.tpd; jpUt[Utr;rpiy brd;id khepyf; fy;Y}hpapy; ..................... tz;zk;
epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ.
m) t=;ff;fliy nehf;fp epw;Fk; M) ts;Sth; nfhl;lj;ijg; ghh;f;Fk;
,) midtUk; tpaf;Fk; <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: m]
67. c.nt.rh. E}yfk; mike;Js;s ,lk;

m) brd;id/ jpUthd;kpa{h; M) brd;id/ tlgHdp

,) j+;ir/ fpHf;Fthry; <) kJiu/ nkw;Fthry; [tpil: m]
FWtpdh
1. ew;wpiz E}ypd; ciuahrphpah; ahh;> mth; v=;F ahhplk; jpz]izf; fy;tpf; fw;whh;>
ew;wpiz E}ypd; ciuahrphpah; gpd;dj;J}h; ehuhazrhkp.
gpd;dj;J}h; mUnf cs;s fpU&;zhg[uk; Kj;Juhk ghujp jpz]izg; gs;spf;Tlj;jpy;
,ytrkhff; fw;whh;.
2. ,d;iwa gs;spf;Tl=;fspy; tsh;f;fg;gLk; brobfhofSf;F Mrphpah; TWk; ctik vd;d>
ehlfj;jpy; td=;fisj; jpiuapy; vGjpj; bjh=;ftpLtJ nghyg; gs;spf;Tl=;fspy;
rl;oapYk; thapy;fspYk; bro bfhofis tsh;g;gjhf Mrphpah; TWfpwhh;.
3. kd;wk; vd;gJ vt;thW mikf;fg;gl;oUf;Fk;> mjd; ntW bgah;fs; vd;d>
bghpa kuj;joapy; nkilbahd;W mikf;fg;gl;oUf;Fk;.
156 `mk;gyk;~ vd;Wk; `kd;wk;~ vd;Wk;; miHg;gh;.

4. `Kiw itg;g[~ vd;why; vd;d >
cghj;jpahah; (Mrphpah;) xd;iwr; brhy;y mij khzhf;fh;fs; gyUk; nrh;e;J brhy;tJ 12
`Kiw itg;gJ~ vd;W miHf;fg;gLk;.
5. ifbaGj;J vt;thW ,Uf;f ntz]Lbkd;W giHa btz]gh ghly; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ>
vGj;Jfspy; bfhk;g[/ RHp nghd;wit nfhzf; TlhJ.
thpirahf vGJk; vGj;Jfs; rhaf; TlhJ. 4
Jizf;fhy; vGj;Jfs; rhahky; mk;g[nghy; mirahky; vGj ntz]Lk;.
,ay;
6. thpbaGj;jpd; cWg;g[fs; ahit>
g[s;sp/ fhy;/ bfhk;g[/ tpy=;F Kjypait thpbaGj;jpd; cWg;g[fs;.
7. `fpsp@f;F~ vd;gJ vd;d>
Rtoiaf; nfhh;f;Fk; fapw;wpd; xU jiyg;gpy; jilahf/ gidnahiyia <h;f;nfhL
fpsp@f;Fg; nghyf; fj;jhpj;jJ mikg;gJ ghh;g;gjw;Ff; fpsp@f;F nghd;W ,Uf;Fk;.
Rtoiaf; nfhh;f;Fk; fapw;wpd; mikg;g[ `fpsp@f;F~ vd;wiHf;fg;gLk;.
8. vGj;jhzpapd; tiffs; vj;jid> mit ahit>
vGj;jhzpapd; tiffs; @d;W.
klf;bfGj;jhzp/ thbuGj;jhzp/ Fz]blGj;jhzp.
9. rl;lk; J}f;F ,it vtw;iw czh;j;Jfpd;wd>
rl;lk; :
Mrphpah;fs; khzth;fSf;F vGJk; gHf;fk; ed;whf tu jpdKk; mth;fisj;
jdpj;jdpna VLfspy; jh=;fs; nkny vGjp mijg; nghd;W vGjp tur; brhy;th;. ,jw;Fr;
`rl;lk;~ vd;W bgah;.
J}f;F :

Rtofis itg;gjw;Fk; vLj;Jr; bry;tjw;Fk; gad;gLk; fUtpf;Fj; `J}f;F~ vd;W
bgah;. ,jw;F `mir~ vd;w ntWbgaUk; cz]L.
10. j+;irapy; bghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s murhizahy; mwpag;gLk; bra;jp ahJ>
j+;rht{hpy; thH;e;j Mfk rh!;jpu gz]ojuhfpa rh;trpt gz]ojhplj;jpy; gy ehl;ilr;
rhh;e;j khzhf;fh;fs; fy;tpf; fw;f te;jpUe;jhh;fs; vd;w bra;jp/ Kjy; ,uh$uh$ nrhHd;
fhyj;jpy; j+;irapy; bghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
11. `ntj;jhd;~ ? ,r;brhy;yhy; miHf;fg;gl;lth; ahh;> ,jd; bghUs; vd;d>
gs;spf;Tlj;jpw;Ff; fhiy 5 kzpf;nf tuntz]Lk;.
gs;spf;Tlj;jpw;F Kjypny tUk; khzhf;fnu `ntj;jhd;~ vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lhh;.
kw;wth;fis tpl ntwhd jdpg;bgUik cilatd; vd;gnj `ntj;jhd;~ vd;gjd;
bghUs;.
12. `jkpH;j;jhj;jh~ bgw;w rpwg;g[g; gl;l=;fs; ahit>
kfhknfhghj;jpaha
jpuhtpl tpj;jpah g{&zk;
jh|pzhj;jpa fyhepjp 157
1932?,y; brd;idg; gy;fiyf;fHfk; tH=;fpa lhf;lh; gl;lk;.
13. c.nt.rh. mth;fspd; gz;Kf=;fs; ahit>
12 ,izaw;w Mrphpah;
g[yikg;bgU=;fly;
rpwe;j vGj;jhsh;
gjpg;ghrphpah;
4 gHe;jkpH; ,yf;fpa=;fisg; gjpg;gpf;f mUk;ghLgl;lth;

Fk;gnfhzk; muRf;fiyf;fy;Y}hp/ brd;id khepyf; fy;Y}hpapy; jkpHhrphpauhfg;
gzpahw;wpath;.
,ay;
14. Rtoapy; cs;s vGj;Jfs; bjspthfj; bjhpa Kd;ndhh;fs; bra;jJ ahJ>

Rtoapy; tk;g[/ k+;rs;/ kzj;jf;fhspapiyr;rhW my;yJ Cikj;japiyr;rhW/ khtpiyf;fhp/
jh;g;igf;fhp Kjypatw;iwf; fye;J bra;j ikiaj; jltpdhy; vGj;Jfs; bjspthfj;
bjhpa[k;.
15. tpj;jpahuk;gk; vd;gJ ahJ>
Kjd; Kjypy; Ie;J tajpy; fy;tp fw;gjw;fhff; FHe;ijfis Mrphpah;fsplk; milf;fykhff;
bfhLg;gnj tpj;jpahuk;gk; vd;gh;.
16. ehuhrk; vd;why; vd;d>
,ul;ilj; Jisa[s;s VLfspy; xU Jisapy; brg;g[f; fk;gp my;yJ @=;fpw; Fr;rpiar;
brUfpf; fl;Lthh;fs; mjw;F èhuhrk;~ vd;W bgah;.
17. c.nt.rh. tpw;Fj; jkpHfj;jpy; bra;ag;gl;Ls;s rpwg;g[fs; ahit>
c.nt.rh. tpd; jpUt[Utr;rpiy/ brd;id khepyf; fy;Y}hpapy; t=;ff;fliy nehf;fp epw;Fk;
tz;zk; epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ.
18. mf;fhy gps;isfspd; rpnyl;L/ g[j;jfk;/ ngdhthf vit ,Ue;jjhf c.nt.rh TWfpwhh;>
kzy;jhd; rpnyl;L
gidnaLjhd; g[j;jfk;
vGj;jhzpna ngdh
rpWtpdh
1. nguhrphpah; m.fh.bgUkhs; mth;fs; ahbuy;yhk; jpz]iz gs;spapy; fy;tpf;fw;wth;fs; vd;W
gl;oaypLfpd;whh;>
kpy;ldpd; Rth;f;f ePf;fj;ijj; jkpHpy; bkhHpbgah;j;jtUk;/ caphpd kUj;JtUkhd
bts;sf;fhy; g.Rg;gpukzpadhh; jpUbey;ntyp bjw;Fj;bjU fzgjpahh; jpz]izg;
gs;spf;Tlj;jpy; 4 tUl=;fs; fy;tp fw;whh;.
tuyhw;W Ma;thsUk;/ jkpHwp+Ukhd lhf;lh; kh.,uhrkhzpf;fdhh; bksdFUtplk;
fy;tp fw;whh;.
ew;wpiz E}ypd; ciuahrphpauhd gpd;dj;J}h; ehuhazrhkp gpd;dj;J}h; mUnf cs;s
fpU&;zhg[uk; Kj;Juhk ghujp jpz]izg; gs;spf;Tlj;jpy; ,ytrkhfg; goj;jhh;.
Rg;gpukzpa ghujpapd; ez]gUk; tHf;Fiu+Ukhd jkpHwp+h; ehtyh; nrhkRe;ju
ghujpahh; vl;lag[uk; jpz]izg; gs;spapy; fy;tp fw;whh;.
158 rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpw;F ciubaGjpa nt=;flrhkp mth;fs; ty;yk; FUrhkp thj;jpahh;

jpz]izg; gs;spapy; fy;tp fw;whh;.
kJiug; gy;fiyf;fHf Kd;dhs; Jiznte;jh; lhf;lh;.t.Rg.khzpf;fk; kfpghyd;gl;o
enlrdhh; jpz]izg; gs;spapy; fy;tp fw;whh;. 12
2. tpj;jpahuk;gk; (fy;tpj;bjhlf;fk;) Fwpj;J c.nt.rhkpehjh; TWtJ vd;d>
Ie;J tajpy; tpj;jpahg;gpahrk; (fy;tpg;gapw;rp) bgWtjw;fhfg; bgw;nwhh;fs; gps;isfis
Mrphpah;fsplk; xg;gilg;gh;.
gps;isfisg; gs;spf;Tlj;jpy; nrh;f;Fk; fhyk; kpfg; bghpa tpHhthff; bfhz]lhlg;gLk;. 4
Vl;od; kPJ kf;fs; g{rpg; g{rpj;Jg; gs;spapy; nrUk; khzhf;fhplk; bfhLj;J thrpf;ff;
,ay;
TWth;.
Mrphpah; beL=;fzf;iff; (mhpr;Rto ' vGj;Jthpir) brhy;y khzhf;fd; mjidg;
gpd;gw;wpr; brhy;y ntz]Lk;.
Mrphpah; brhy;y khzf;fh;fs; gyUk; nrh;e;J brhy;tij `Kiw itg;g[~ vd;gh;.
rpy neu=;fspy; MrphpaUf;Fg; gjpyhfr; rl;lhk; gps;is (tFg;g[j;jiytd;) Kiw
itg;gJk; cz]L.
3. m|uhg;gpahrj;ij (vGj;J mwptpj;jy;) ikahly; tpHh vd miHf;ff; fhuzk; vd;d>
khzf;fh; vt;thW vGj;Jfisf; fw;f bjhl=;fpdh;>
ikahly; tpHh :
Rtoapy; trk;g[/ k+;rs;/ kzj;jf;fhspapiyr;rhW my;yJ Cikj;japiyr;rhW/
khtpiyf;fhp/ jh;g;igf;fhp Kjypatw;iwf; fye;J bra;j ikiaj; jltpdhy; vGj;Jfs;
bjspthfj; bjhpa[k;.
,t;thW jlt[k; ikahdJ Rtoapy; ,Uf;Fk; vGj;Jfis tpsf;fkhff; fhl;Lk;.
fz]Qf;Ff; Fsph;r;rpahft[k; ,Uf;Fk;.
,jdhnyna m|uhg;gpahrj;ij (vGj;J mwptpj;jiy) ikahly; tpHh vd;wdh;.
vGj;J mwptpj;jy; :

khzf;fh;fs; Kjypy; kzypy; vGjpg; gHFth;.
Mrphpah; Kjypy; jiuapy; vGj mjd; nky; khzhf;fh;fs; vGJth;. gpwF jhnk vGJth;.
,jdhy; khzf;fh;fSila vGj;Jfs; thpirahft[k; ed;whft[k; mike;jpUe;jd.
4.
gz]ilaf; fy;tp Kiwapy; `kddk;~ vd;gJ vspjhd xd;whf ,Uf;ff; fhuzk; vd;d
vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
gz]ila khzhf;fUf;F mog;gil E}y;fbsy;yhk; kddkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
jkpHpy; epfz]L/ ed;D}y;/ fhhpif/ jz]oay=;fhuk;/ ePjpE}y;fs; Kjypad ghlkhFk;.
fzpjj;jpy;/ fPH;thapyf;fk;/ nky;thapyf;fk;/ FHpkhw;W nghd;w gytif tha;ghLfs;
,Uf;Fk;.
`jiyfPH;g;ghlk;~ vd;w Kiwa[k; cz]L.
mfuhjp thpirapy; gog;gjhy; mit khzhf;fhpd; epidit tpl;L mfy;tjpy;iy.
rhd;W : Mj;jpr;No/ bfhd;iwnte;jd;.
me;jhjp Kiw/ vJif nkhid Kiwa[k; `kddk;~ bra;a vspa Kiw.
ghl=;fisr; rpe;jpj;J tUjy;/ xd;whfr; nrh;e;J nfs;tpfs; nfl;L tpil TWjy; ,ita[k; 159
`kddk;~ bra;a vspa tHpKiwfshFk;.
5. Rtoia cUthf;Fk; Kiwia tpthp.
12 Xiyia thhp xG=;fhf eWf;fpj; Jisapl;Lf; fapW nfhj;J xU Jis my;yJ ,uz]L
JisapLth;.
nky; rl;lkhfg; gidkl;ilapd; fhk;ig eWf;fpf; nfhh;g;gh;. kuj;jhy; rl;lk; bra;tJk;
cz]L. brg;g[j;jfl;lhYk; rl;lk; bra;th;.
4 rl;l=;fspd; nky; th;zikapdhw; gy tifahd rpj;jpu=;fis tiue;J itg;gh;.

,ul;ilj; Jisa[s;s VLfspy;/ xU Jisapidr; brg;g[f; fk;gp my;yJ @=;fpy; Fr;rpiar;
brUfpf; fl;Lth;. ,jid èhuhrk;~ vd;W miHg;gh;.
,ay;
Rtoiaf; nfhh;f;Fk; fapw;wpd; xU jiyg;gpy; jilahf/ gidnahiyia <h;f;nfhL

fpsp@f;Fg; nghyf; fj;jhpj;J mikg;gJ ghh;g;gjw;F fpsp@f;F nghd;W ,Uf;Fk;.
Rtoiaf; nfhh;f;Fk; fapw;wpd; mikg;g[ `fpsp@f;F~ vd;wiHf;fg;gLk;.
6.
gz]ila khzth;fSf;Ff; fw;gpj;j ghl=;fshff; fijg;ghly; czh;j;Jgit vdg;
nguhrphpah; m.fh.bgUkhs; Fwpg;gpLgit ahit>
fijg;ghly; czh;j;Jk; E}w;fs; :
Mj;jpr;No/ bfhd;iw nte;jd;/ @Jiu/ ey;tHp fw;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
epfz]Lfis kdg;ghlk; bra;gtDf;F kjpg;g[ mjpfkhf ,Ue;jJ.
tpahghuk; bra;tjw;Fk; nfhtpypy; gzp bra;tjw;Fk; Vw;w Kiwapy; mike;j fzpj
Kiw ghl=;fs; fw;gpf;fg;gl;ld.
fPH;thapyf;fk;/ nky;thapyf;fk;/ FHpkhw;W/ bey; ,yf;fk; Kjypa tha;ghLfs; fl;lhak;
kddk; bra;a[k;gof; fw;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
`gpugthjp Rto~ vd;w g[j;jfk; kddk; bra;tjw;bfd ,Ue;Js;sJ.
fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 85

1.
gz;ilf;fhyg; gs;spf;Tl=;fspy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l Fwpg;gplj;jf;f eilKiwfspy;/
jw;fhyj;jpy; nkw;bfhs;sj;jf;fit Fwpj;J tFg;giwapy; fye;JiuahLf.
khztd; : tzf;fk; Iah- mf;fhyj;jpy; ifabGj;J vg;go ,Ue;jJ Iah>
Mrphpah; :
tzf;fk;. vGj;Jfs; xd;nwhblhd;W thp nfhzy; ,y;yhky; giHa
fhyj;jpy; vGjp te;jhh;fs;. ehKk; mt;thnw vGj ntz;Lk;. g[s;sp/
fhy;/ bfhk;g[ Kjypa thp vGj;jpd; cWg;g[fis md;iwa bghpnahh;fs;
gHf;fpdhh;fs;. ehk; ,d;iwa bghpnahh;fsplkpUe;J mtw;iwg; gHf;fpf;
bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. jkpHpy; epfz;L/ ed;D}y;/ fhhpif Kjyhdtw;iw
kddk; bra;jhh;fs;. fzpjj;jpy; fPH;thapyf;fk;/ nky;thapyf;fk;/ FHpkhw;W/
bey; ,yf;fk; Kjypa tha;ghLfis fl;lhak; kdg;ghlk; bra;jhh;fs;.
khztd; : mg;goah Iah- ntW VnjDk; bra;jhh;fsh Iah>
Mrphpah; :
Mrphpah; xt;bthU ehSk; khzth;fisj; jhd; vGjpa VLfspd;
vGj;Jfspd; nknyna vGjp tur; bra;jhh;fs;. ,Jnghd;w bray;ghLfis
ePa[k; nkw;bfhz;lhy; rpwg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;.
khztd; : ed;wp Iah- cWjpahfr; bra;fpnwd; Iah-
160
2. `kddk; bra;jy;~ ? ,d;iwa fy;tp epiyapYk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xU TW. ,J gw;wpa gj;Jf;
fUj;Jfis Kd; itf;f. 12
jpUf;Fws;/ rhd;nwhh; rpe;jidfs;/ mwE}y; bjhlh;fs; nghd;wtw;iw kddk; bra;jhy;
jhd; mwpit btspf;bfhzu Koa[k;.
md;W ftdr; rpjwy;fs; ,y;iy. ,d;W ftdr;rpjwy;fspd; Cnljhd; fy;tp. vdnt/
kddk; bra;tnj ey;yJ.
4
njh;t[ neu=;fspy; kddg; ghly;fs;/ rpy bfhs;iffs; kddk; bra;jhbyhHpa epidt[f;F
,ay;
tuhJ.
kddk; vd;gJ kdij xUikg;gLj;Jk; xU jpahdk;. kdk; vd;gJ ePz;lehs; kdjpy;
,Uj;jp itj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; xU +hgf rf;jp. rhd;nwhh; mwpt[iu/ Ke;ija epfH;t[fs;
vy;yhk; kddk; vd;Dk; tifapy;jhd; ml=;Fk;.
xU Muha;r;rpapd; bjhlh;r;rp vd;gJ new;W vd;d bra;njhk; ehis vd;d bra;ag;
nghfpnwhk; vd;gJk; kdd rf;jpna.
g[upahj xU gFjpia kddk; bra;njhk; vd;why; tps=;Fk; fhyj;jpy;jhnd tps=;Fk;.
kddk; ,y;iy vd;why; @isapd; bray;ghL Fiwa[k; vd;gJ Muha;r;rp fUj;J.
vdnt/ kddj;jpd;kPJ ftdk; brYj;JtJ rpe;jidahw;wiyr; rpwf;f tpj;jpLk;.

161
12
,ay;
bra;a[s;
4 ,jpy; btw;wp bgw
? Rujh
4 ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
,ay;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. Rujh elj;jpa ftpij ,jH;
m) ,yf;fpak; M) fhtpak; ,) Ch;tyk; <) tpz]kPd; tpil: M
2. ``tpz]ntW " tpz]btspapy; ,a=;F fpd;w
btz]kjpa[k; br=;fjpUk; KfpYk; ntW~~ ? bjhlh; jUk; KGikahd bghUs;
m) tpz]Qk; btz]kjpa[k; ntW ntW
M) tpz]btspa[k; br=;fjpUk; ntW ntW
,) btz]kjpa[k; KfpYk; ntW ntW
<) tpz]/ tpz]btspapy; cs;s btz]kjp/ br=;fjph;/ Kfpy; midj;Jk; ntW ntW
tpil: <
FWtpdh
1. trdk;/ ftpij ntWghL jUf.
trdk; :
vJif/ nkhid nrh;f;fhky;/ mo vd;w mst[ ,y;yhky; vGJfpd;w totk; trdkhFk;.
ftpij :
vJif/ nkhid nrh;f;f ntz]Lk;. mof;bfd;W vy;iy itj;J vGjg;gLtnj ftpijahFk;.
beLtpdh
1. ftpij vGj mwpa ntz]Ltdthfr; Rujh TWtdtw;iw tpthpf;f.
ftpij :
brhy;iyr; rpwe;j Kiwapy; njh;t[ bra;J vJif nkhid mikj;J vGj ntz]Lk;.
moast[ bjhpe;J ftpij vGj ntz]Lk;.
brhw;fis mjw;Fhpa ,l=;fspy; bghUj;jp itj;J ftpijapid cUthf;Fjy; ntz]Lk;.
ftpijf;Fhpa cWg;g[fs; :
vGj;Jfisf; bfhz]L rpwe;j mirfis cUthf;Fjy; ntz]Lk;.
mirfisf; bfhz]L rPh;fis cUthf;Fjy; ntz]Lk;.
rPh;fis Kiwahf cUthf;fpndhk; vd;why; ,uz]L rPh;fSf;F ,ilna jisfs;
cUthFk;. jisfis me;je;je;j ght[f;Fhpa Kiwg;go mikj;jhy; ftpijapy; gpiHfs;
162
njhd;whJ. jisfs; xd;whfr; nrh;e;jhy; mofs; cUthFk;.
mofis xd;wd; fPH; xd;whf mLf;fp itj;njhk; vd;why; bjhilfs; njhd;Wk;.
mjpf mstpy; rpwe;j bjhilfs; mike;J ftpij thpfs; ,Ue;jhy; mJ rpwe;j ftpijahf
12
,Uf;Fk;.
rpwe;j ftpij :
ftpijf;Fhpa cWg;g[fis itj;Jf; ftpij vGJk; nghJ/ ftpijapd; cWg;ghfpa
rPh;fspy; khr;rPh;/ tpsr;rPh; tUk;go vGjpdhy; ghly;fspYk; njkh/ g[spkh fha;f;Fk;. 4
jtwhf rPh;fs; mike;jhy; ghly; jtwhf khwptUk;.
,ay;
broapy; g{j;jg; g{tpy; cs;s njidf; Fof;f tz]Lfs; njo tUtJ nghy/ rpwg;g[ld;
vGjpa g[ythpd; ghly; thpfspy; vg;nghJk; g[fH; j=;Fk;.
,itfis mwpe;J bfhz]L ftpij vGj ntz]Lbkd;W ftp+h; Rujh TWfpwhh;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. kf;fs; ngRk; vspa brhw;fs; bjhlh;fshf miktJ
m) ftpij M) bfhr;irr; brhw;fs; ,) ghl;L <) ciueil tpil: <
2. rpwe;j gilg;g[fs; cUthf bgUk; Jizahf ,Ug;gJ
m) ftpij M) fl;Liu ,) fy;tp <) gs;spf;Tlk; tpil: ,
3. moapd; fPnH moapUe;jhy; tUtJ
m) rPh; M) mir ,) jis <) bjhil tpil: <
4. ,uz]LrPhpd; ,ilbtspapy; tUtJ
m) jis M) mir ,) vJif <) nkhid tpil: m

5. vJif/ nkhid ,y;yhky; moast[ mwpe;jplhky; tUtJ
m) ciueil M) bra;a[s; ,) jis <) bjhil tpil: m
6. bts;isg;ghl;od; ,Wjpr;rPh; jUtJ
m) ehs; M) fhR ,) nkhid <) ,iag[ tpil: M
7. Kd;ndhh; nghy; fw;W te;jhy; cs;sj;jpy; tpistJ
m) mUs;/ mwk; M) mwk;/ kwk;
,) mwk;/ bghUs; <) bghUs;/ ,d;gk; tpil: ,
8. Rujhtpd; ,aw;bgah;
m) nfhghy; M) ,uhrnfhghy;
,) Jiunfhghyd; <) ,uhrnfhghyd; tpil: <
9. Tw;W 1 : gGj;jpUe;jhy; rhW tUk; " taypy; jz]zPh; gha;e;jpUe;jhy; Vh; tUk;.
Tw;W 2 : moapd; fPH; moapUe;jhy; bjhil tUk;.
m) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; jtW M) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; rhp
,) Tw;W 1 rhp 2 jtW <) Tw;W 1 jtW 2 rhp tpil: M
163
10. Tw;W : vJif nkhid nrh;f;fhky;/ moasit mwpe;jplhky; thh;f;fpd;w tote;jhd; trdk;.
12 fhuzk; : vspa kf;fs; ngRk; vspa brhw;fs; bjhlh;fshf miktnj ciueil.
m) Tw;W rhp fhuzk; jtW M) Tw;W jtW fhuzk; rhp
,) Tw;W rhp fhuzk; rhp <) Tw;W jtW fhuzk; jtW tpil: ,
11. Tw;W 1 : vGj;bjz]zp Kd;ndhh; nghy; fw;Wte;jhy; mwk; bghUs; cs;sj;jpy; tpisa[k;.
4
Tw;W 2 : njkht[k;/ g[spkht[k; kuj;jpy; fha;f;Fk; " rPh;fspYk; mf;fha;fs; ed;F fha;f;Fk;.
m) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; rhp M) Tw;W 1 rhp 2 jtW
,) Tw;W 1 jtW 2 rhp <) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; jtW tpil: m
,ay;

m) g{f;Fk; tiu g{ vd;nghk;.
M) Mf;fpa gpd; mhprp vd;Wk;.
,) ahg;gpy; te;jl=;Fk; thh;j;ijfns bra;a[s;.
<) ftpeila[k; ciueila[k; ntWntW my;y. tpil: ,
m) rpwe;j nfs;tp vG;g[tjhy; gog;g[ tUk;
M) EQf;fj;njhnl Kd;ndhh; nghyf; fw;f ntz]lhk;.
,) bkhHpia mwpahky; vGJnthnu g[fH; milthh;.
<) btz]kjpa[k; br=;fjpUk; KfpYk; ntW. tpil: <
m) fz]ntW " fy;tpf; fz] ntW.
M) g[fH; ntW " bry;thf;F ntW.
,) btz]kjpa[k;/ br=;fjpUk; KfpYk; ntWntwy;y.
<) kz]ntW kz]nzhL fye;jpUf;Fk; kzy; ntW. tpil: ,
m) gHk; ? rhW
M) jz]zPh; ? Vh;
,) mo ? ,uz]LrPh; ,il
<) gh ? bjhil ed;F mik tpil : ,
16. bghUj;Jf.
m) bjhilfs; ? 1. mirfs;
M) jisfs; ? 2. bjhilfs;
,) vGj;Jfs; ? 3. ghf;fs;
<) moapd; fPH; mofs; ? 4. rPhpd; ,ilbtspapy;
m) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 M) 3/ 1/ 2/ 4 ,) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2 <) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 tpil: m
17. bghUj;Jf.
m) vU ? 1. Muha;r;rp
M) nfs;tp ? 2. Fsph;
,) mj;jp ,ut[ ? 3. gaph;
164 <) fw;why; tpisa[k; ? 4. mwk; bghUs;
m) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4 M) 3/ 1/ 2/ 4 ,) 2/ 4/ 3/ 1 <) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3 tpil: M
18. ,jpy; btw;wpbgw vd;Dk; Rujhtpd; ghlypy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s ghtif
m) mWrPh;f; fHpbeoyo Mrphpa tpUj;jk; M) vz;rPh;f; fHpbeoyo Mrphpa tpUj;jk; 12
,) fyptpUj;jk; <) nehpir Mrphpa;gh [tpil: M]
19. ,jpy; btw;wpbgw vd;Dk; Rujhtpd; ftpij ,lk;bgw;Ws;s fhijj; bjhFg;g[

m) njd;kiH M) JiwKfk;
,) mKJk; njDk; <) k=;ifah;f;furp [tpil: M]
4
20. ctikf;ftp+h; vd;W rpwg;gpf;fg;gLgth;
,ay;
m) Rujh M) bt.uhkyp=;fdhh; ,) mg;Jy; uFkhd; <) K.nkj;jh [tpil: m]
21. Rujh elj;jpa ,jH;
m) fhtpak; M) bjd;wy; ,) Fapy; <) vGj;J [tpil: m]
22. Rujh vd;gjd; tphpthf;fk;

m) Rg;g[uj;jpdjhrd; M) RjhuFehjjhrd;
,) Rg;gpukzpauj;jpdjhrd; <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: m]
23. ,yf;fpak;/ tpz;kPd;/ Ch;tyk; nghd;w ,yffpa VLfis elj;jpath;

m) Rujh M) mg;Jy; uFkhd; ,) fz;zjhrd; <) ghujpjhrd; [tpil: m]
24. Rujh bgw;Ws;s tpUJfs;
i) jkpHf murpd; fiykhkzp tpUJ
ii) ghujpjhrd; tpUJ
iii) j+;irj; jkpH;g; gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpd; ,uhruhrd; tpUJ
m) i), ii) rhp M) ii), iii) rhp ,) iii) kl;Lk; jtW <) @d;Wk; rhp [tpil: <]
25. njkht[k; g[spkht[k; kuj;jpy; fha;f;Fk;;"

rPh;fspYk; mf;fha;fs; ed;F fha;f;Fk;" ? vd;W vGjpath;
<) ghujpjhrd; [tpil: m]

m) Rujh M) mg;Jy; uFkhd; ,) fz;zjhrd;
26. tpz;ntW" tpz;btspapy; ,a=;F fpd;w
btz;kjpa[k; br=;fjpUk; KfpYk; ntW ? vd;Dk; mofspy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s ,yf;fpa eak;
m) vJif M) ,iag[
,) me;jhjp <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: m]
27. Rujhtpd; `fhtpak;~ vd;Dk; ,jH;

m) KGf;f KGf;ff; ftpijfisf; bfhz;lJ.
M) KGf;f KGf;f rpWfijfisf; bfhz;lJ.
,) FWk;g[jpd=;fspd; bjhFg;gpidf; bfhz;lJ.
<) ,tw;wpy; vJt[k; bfhz;ljpy;iy. [tpil: m]
28. njd;kiH/ JiwKfk;/ k=;ifah;f;furp/ mKJk; njDk; cs;spl;l E}y;fisg; gilj;jth;

m) Rujh M) mg;Jy; uFkhd; ,) thzpjhrd; <) K.nkj;jh [tpil: m]
165
12 FWtpdh
1. g[z] ntW " tPuh;fspd; tpGg;g[z] ntW "
g[fH; ntW " bry;thf;F ntW " fhQk; ? ,g;ghly; thpfspy; mike;Js;s ea=;fis vLj;J
vGJ.
rPh; nkhid ? g[z]ntW ? g[fH;ntW
4 ,iag[ ? `ntW~ vd;w brhy; Xir eaj;Jld; rPh;fspy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ.
2. `,jpy; btw;wp bgw~ vd;w Rujhtpd; ftpijapy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s ctik vLj;J vGJf.
,ay;
`broapy; g{j;j g{kPJ tz]Lte;J j=;Fk;~.

3. g[z] ntW/ tpGg;g[z] ntW ? tpsf;Ff.
g[z] :
clypy; fhaj;jhy; Vw;gLtJ. ,J ,ay;ghfnth/ tpgj;J @ykhfnth neha; @ykhfnth
Vw;glyhk;.
tpGg;g[z] :
tpGg;g[z]Qk; clypy; Vw;gLtJjhd;. Mdhy; ,J tPuj;jpid btspg;gLj;Jk; vjphpa[ld;
nghhpl;L bgw;w g[z]izf; Fwpf;Fk;.
4. ftp+h; Rujh elj;jpa ,jH;fs; ahit>
,yf;fpak;/ tpz]kPd;/ Ch;tyk;/ fhtpak;.
5. ftp+h; Rujh mth;fs; bgw;Ws;s tpUJfs; ahit>
jkpHf murpd; fiykhkzp tpUJ.
ghujpjhrd; tpUJ.
j+;irj; jkpH;g; gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpd; ,uhruhrd; tpUJ.
6. ciueil/ ftpij ? ntWgLj;Jf.
ciueil vd;gJ kf;fs; ngRk; vspa brhw;fs; bjhlh;fshf miktJ.

ftpij vd;gJ mr;brhw;fs; vJif/ nkhid/ ,iag[/ Kuz;/ re;jk; Kjypa ahg;gpyf;fz
bewpfSf;F cl;gl;L miltJ.
7. mwk;bghUs;fs; cs;sj;jpy; tpisa vd;d bra;a ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh; Rujh>
El;gkhd vGj;ij vz;zp Kd;ndhh;fs; nghd;W fw;W tUk; gl;rj;jpy;/ mwk; bghUs;fs;
cs;sj;jpy; tpisa[k; vd;W Rujh TWfpwhh;.
8. tpz;btspapy; ,a=;Ftdhfr; Rujh TWtd ahit>
btz;kjp (btz;zpyt[)
br=;fjpnuhd; (R{hpad;)
Kfpy; (nkfk;)
rpWtpdh
1. `ntW~ vd;w brhy;iyg; gad;gLj;jp ftp+h; ftpij g[idj;Js;s ftpj;jpwikia tpsf;Ff.
thdk; ntW/ Mdhy; thdj;jpy; ,af;Fk; epyt[k;/ fjputDk; nkfKk; ntW.
166 kz] gytifg;gLk;. brk;kz]/ tz]ly;kz]/ fhpry; kz] vdyhk;. Mdhy;/ kz]zpy;
rha;e;jpUf;Fk; kzy; vd;gJ ntW.
gdpj;Jspa[k; ePh;jhd; cs;sJ. kiHj;JspapYk; ePh;jhd; Mdhy; ,uz]Lk; btt;ntW.
g[z] vd;why; clk;gpy; Vw;gLk; fhak; jhd;/ Mdhy; rhjhuzkhf tUtJ g[z] " nghhpy;
12
bgWtJ tpGg;g[z].
g[fH; vd;gJk; bry;thf;F vd;gJk; vy;nyhUf;Fk; ek;ikj; bjhpa[k; vd;nw Twg;gl;lhYk;/
g[fH; vd;gJ fy;tp/ ew;brayhy; tUtJ/ Mdhy; bry;thf;F vd;gJ bghUshy; tUtJ.
fhQk; fz] " fy;tpf;fz] ntW ? ghh;f;Fk; fz]zhy; cyifg; ghh;j;Jf; bfhs;syhk;.
fy;tpf; fz]zhy; mwpahik mfd;W ehk; mfxspiag; bgWfpd;nwhk;.
4
,ay;
,t;thWjhd; ftpija[k; ciueila[k; vGjg;gLtdthf ,Ue;jhYk; ,uz]od;
eilaHFk; ntW ntwhFk;.
2. g{f;Fk; tiu mUk;bgd;Wk; g{j;j gpd;ng
g{btd;Wk; brhy;Yfpd;nwhk; mJnghy; brhy;iyr;
nrh;f;fpd;w neuj;jpy;/ vJif nkhid
nrh;f;fhky; moasit mwpe;jplhky; ? ,l+;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
,lk; :
,g;ghly; thpahdJ ftp+h; Rujhtpd; JiwKfk; vd;w ftpijj; bjhFg;gpy; ,lk;
bgw;Ws;s ``,jpy; btw;wpbgw~~ vd;Dk; gFjpapy; cs;sJ.
bghUs; :
g{f;Fk; tiu mUk;g[ g{j;jg;gpd; g{
jdpahf ,Ue;jhy; brhy; Kiwahfr; nrh;j;jhy; ftpij
tpsf;fk; :
kuj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; g{thdJ tphpahky; ,Uf;Fk; tiu bkhl;L vd;Wjhd; miHf;fg;gLk;.
mJnt g{j;Jtpl;lhy; mjidg; g{ vd;W miHg;nghk; mJnghd;Wjhd; gutyhf ,Uf;Fk;
vy;yh thh;j;ijfisa[k; rhpahd Kiwapy; vJif/ nkhida[ld;/ moasita[k;
mWjpapl;Lr; nrh;j;jhy; mjidf; ftpij vd;nghk;. mJnt vJif/ nkhid ,y;yhky;/

motiuaiuapd;wp te;jhy; mjid ciueil vd;nghk; vd;W ftp+h; Tw tUk; ,lj;jpy;
,g;ghly; moapid vGjpa[s;shh;.
3. `tUk;~ vd;w thh;j;ijiag; gad;gLj;jpf; ftp+h; Rujh vGjpa[s;sit ahit>
gHk; gGj;jpUe;jhy; mjpypUe;J rhW tUk;" taypy; jz]zPh; gha;e;jhy; cHt[j; bjhHpiy
nkw;bfhs;s Vh;fs; tUk;.
vGj;Jfs; xd;nwhL xd;whf ,ize;J mirfs; tUk;" bra;a[spy; ,uz]L rPh;fspd;
,ilapny rhpahd jisfs; tUk;.
jisfs; Kiwahf mike;J mofs; tUk;" mofis thpirahf mof;fpapUe;jhy;
bjhilfs; tUk;.
bjhilfs; rhpahf mike;J ,Ue;jhy; Kiwahd ftpij cUthFk;.
4. `njkht[k; g[spkht[k; kuj;jpy; fha;f;Fk; "
rPu;fspYk; mf;fha;fs; ed;F fha;f;Fk;~~ ? ,l+;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
,lk; :
,g;ghly; thpahdJ ftp+h; Rujhtpd; `JiwKfk;~ vd;W ftpijj; bjhFg;gpy; ,lk;
bgw;Ws;s ``,jpy; btw;wpbgw~~ vd;Dk; gFjpapy; cs;sJ. 167
bghUs; :
12 kh=;fha[k;/ g[spa=;fhiaa[k; kuj;jpy; fha;g;gjhFk;. mijg; nghd;W bra;a[sps;
Kiwahf rPh;fs; mikf;fg;gl;lhy; mr;rPh;fspYk; ,it njhd;Wk;.
tpsf;fk; :
khkuj;jpYk;/ g[spakuj;jpYk; Kiwahd gUtepiyfs; epytp vt;tpjkhd
neha;j;jhf;FjYk; ,y;yhky; ,Ue;jhy; kpFjpahf kh=;fha[k;/ g[spa=;fha[k; kuj;jpny fha;j;Jf;
4 fplf;Fk;. mJnghynt/ vGj;Jfisf; bfhz]L rPh;fs; mikf;Fk; nghJ Kiwahd vGj;Jfs;
vy;yhk; xd;W nrh;e;J rpwg;ghd rPh;fs; mike;jhy; me;jr; rPh;fSf;F ,ilna ,e;jj; njkh/
,ay;
g[spkh vd;w mir tha;g;ghL ed;whff; fha;f;Fk;.

5.
ftp+h; Rujh xU rpwe;j brhy;nyh; cHth; vd;gjw;F rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf `,jpy;
btw;wpbgw~ vd;w ftpijapy; `tpisa[k;~ vd;w thh;j;ijiag; gad;gLj;jpf; ftpg[ide;j
jpwikia tpsf;Ff.
vUitg; gad;gLj;jpdhy; gaph; ed;whf tpisa[k; "
rpwe;j nfs;tpfs; vGg;g[tjhy; Muha;r;rpfs; g[jpJ g[jpjhf tpisa[k; "
khiy neuj;jpYk;/ ,utpYk; ed;whf Fsph;tpisa[k; "
kpft[k; El;gkhf vGj;Jfis vz]zp/ rpwe;j bghUs;fisg; g[hpe;J ek; Kd;ndhh;fs; fw;W
te;jJ nghy fw;W te;njhk; vd;why;/ ek; cs;sj;jpy; mwk;/ bghUs; tpisa[k; "
kjpf;fj;jFe;j mwptpdhy; xUtDf;F g[fH; tpisa[k;.
6. ftp+h; Rujh gw;wpf; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
,aw;bgah; : ,uhrnfhghyd;.
rpwg;g[g; bgah; :
ghujpjhrd; kPJ bfhz]l gw;Wjyhy; Rg;g[uj;jpdjhrd; vd khw;wpf;
bfhz]lhh;. gpwF Rujh vd;W khw;wpf; bfhz]lhh;.
,yf;fpag; gzp :
,yf;fpak;/ tpz]kPd;/ Ch;tyk;/ nghd;w ,yf;fpa VLfisa[k;
elj;jpath;.
njd;kiH/ JiwKfk;/ k=;ifah;f;furp/ mKJk; njDk; cs;spl;l gy

E}y;fisg; gilj;Js;shh;.
tpUJfs; : jkpHf murpd; fiykhkzp tpUJ/ ghujpjhrd; tpUJ/ j+;irj; jkpH;g;
gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpd; ,uhruhrd; tpUJ.
7. ftp+h; Rujh rpwe;j ctikf; ftp+h; vd;gjw;F cd; ghlg;gFjpiaf; bfhz]L tpsf;Ff.
kuj;jpny M=;fh=;nf g{f;fs; bkhl;Lfshf ,Uf;Fk;. mitg; g{j;Jtpl;lhy; g{ vd;W
bgah; bgw;W vy;nyhUk; mwpa[k; tpjj;jpYk; gad;jUk; tpjj;jpYk; mika[k;.
mJnghy jkpH;bkhHpapd; gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd brhw;fs; epuk;gp ,Ue;jhYk; mit
Kiwahf itf;fg;gl;lhy;/ vJif/ nkhidnahL motiuaiua[ld; ,Ue;jhy;
ftpijahFk;. mt;thW ,y;iybadpy; ciueilahFk; vd;Dk; thpfspy; ctikiag;
gad;gLj;jpa[s;shh;.
broapy; g{j;j g{ kPJ tz]L te;J j=;Fk; vd;gjida[k; ctikg;gLj;jpa[s;shh;. g{
g{j;J kzk; gug;gp jd;Dila ,Ug;ig cyfpw;Fr; brhy;yp tz]Lfis miHj;J jd;
,Ug;ig mLj;jth;fSf;F mwpar; bra;fpwJ.
g[yth;fs; rpwg;ghfg; ghly;fis vGjpdhh;fs; vd;why; mth;fspd; ghly; nky; g[fH;te;J
168 j=;Fk; vd;W Twpa[s;shh;.
fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 87 12

1.
ngr;R tHf;fpy; gad;gLj;Jfpd;w ctikr; brhw;fisj; bjhFf;f. ,it fUj;ij
btspg;gLj;Jtjw;F vt;thW gad;gLfpd;wd vd;gJ Fwpj;Jf; FGthf ciuahLf.
ghY : XlwtDf;F xk;gjhk; ,lj;jpy; Rf;fpud;D brhy;fpwhh;fns mjd; mu;j;jk; vd;d>
ntY : lwtd;dh/ Xa;tpy;yhky; ciHf;fpwtd;. xd;gjhk; ,lj;jpy; Rf;fpud;dh
X 4
? Rf;fpujpir vd;gJ kf;fSf;Fr; bry;tj;ij ms;spf; bfhLg;ghd; vd;W
,ay;
brhy;thh;fs;.
ghY : ey;y tpsf;fk; ,J. ,d;Dk; xU re;njfk;>
ntY : vd;d>
ghY : fhf;fh cf;fhu gdk;gHk; tpGe;j fij. ,jd; bghUbsd;d>
ntY :
gidkuj;jpy; gdk;gHk; gGj;jt[ld; jhnd tpGk;. Mdhy; fhf;fh ngha;
gid kuj;jpy; cl;fhut[k; mjdhy; gdk;gHk; tpGe;jjhk; vd;gJ fUj;J.
,jd; tpsf;fk; FHe;ij xd;W kiHna kiHna th vd;W ghoaJk; kiH
te;Jtpl;ljhk;. kiH jhndjhd; bghHpa[k; ahUk; tuitf;f KoahJ.
ghY : filrpahf/ xU tpsf;fk; njitg;gLfpwJ. rhz; Vw KHk; rWf;Fk; vd;gjd;
tpsf;fk; TW.
ntY :
tut[ ,uz;lzh vd;why; bryt[ xU mzhthf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. mJ
,ay;ghd thH;f;if. tut[ ,uz;lzh vd;why; bryt[ ehyzhthf ,Ue;jhy;/
mr;bra;ifjhd; rhz; Vwpdhy; KHk; rWf;Fk; vd;gjhFk;.

169
12
,ay;
bra;a[s;
4 ,ilaPL
? rp. kzp
4
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
,ay;
FWtpdh
1. `,ilaPL~ ? vtw;iwf; FwpaPlhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ>
,ilaPL vd;w ftpij/ ftp+hpd; ftpij rhh;e;j vz]zk;/ mjid btspg;gLj;Jk; tz]
zk;/ vGjg;gl;l ftpijia cs;th=;Fk; thrfdpd; kdepiy nghd;wtw;iwf; FwpaPlhff;
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
rpWtpdh
1. `@d;whd fhyk; nghy; xd;W~~ vit> Vd;> tpsf;Ff.
@d;whd fhyk; nghy; xd;W vd;gJ vz]zk;/ btspaPL/ nfl;ly;.
vz;zk; :
ek; kdjpy; cs;sitna vz;zk;.
btspaPL :
ek; kdjpy; vz;zpaij btspapLtJ btspaPL.
nfl;ly; :
ehk; btspapl;lij fUj;JntWghod;wp nfl;gJ nfl;ly;.
vz;zk; bkhHpahf cUthf;fg;gl;L btspg;gLj;jp nfl;fpwth;fs; brhy;Yfpd;w

fUj;Jfisg; g[hpjy;. ,tw;wpy; khw;wkilayhk;.
vg;go @d;WfhyKk; xnu neuj;jpy; Tw Koahnjh mg;gona ,e;j @d;Wk; xd;whf
tUtjpy;iy.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. ftp+h; rp. kzpapd; ftpijfs; 1959?Mk; Mz]L Kjy; ve;j ,jHpy; btspte;jJ>
m) tpsf;F M) vGj;J
,) eil <) xspr;nrh;f;if tpil: M
2. ftp+h; rp. kzp elj;jp te;j rpw;wpjH;
m) eil M) tpsf;F
,) ahg;g[k; ftpija[k; <) xspr;nrh;f;if tpil: m
170
3. ftp+h; rp;. kzp btspapl;l ftpijj; bjhFg;gpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit
m) xspr;nrh;f;if M) ,Jtiu ,) eil <) vGj;J tpil: m 12
4. ftp+h; rp. kzp bkhHpg;bgah;j;j rPd bka;apay; E}y;
m) jhnth $p $p=; M) jhnth yp $p=;
,) jhnthnj $p=; <) jhnth !p $p=; tpil: ,
5. ftp+h; rp. kzp g[Jf;ftpijapy; ve;jr; Ritia kpFjpahfg; gad;gLj;Jthh;> 4
m) ctif M) kUl;if ,) ,sptuy; <) m=;fjk; tpil: <
,ay;
6. ftp+h; rp. kzp ,Uj;jypd; btWikia vg;gof; brhd;dth;>
m) mGifa[k; m=;fyha;g;g[k; M) eifa[k; ctika[k;
,) rphpg;g[k; frg;g[k; <) gaKk; Jf;fKk; tpil: ,
7. Tw;W 1 : Fjpiu tiuaf; Fjpiu tuhJ " fGija[k; tuyhk; ,uz]Lk; fyf;fyhk;.
Tw;W 2 : fdpapd; ,dpik fdpapy; kl;Lkpy;iy " Ritg;nghd; grpia/ Rit Kor;irr;
rhh;e;jJ.
m) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; jtW M) Tw;W 1 jtW 2 rhp
,) Tw;W 1 rhp 2 jtW <) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; rhp tpil: <
8. Tw;W 1 : brhy;y tpUk;gpabjy;yhk; vGj;jpy; tUtjpy;iy.
Tw;W 2 : vypf;Fg; bghwpitj;jhy; tpuYk; tpGtJz]L.
m) Tw;W 1 rhp 2 jtW M) Tw;W 1 jtW 2 rhp
,) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; jtW <) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; rhp tpil: M
9. Tw;W : fdpapd; ,dpik fdpapy; kl;Lkpy;iy.
fhuzk; : fdpia cz]nghdpd; grpiag; bghWj;jnj fdpapd; Rit.
m) Tw;W rhp fhuzk; rhp M) Tw;W jtW fhuzk; rhp
,) Tw;W rhp fhuzk; jtW <) Tw;W jtW fhuzk; jtW tpil: m

m) Fjpiu tiua ahida[k; tuyhk; ,uz]Lk; fyf;fyhk;.
M) fdpapd; ,dpik mjd; kwj;jhy; mwpag;gLk;.
,) brhy;y te;jJ brhy;ypy; te;jhYk; nfl;gjpy; rpf;fy;.
<) ePh;j;njo miya[k; nghJ ePh; fpilf;Fk;. tpil: ,
m) ftp+h; rp. kzp mth;fs; g[Jf;ftpijapd; m=;fjj;ij gad;gLj;jtpy;iy.
M) ,Uj;jypd; btWikiaf; ftp+h; rp kzp rphpg;g[k; frg;g[khfr; brhd;dhh;.
,) ftp+h; rp. kzpapd; xspr;nrh;f;if ftpijj; bjhFg;g[f; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xd;W.
<) fw;gpj;jy;/ fw;wy; ,uz]ow;Fkpilna ,ilaPLfs; efh;tjpy;iy. tpil: ,
12. bghUj;jhijj; njh;f.
. m) fdpapd; ,dpik Ritg;nghd; grpia Rit Kor;irr; rhh;e;jJ.
M) brhy;y te;jJ brhy;ypy; te;jhYk;/ nfl;gjpy; rpf;fy; cz]L.
,) ePh;njo miya[k; nghJ ,sePUk; fpilf;Fk;.
<) vj;jidnah Vkhw;w=;fs; Fwpjtwpa khw;w=;fs; kdk; g[G=;fg; gyt[z]L. tpil: < 171
13. bghUj;jhijj; njh;f.
12 m) ftp+h;. rp.kzp/ nt.khyp/ bry;tk; vd;Dk; g[idg;bgah;fspy; vGjpa[s;shh;.
M) ftp+h;. rp.kzp/ Mrhd; ftpij tpUJ bgw;wth;.
,) ftp+h;. rp.kzp/ `tUk;nghFk;~ vd;Dk; rpw;wpjiH elj;jpte;jhh;.
<) ftp+h;. rp.kzp vGj;J ,jHpy; vGjpath;. [tpil: ,]
4
14. bghUj;Jf.
ftp+h; rp. kzp gilg;g[fs; ftp+h; rp. kzpapd; gilg;g[ tiffs;
m) vGj;J ? 1. rpw;wpjH;
,ay;
M) eil ? 2. ,ilaPL
,) tUk; nghFk; ? 3. ftpijj; bjhFg;g[
<) ,Jtiu ? 4. ,jH;
m) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 ,) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 <) 4/ 1/ 3/ 2 [tpil: <]
15. rp. kzpapd; (rp gHdpr;rhkp) ,ilaPL vd;Dk; ftpij ................ bjhFg;gpy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
m) ahg;g[k; ftpija[k; M) tUk; nghFk;
,) xspr;nrh;f;if <) ,Jtiu [tpil: <]
16. rp. kzpapd; ftpijfs; vGj;J vd;Dk; ,jHpy; btsptuj; bjhl=;fpa Mz;L
m) 1953 M) 1956 ,) 1959 <) 1962 [tpil: <]
17. rp. kzp gilj;j ,yf;fzk; gw;wpa E}y;

m) ahg;g[k; ftpija[k; M) mzpa[k; ftpija[k;
,) vGj;Jk; ftpija[k; <) brhy;Yk; ftpija[k; [tpil: m]
18. `tUk; nghFk;~/ `xspr;nrh;f;if~ vd;Dk; ftpijj; bjhFg;g[fspd; Mrphpah;

m) ntQnfhghyd; M) ,uh.kPdhl;rp
,) rp.kzp <) Mj;khehk; [tpil: ,]
19. rp. kzp/ nguhrphpauhfg; gzpahw;wpa Jiw

m) jkpH; M) M=;fpyk; ,) fzpjk; <) ,aw;gpay; [tpil: M]
20. `jhnth nj $p=;~ vd;Dk; rPd bka;apay; E}iyj; jkpHpy; bkhHpbgah;j;jth;
m) ftpkzp M) rp. kzp ,) ehTh; qkp <) Mj;khehk; [tpil: M]
21. nt. khyp/ bry;tk; vd;w g[idg;bgah;fspYk; vGjpath;
m) rp. kzp M) Mj;khehk;
,) ehTh; qkp <) e. gpr;r@h;j;jp [tpil: m]
22. vk;@d;Wk; vg;nghJk; xd;wy;y vd;fpwhh; rp. kzp>

m) vz;zk;/ btspaPL/ nfl;ly; M) ghh;j;jy;/ nfl;ly;/ ,urpj;jy;
,) nfl;ly;/ ghh;j;jy;/ ftdpj;jy; <) czh;jy;/ epidj;jy;/ bra;jy; [tpil: m]
23. brhy;y tpUk;gpabjy;yhk;
brhy;ypy; tUtjpy;iy ? vd;W vGjpath;
m) Mj;khehk; M) ehTh; qkp ,) rp. kzp <) ftpkzp [tpil: ,]
172
FWtpdh 12
1. fy;tp vtw;iwbay;yhk; ekf;F tH=;FfpwJ>
rhjpf;Fk; jpwida[k; rWf;fy;fspy; ek;gpf;ifiaa[k; jUfpwJ.
ekf;;Fj; Jiz epd;W fhf;Fk; mwpita[k; tH=;FfpwJ fy;tp.
2. fw;gpj;jy;/ fw;wy; ,uz]ow;Fk; ,ilna epfGk; tpist[fs; vd;d> 4
fw;gpj;jy;/ fw;wy; ,uz]ow;Fkpilna ,ilaPLfs; neh;tJk; cz]L.
,ay;
vjph;ghuhj ey;y tpist[fSk; fpilg;gJz]L.
3. fdpapd; Rit vijg; bghWj;jJ>
fdpapd; Rit vd;gJ fdpiag; bghWj;jJ my;y.
khwhf mijr; Ritg;gthpd; grpiaa[k;/ Ritapd; Kor;ira[k; rhh;e;jjhFk;.
4. ftp+h; rp. kzp bgw;Ws;s tpUJfisf; TWf.
tpsf;F ,yf;fpa tpUJ.
j+;irj; jkpH;g; gy;fiyf;fHf tpUJ.
Mrhd; ftpij tpUJ.
ftp+h; rpw;gp tpUJ.
5. `kdk;g[G=;fk; gyt[z;L~ vd;W ftp+h; rp. kzp vjidf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;>
fzf;fpyl=;fh khw;w=;fSk; ,yf;ifj; jtwpa Vkhw;w=;fSk; kdk; tUe;j bra;tjw;bfd;W
gw;gyt[k; ,Ug;gjhfr; rp. kzp Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
rpWtpdh
1. Fjpiu tiuaf; Fjpiuna

tuhJ " fGija[k; tuyhk;
,uz]Lk; fyf;fyhk; ? ,l+;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
,lk; :
,g;ghly; thpahdJ rp.kzp mth;fspd; `,Jtiu~ vd;w ftpijj; bjhFg;gpy; cs;s
`,ilaPL~ vd;w ftpijapy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
bghUs; :
ehk; brhy;y tpUk;gpa vy;yhnk brhy;ypy; tUtjpy;iy. ehk; vz]Qk; vz]zk;
vy;yhtw;iwa[nk brhy;ypy; bfhz]L tu Kotjpy;iy.
tpsf;fk; :
ehk; xd;iw epidj;Jg; ngr mJ g[hpe;J bfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpy; ntbwhd;whfptpLk;
epfH;t[fs; gy neu=;fspy; eilbgw;wpUf;Fk;. vt;thbwdpy; Xtpad; Fjpiuia tiua
epidj;J tiua[k; nghJ mJ ghh;g;gjw;Ff; Fjpiu nghy ,y;yhky; fGijnghyf;
fhl;rpaspf;fyhk;. gy neu=;fspy; ,uz]Lk; fye;J Tl njhw;wkspf;fyhk;. mJnghd;Wjhd;
ehk; vz]Qfpd;w vz]zk; btsptUk; nghJ g[hpe;J bfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpy; ek; vz]zk;
mg;gona g[hpe;J bfhs;sg;glyhk; my;yJ khw;Wf;fUj;ija[k; bgwyhk;.
173
2. ``vypf;Fg; bghwpitj;jhy;
12 tpuYk; tpGtJz;L
ePh;njo miya[k;nghJ
,sePUk; fpilf;Fk;~~ ? ,l+;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
,lk; :
4 ,g;ghly; thpahdJ rp.kzp mth;fspd; `,Jtiu~ vd;w ftpijj; bjhFg;gpy; cs;s

`,ilaPL~ vd;w ftpijapy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
bghUs; :
,ay;
vypiag; gpof;f bghwpitj;jhy; tpuYk; khl;of;bfhs;Sk;. jz;zPh; njoa

miya[k;bghGJ ,sePUk; fpilf;Fk;.
tpsf;fk; :
xU braiyr; bra;fpd;wbghGJ mr;braYf;F khw;whf ntW bray; ele;J ek;ikj;
Jd;g[Wj;jyhk;. ehk; rpwpa Fwpf;nfhSld; bry;Yk;bghGJ vjph;ghuhj tpjkhf bghpa
Fwpf;nfhSk; elf;fyhk;/ kfpH;r;rpapYk; MH;j;jyhk;. Mfnt/ ,ilaPLfs; vg;bghGJk;
ek;kplk; te;JnghFk;.
,jH;fspy; btspte;Js;s ftpijfspy; ,uz;oidj; jpul;o/ tFg;giwapy; goj;Jf; fhl;o/ mit

ftp+dpd; kdepiyia vt;tpjk; btspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd vd;gij tpsf;ft[k;.
fu;;g;gpzpj;jha; jiytpjpahy; jiytp tapw;iwf; fGt ntiyf;Fr; bry;fpwhs;.
ntiyf;Fr; brd;whs; ,J tpjpapd; bray;. gpwf;Fk; Kd;nd ngij vd;d ghtk;
fUt[k; Rke;jJ Rikia bra;jJ Rik jh=;f>
Typ ,y;yhky;. tWikapd; gpoapy; thLk; caph;fisg; glk; gpoj;jJ nghy/
brhy;yhy; Xtpak; jPl;o kdij bkGfha; cUf itf;fpwJ

,f;ftpij.
ViHapd; tPl;oDs; ViH ghtk; vd;d bra;thd;. vz;rhz; clk;gpy; xUrhz;

fha;fpwJ epyt[ tapw;Wf;nf ghLgLfpwhd;. xl;oa tapWk; fl;oa kidtpa[k;
Tiua[k; ,y;iy vl;lhj bry;tKk; ,tdJ cilikfs;. vjph;fhyk; ,tDf;F
Fsph;r;rpa[kpy;iy. ,Ul;L/ epfH;fhyk; vd;dnth btWikjhd;. gfypy; ghLgLk;
,tDf;F Xa;btLf;Fk; ,utpy; TiuTl ,y;iy ,td;
tPl;oy;.

174
12
,ay;
bra;a[s;
4 g[wehD}W
? xsitahh;
4
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
,ay;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. ``fhtpbdk; fynd " RUf;fpbdk; fyg;ig~~ ? ,j;bjhlhpy; `fyd;~ czh;j;Jk; bghUs;
m) nghh;f;fUtp M) jr;Rf;fUtp
,) ,irf;fUtp <) ntshz;fUtp tpil: ,
FWtpdh
1. `vj;jpirapYk; nrhW jl;lhJ fpl;Lk;~ ? ahh;f;F>
fiyj;bjhHpy; bra;nthh;f;F nrhW jl;lhJ fpl;Lk;.
fiyj;bjhHpypy; ,Uf;Fk; ty;yth;fSf;F ,t;t[yfpy; vj;jpirapy; brd;whYk; czt[
jtwhky; fpilf;Fk;.
rpWtpdh
1. thapnyhna vdj; bjhl=;Fk; xsitahhpd; g[wehD}w;Wg; ghly; ghlhz] jpizf;F chpaJ
vd;gij epWt[f.

jpiz tpsf;fk;:
ghlhz] jpiz vd;gJ ghlg;gLk; Mz] kfdpd; g[fH;/ typik/ bfhil/ mUs;/ fy;tp/
xGf;fk; nghd;w ey;ypay;g[fisr; rpwg;gpj;Jf; TWtjhFk;.
rhd;W tpsf;fk;:
thapnyhna vdj; bjhl=;Fk; xsitahhpd; g[wehD}w;Wg; ghlypy;/ `ghprpyh;f;F milah
thapnyhna-~ vd;w thp ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ.
mjhtJ jd;id eho tUk; ghprpyh;f;F thapiy milf;fhj muz]kid mjpakhd;
beLkhd; m+;rpapd; muz]kid.
jd;id ehotUk; g[yth;fs; Kjw;bfhz]L midtUf;Fk; thhptH=;Fk; ey;y cs;sk;
bfhz]ltd; mjpakhd;beLkhd; m+;rp.
ghprpyh; tUk;nghJ thapiy milf;fhj Fzk; cilatd; vd;wjhy; mjpakhd;beLkhd;
m+;rpapd; bfhilj;jd;ik g[ydhfpwJ.
bghUj;jk;:
jd;id eho tUnthh;f;F ,y;iy vd;W brhy;yhJ jdJ muz]kid thapiy
thapw;fhtyidf; bfhz]L milf;fhky; ghprpyh;f;F chpa ghprpidg; bgw vg;nghJk;
jpwe;jpLk; thapiy cilaJ mjpakhd; beLkhd; m+;rpapd; muz]kid vd;W 175
TwpajpypUe;J mjpakhd; beLkhd; m+;rpapd; bfhilj;jd;ik btspg;gLtjhy; ,g;ghly;
12 ghlhz]jpizf;F chpaJ vd;gij mwpayhk;.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
ta=;FbkhHp ? tpidj;bjhif
milah ? <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
4 mwpt[k; g[fGk; ? vz;Qk;ik
rpwhmh; ? ,irepiw msbgil.
,ay;
g[zh;r;rp tpjp
1. vj;jpir = v + jpir
,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph;Kd; frjg kpFk; vd;w tpjpg;go vj;jpir vd;W g[zh;e;jJ.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. fw;nwhuJ `brk;khg;g[~ vd;gjpy; `brk;khg;g[~ ? bghUs;
m) bgUik M) g[fH; ,) ,Wkhg;g[ <) btw;wp tpil: ,
2. g[wehD}w;Wf;F tH=;Fk; ntW bgah;
m) g[wk;/ g[wg;ghl;L M) g[wk;/ g[wg;bghUs;
,) ehD}W/ g[wg;ghl;L <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy tpil: m
3. `ta=;FbkhHp tpj;jpj;jhk;~ ? `tpj;jp~ vd;gjd; bghUs;
m) tpjp M) tpij ,) g[j;jp <) tpijj;J tpil: <
4. jhGk; epiy thpDk; fy=;fhjth;

m) fy;tp fw;nwhh; M) bry;tk; cilath;
,) +hdk; bgw;wth; <) bry;thf;F cilath; tpil: m
5. xsitahh; mfehD}w;wpy; ghoa[s;s ghly;fs;
m) 5 M) 15 ,) 4 <) 7 tpil: ,
6. Tw;W 1 : ,t;t[yfpy; mwpt[k; g[fGk; cilnahh; ,d;Dk; kha;e;Jtpltpy;iy.
Tw;W 2 : fiyj;bjhHpy; ty;yth;fSf;F vj;jpir brd;whYk; czt[ jtwhky; fpilf;Fk;.
,) Tw;W 1 rhp 2 jtW <) Tw;W 1 jtW 2 rhp tpil: m
7. Tw;W 1 : mjpakhdplk; el;g[ ghuhl;oa xsit mtUf;fhfg; nghh;f;fsk; brd;whh;.
Tw;W 2 : mjpakhdpd; muritg; g[ytuhf ,Ue;jth; xsitahh;.
,) Tw;W 1 rhp 2 jtW <) Tw;W 1 jtW 2 rhp tpil: <
176
m) vk; ahHpid vLf;ftpy;iy " fUtpg;igiaa[k; vLf;ftpy;iy. 12
M) fiyj;bjhHpy; ty;y v=;fSf;F vj;jpir brd;whYk; xd;Wk; fpilg;gjpy;iy.
,) jr;rdpd; gps;isfs; fhl;Lf;Fr; brd;why; btl;l kuk; fpilf;fhJ.
<) tpiue;J XLk; Fjpiuiaf; bfhz]ltd; beLkhd; m+;rp. tpil: <

m) g[wehD}w;wpw;Fg; g[wk;/ g[wg;ghl;L vd;Dk; bgah;fs; cz]L.
4
M) g[wehD}w;W gj;Jg; ghl;L E}y;fspy; xd;W.
,ay;
,) mjpakhdplk; el;g[ ghuhl;Lk; Fzk; ,y;yhjth; xsitahh;.
<) xsitahh; ghoajhf ew;wpizapy; 8 ghly;fs; cs;sd. tpil: m
10. bghUe;jpaijj; njh;f.
m) mwpt[k; g[fGk; ? tpidj;bjhif
M) rpwhmh; ? ,irepiwasbgil
,) ta=;FbkhHp ? <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
<) milah ? vz]Qk;ik tpil: M
m) jkpHhpd; mfthH;itg; gw;wp vLj;Jf; TWtJ g[wehD}W.
M) mjpakhdplk; el;g[ ghuhl;oa xsit mtUf;fhfj; J}J brd;wth;.
,) xsitahh; ghoajhf g[wehD}w;wpy; 33 ghly;fs; cs;sd.
<) g[wehD}W ghoa xsitahh; mjpakhdplk; ,Ue;J bey;ypfdpiag; bgw;wth;.tpil: m
12. g[wehD}w;wpy; gapd;W tUk; gh
m) nehpir Mrphpag;gh M) Fws; btz;gh
,) rpe;jpay; btz;gh <) fyptpUj;jk; [tpil: m]
13. ghprpy; Jiw vd;gJ

m) ghpR ntz;o thapypy; epw;gJ
M) kd;dd; ghprspj;Jg; g[ytiug; ghuhl;LtJ
,) ghpR bgw;w g[ytd; kfpH;r;rpahf ,y;ywk; jpUk;g[tJ
<) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy. [tpil: m]

m) cud; ? 1. nfhlhp
M) fyd; ? 2. fUtpfis itf;Fk; ig
,) fyg;ig ? 3. ahH;
<) kG ? 4. typik
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 ,) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3 <) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 [tpil: m]

m) ghprpyh; ? 1. fhL
M) fy;tp ? 2. ku=;fs;
,) jpir ? 3. rpWth;
<) czt[ ? 4. nfhlhp 177
m) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 ,) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 <) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3 [tpil: m]
12 m) ta=;FbkhHp ? 1. vz;Qk;ik
M) milah ? 2. ,irepiw msbgil
,) mwpt[k; g[fGk; ? 3. tpidj;bjhif
<) rpwhmh; ? 4. <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
m) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 ,) 3/ 2/ 4/ 1 <) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 [tpil: m]
4 17. `thapnyhna- thapnyhna-~ vd;Dk; g[wehD}w;Wg; ghly; ghlg;gl;ljd; fhuzk;
m) rpw;wurdhd mjpakhd; beLkhd; m+;rp ghprpy; juhky; fhyk; ePl;oj;jikahy; ghoaJ.
,ay;
M) ngfd; ,utyh;f;F ,u=;fhikahy; ghoaJ.

,) ghhp Ky;iyj; njh; bfhLj;jikahy; ghoaJ.
<) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: m]
18. `,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph;Kd; frjg kpFk;~ vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fhpa g[zh;r;rp tpjpf;F
bghUj;jkhdr; brhy;
m) vj;jpir M) cuDil ,) tYe;jiy <) kha;e;bjd [tpil: m]
19. g[wehD}W ................... E}y;fSs; xd;W.
m) vl;Lj;bjhif M) gj;Jg;ghl;L
,) gjpbdz;fPH;f;fzf;F <) ePjp [tpil: m]
20. mjpakhdplk; el;g[g; ghuhl;oath;

m) xjyhe;ijahh; M) xsitahh; ,) fgpyh; <) guzh; [tpil: M]
21. xsit ahUf;fhfj; J}J brd;whh;>

m) mjpakhDf;fhf M) ngfDf;fhf
,) ghhpf;fhf <) bjhz;ilkhDf;fhf [tpil: m]
22. xsitahh; ghoa ghly;fspy; ekf;Ff; fpilj;Js;sit

m) 22 M) 36 ,) 59 <) 65 [tpil: ,]
23. xsitahh; ghoa ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;ifa[k; E}y;fSk; (bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf).

m) mfehD}W ? 1) 7
M) g[wehD}W ? 2) 15
,) FWe;bjhif ? 3) 04
<) ew;wpiz ? 4) 33
m) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 ,) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 <) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3 [tpil: m]
24. mjpakhdpd; muritg; g[yth;
m) fgpyh; M) ghzh;
,) xsitahh; <) xf;Th; khrhj;jpahh; [tpil: ,]
FWtpdh
1. g[wehD}w;Wg; ghly;fshy; mwpag;gLgit ahit>
jkpHhpd; nghh;/ tPuk;/ ehfhpfk;/ gz]ghL/ bewpg;gl;l thH;f;if.
178
2. xsitahh; ghoajhf ekf;Ff; fpilj;Js;s r=;f ,yf;fpa ghly;fs; vj;jid>
mfehD}w;wpy; 4 ghly;fs;. 12
FWe;bjhifapy; 15 ghly;fs;.
ew;wpizapy; 7 ghly;fs;.
g[wehD}w;wpy; 33 ghly;fs; vd bkhj;jk; 59 ghly;fs;.
3. ghlhz] jpiz vd;why; vd;d> 4
ghL + Mz] + jpiz ? ghlhz] jpiz
,ay;
ghlg;gLk; Mz] kfdpd; g[fH;/ typik/ bfhil/ mUs;. fy;tp/ xGf;fk; nghd;w
ey;ypay;g[fisr; rpwg;gpj;Jf; TWtjhFk;.
Mz] kfdJ xGfyhw;iwf; TWtJ ghlhz]jpizapd; nehf;fkhFk;.
4. fy;tp fw;nwhhpd; rpwg;g[ vd;d>
fy;tp fw;nwhh; ve;epiyapYk; rpwe;nj ,Ug;gh;.
jhKk; ve;epiy te;jhYk; fy=;f khl;lhh;fs;.
mwpthy; cyifna brhe;jkhf;fpf; bfhs;th;.
v=;F brd;whYk; kw;wth; kjpg;igg; bgWth;.
5. fw;wth;f;F v=;F brd;whYk; czt[ fpilf;Fk; vd;gjw;F xsitahh; TWk; ctik ahJ>
kuk; btl;Lk; jr;rh; bgw;w rpWth;fs; j=;fs; kGnthL (nfhlhhp) fhl;Lf;Fr; brd;why;
mth;fs; btl;Ltjw;F kuk; fpilf;fhky; nghFkh> vd;gnj ctik.
ghprpyUf;Fr; rpWtUk;/ fy;tpf;Ff; nfhlhpa[k;/ nghFk; jpirf;Ff; fhLk;/ cztpw;Ff;
fhl;oy; cs;s ku=;fSk; ctikfshFk;.
rpWtpdh

1. g[wehD}W ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
g[wk; + ehd;F + E}W
400 ghly;fisf; bfhz;lJ.
vl;Lj;bjhif E}y;fSs; xd;W.
,J g[wg;bghUs; gw;wpaJ.
g[wk;/ g[wg;ghl;L vdt[k; miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
jkpHhpd; nghh;/ tPuk;/ ehfhpfk;/ gz;ghL/ bewpg;gl;l thH;f;if Kjypatw;iw tpsf;fkhf
vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
r=;ffhy kf;fspd; thH;f;ifia mwptjw;F fUt{ykhfj; jpfH;fpwJ.
2. `mwpt[k; g[fGk; cilnahh; kha;e;bjd/
tWj;jiy cyfKk; md;nw " mjdhy;
fhtpbdk; fynd " RUf;fpbdk; fyg;ig~ ? ,l+;Rl;o bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
,lk; :
,g;ghly; mofshdJ mjpakhd; beLkhd;m+;rp ghprpy; juhky; ePl;oj;jnghJ
xsitahh; ghoajhFk;. ,J g[wehD}w;wpd; 206 Mk; ghlypy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ. 179
bghUs; :
12 ,t;t[yfpy; mwpt[k; g[fGk; cilath;fs; ,d;Dk; kha;e;Jtpltpy;iy. ,e;j cyfKk;
btw;wplkhftpy;iy.mjdhy; vk; ,irf;fUtpfisj; njhspy; Rke;njhk;. ahH; Kjypa
,irf;fUtpfisa[k; igfspy; ,l;Lf; fl;of; bfhz]nlhk;.
tpsf;fk; :
mwpt[ rhh;e;j fUj;Jfis vLj;Jf;Twp mjpakhd; beLkhd; m+;rpaplk; ghpR
4 bgw brd;whh; xsitahh;. mjpakhd; beLkhd; m+;rp ghpR ju fhyk; jhH;j;jpajhy;
nfhgkile;j xsitahh; mjpakhd; beLkhd;m+;rp kl;Lk;jhd; ,e;j cyfpy; ,Uf;fpwhdh/
,ay;
,t;t[yfpy; mwpt[k; g[fGk; cilath;fs; ,d;Dk; kha;e;Jtpltpy;iy. ,e;j cyfKk;

btw;wplkhftpy;iy cd; kd;dd; ghpR jutpy;iy vd;why; vd;d > fiyj;bjhHpypy; ty;y
v=;fSf;F v=;Fr; brd;whYk; czt[ fpilf;Fk;. vdnt v=;fs; ,irf;fUtpfisj; njhspy;
vLj;Jtpl;nlhk; ,irf;fUtpfisa[k; igfspy; ,l;Lf;fl;o tpl;nlhk; vd;W TWkplj;jpy;
,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ.
3. `vj;jpir bry;ypDk; mj;jpirr; nrhnw~ vd;w xsitahhpd; brk;khg;g[ fUj;jpd; cz]ikia
Muha;f.
fw;wth;fSf;Fr; brd;w ,lbky;yhk; rpwg;ghFk;.
fw;nwhhpd; brhy;iyf; nfl;L mth;fSf;F thhp thhp tH=;fpdh; gz]ila jkpH; kd;dh;fs;.
ey;y fUj;Jfisf; Twp murpd; eph;thfj;ija[k;/ murhl;rpapd; eilKiwiaa[k;
rPh;g;gLj;Jk; gzpiaf; fw;wwpe;j g[yth;fs; nkw;bfhz]ldh;.
mj;jifa fw;wwpe;njhiu murh;fs; kpft[k; bfsutpj;Jg; ghpRfs; gyt[k; tH=;fpdh;.
ghpR ju fhyjhkjk; Mdjhy; xsitahh; thapy; fhtydplk; cd; murd; xUtid
kl;Lnk ek;gp ,e;j cyfk; cs;sJ vd;W mtd; epidj;Js;shndh >
kuk; btl;Lk; jr;rdpd; kfd; nfhlhpa[ld; fhl;ow;Fr; brd;why; mth;fs; btl;l fhl;oy;
VjhtJ xU kuk; fpilf;fhky; ngha;tpLkh >
`mJnghynt/ fw;wth;fs; vj;jpir bry;ypDk; mj;jpirapy; czt[ fpilf;Fk;.~
fw;wth;fSf;F mth;fs; bry;Yk; ,l=;fspy; vy;yhk; g[fH; cz]lhFk;.

fy;tpf;F mj;jifa rpwg;g[z]L vd;gij mwpe;jjhy; xsitahh; brk;ghg;g[ld;
thapw;fhtydplk; `vj;jpir bry;ypDk; mj;jpirr; nrhnw vd;W thapw;fhtydplk;
Twpdhh;.
4. ghlhz] jpiz rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
jpiz tpsf;fk;:
ghL + Mz] + jpiz ? ghlhz] jpiz. ghlg;gLk; Mz] kfdpd; g[fH;/ typik/
bfhil/ mUs;. fy;tp/ xGf;fk; nghd;w ey;ypay;g[fisr; rpwg;gpj;Jf; TWtjhFk;. Mz]
kfdJ xGfyhw;iwf; TWtJ ghlhz]jpizapd; nehf;fkhFk;.
rhd;W:
thap nyhna- thap nyhna-
ts;spnahh; brtpKjy; ta=;FbkhHp tj;jpj; jhk; .....
vd;w g[wehD}w;Wg; ghly; mofs;.
bghUj;jk;:
180 thapw;fhtyidf; bfhz]L milf;fhky; ghprpyh;f;F chpa ghprpidg; bgw vg;nghJk;
jpwe;jpLk; thapiy cilaJ mjpakhd; beLkhd; m+;rpapd; muz]kid vd;W
TwpajpypUe;J mjpakhd; beLkhd; m+;rpapd; bfhilj;jd;ik btspg;gLtjhy; ,g;ghly; 12
ghlhz]jpizf;F chpaJ vd;gij mwpayhk;.
5. ghprpy; Jiw rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
Jiw tpsf;fk;:
ghpR ntz;o thapypy; epw;gJ ghprpy; JiwahFk;.
4
rhd;W:
,ay;
thap nyhna- thap nyhna-
ts;spnahh; brtpKjy; ta=;FbkhHp tj;jpj; jhk; .....
vd;w g[wehD}w;Wg; ghly; mofs;.
bghUj;jk;:
thapw;fhtyidf; bfhz]L milf;fhky; ghprpyh;f;F chpa ghprpidg; bgw vg;nghJk;
jpwe;jpLk; thapiy cilaJ mjpakhd; beLkhd; m+;rpapd; muz]kid vd;W
TwpajpypUe;J mjpakhd; beLkhd; m+;rpapd; bfhilj;jd;ikia nehf;fp ghprpyh;
muz;kidapd; thapypy; epw;gJ ghprpy; JiwahFk;.
6. ``ghprpyph;f;F milah thapnyhna~~ vd;W thapw;fhtysplk; jd; tUj;jj;ijg; gjpat[k;
g[ythpd; kdf;FKwy;fis vLj;jpak;g[f.
ghprpyh;f;F thapiy milf;fhj fhtynd-
tpiue;J XLk; Fjpiuiaf; bfhz;l beLkhd; m+;rp/ jd;Dila jFjpia mwpahndh>
,
t;t[yfpy;/ mwpt[k; g[fGk; cilnahh; ,d;Dk; kha;e;Jtpltpy;iy/ ,e;j cyfKk;
btw;wplkhfptpltpy;iy.
Mfnt/ vk; ahHpid vLj;Jf; bfhz;nlhk;" fUtpg;igiaa[k; RUf;fpl;Lf; fl;of;
bfhz;nlhk;.

k
uk; btl;Lk; jr;rdpd; bjhHpy; ty;y gps;isfs;/ nfhlhpa[ld; fhl;Lf;Fr; brd;why;
mth;fs; btl;Ltjw;F VjhtJ xU kuk; fpilf;fhkyh nghFk;>
m
Jnghy/ fiyj;bjhHpy; ty;y v=;fSf;Fk; ,t;t[yfpy; vj;jpirapy; brd;whYk;
mj;jpirapy; czt[/ jtwhky; fpl;Lk;.
vd;W jd; kdf;FKwiy thapw;fhg;ghdplk; g[yth; vLj;Jiuf;fpwhh;.
``mwpt[k; g[fGk; cilnahh; kha;e;bjd
tWe;jiy cyfKk; md;nw~~
beLtpdh
1.
mjpakhd; beLkhd; m+;rpapd; ghpR ePl;oj;jy; Fzk; jtW vd;gij xsitahhpd;
g[wehD}w;Wg; ghprpy; Jiw ghly; v=;=dk; czh;j;JfpwJ >
thapy; fhtynd - thapy; fhtynd - g[yth;fshfpa v=;fisg; nghd;wth;fspd;
thH;epiyahdJ ts;sy;fis mQfp mth;jk; brtpfspny ciug;gjhFk;.
mth;fsplk; mwpthh;e;j brhw;fisj; Jzpr;rYld; tpijj;Jj; jhk; vz]zpaij Kof;Fk;
typika[ilaJ.
181
ts;sy;fs; gw;wpj; jh=;fs; vGjpa ftpijapd; rpwg;ig mwpe;J ghprspf;f ntz]Lk; vd

12 epidj;J tUe;Jth;.
tpiue;J XLk; Fjpiuiaf; bfhz]l beLkhd; m+;rp jd;Dila jFjpia mwpahky;
,Uf;fpd;whd;.
mtid ek;gpj;jhd; ,t;t[yfpy; tWik epiyapy; cs;nshh; thH;fpd;wdh; vd;W
epidf;fpd;whndh > fhyk; ePl;og;gJ rhpahd Kiway;y.
4 ghprpyh; muz]kid tUtij tpUk;g[k; mjpahkd; beLkhd; m+;rp ghpR ju ePl;og;gJ
KiwahfhJ.
,ay;
,t;t[yfpy; mwpt[k; g[fGk; cilnahh; ,d;Dk; mHpe;J nghftpy;iy. ,e;j cyfKk;

btw;wplkhfp tpltpy;iy.
ghpR juf; fhyk; ePl;oj;jhd; vd;why;/ v=;fis mwpe;J ghpR jUtjw;Fg; gy ngh; cs;sdh;.
kuk; btl;Lk; jr;rdpd; bjhHpy; ty;y gps;isfs; nfhlhpa[ld; fhl;Lf;Fr; brd;why;
mth;fs; btl;l xU kuk; fpilf;Fk;.
mjpakhd; beLkhd;m+;rp ghpR ju fhyk; ePl;oj;jhd; vd;why;/ ehd; vd; ,irf;fUtpiaj;
njhspy; Rke;Jf; bfhz]Lk;/ vd; ,irf;fUtpfisf; fUtpg;igf;Fs; RUf;fpl;Lf; bfhz]
Lk; g[wg;glg; nghfpd;nwd;.
fiyj;bjhHpy; g[hpa[k; v=;fisg; nghd;nwhiuf; fhj;J itf;f epidf;Fk; vz]zk;
rhpahdJ md;W. Vbddpy; ,t;t[yfpd; vj;jpirr; brd;whYk; mj;jpirapy; czt[
jtwhky; fpilf;Fk; vd;W czh;j;Jfpwhh;.
1.
fy;tpapd; rpwg;ig czh;j;Jk; jpUf;Fws;/ ehyoahh; ghly;fisj; jpul;o tFg;giwapy;
ciuahLf.
i) ahjhDk; ehlhkhy; Cuhky; vd;bdhUtd;
rhe;Jiza[k; fy;yhj thW.

ahjhDk; ehlhkhy; .................... fw;wtDf;F vy;yh ehLk; brhe;j ehL/ vy;yh CUk;
brhe;j Ch;/ mt;thW ,Uf;f xUtd; rhFk;tiu Vd; fy;tp fw;ff; TlhJ vd;fpwhh;
ts;Sth;.
rhFk; tiu fy;tpiaj; bjhlh;e;J fw;Wf; bfhz;nl ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
ts;Stdpd; tw;g[Wj;jy;.
ii) xUikf;fz; jhd; fw;w fy;tp xUtw;F

vGika[k; Vkhg;g[ cilj;J.
xU gpwtpapy; xUtd; fw;fpd;w fy;tpahdJ vGfpd;w VG gpwtpapYk; mtDf;Fg;
ghJfhg;gpidj; juty;yJ.
VG gpwtpapYk; bjhlh;e;J tuty;yJ fy;tp xd;nwahFk;.
182
iii) e
ha;f;fhy; rpW tpuy; nghy; ed;fzpauhapDk;
<f;fhy; Jiza[k; cjthjhh; el;bgd;dhk; 12
nra;j;jhDk; brd;W bfhsy; ntz;Lk; ? bra; tpisf;Fk;
tha;f;fhy; midah; bjhlh;g[ ? ehyoahh;
ehyoahh; ghlypy;/ ehapd; fhy; tpuy;fs; beU=;fp ,Uf;Fk;. mJnghy ek;ik beU=;fp
,Ug;gth;fs; <apd; fhy; mst[Tl cjtkhl;lhh;fs;.
4
t
ha;f;fhypd; J}uj;jpypUe;J tUk; jz;zPh; gaph; tpisr;rYf;F cjt[k;. mJnghy
,ay;
J}uj;jpypUe;J cjtp bra;a[k; ey;yth;fis ehk; beU=;fpr; brd;W el;g[ bfhs;s
ntz;Lk; vd;fpwJ.

183
12
4
,ay;
Jizg;ghlk;
ghJfhg;gha; xU gazk;
4
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
,ay;
beLtpdh
1. `rhiy tpgj;jpy;yhj; jkpH;ehL~ ? ,f;Tw;W edthf ehk; bra;a ntz]oad ahit >
,e;jpahtpnyna kpFe;j rhiy tpgj;Jfs; elf;Fk; khepykhf jkpH;ehL tps=;FfpwJ. vdnt/
rhiy tpgj;jpy;yhj; jkpH;ehL cUthf;f ehk; xU=;fpize;J bray;gl ntz]Lk;.
,Urf;fu thfd tpgj;jpidj; jtph;f;f ntz]Lk; :
gjpbdl;L taJ epiwe;jth;fs; kl;Lnk Kiwahd gapw;rpg; bgw;W/ Xl;Leh; chpkk;
bgw;W ,U rf;fu Ch;jpia ,af;f ntz]Lk;.
jiyf;ftrk; mzpe;nj bry;y ntz]Lk;.
,uz]L ngUf;F nky; ,U rf;fu thfdj;jpy; bry;yf; TlhJ.
ifngrpia Kw;wpYkhfj; jtph;f;f ntz]Lk;.
rhiyapy; Ch;jpiaf; FWf;Fk; beLf;Fkhf ,af;fhky; ,Ue;jy; ntz]Lk;.
fhjzp nfl;gpfs; gad;gLj;jp ,uz]Lr; rf;fu thfd=;fis ,af;ff; TlhJ.
thfd Xl;ofspd; myl;rpak; :
mtruk; vd;w MSiff;F cl;gl;l ehk; tpgj;jpy;yhj; jkpH;ehL cUthf rpy
tpHpg;g[zh;t[fisf; fl;lhakhff; bfhLj;jy; ntz]Lk;.

tpgj;Jfs; kpFjpahf eilbgWtjw;fhd fhuz=;fs; :
thfd Xl;Leh;fs; ftdf;Fiwt[.
gapw;rpapy;yhky; thfdk; Xl;LtJ jtW.
jtwhd jl;gbtg;gepiya[k;/ jl;g btg;gepiyf;F Vw;g thfdk; Xl;Lk; gapw;rp bgWtJ.
,ae;jpuf; nfhshW/ kpFjpahd Ml;fis ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; bry;tJ.
bjhlh; tz]o ,Ug;g[g;ghijfisf; ftdpf;fhky; flg;gJ.
kJ mUe;jptpl;L Ch;jp Xl;Ltjhy; epiwant tpgj;Jfs; elf;fpd;wd.
tpgj;Jfs; kpFjpahf eilbgWtjw;fhd fhuz=;fis mwpe;J tpgj;Jfisj; jtph;f;f ntz]Lk;.
tpgj;Jfisj; jtph;f;f :
gs;sp khzth;fsplk; rhiy tpjpfs; kw;Wk; tpgj;Jfisj; jLg;gJ Fwpj;j
tpHpg;g[zh;t[fisf; bfhLj;jy; ntz]Lk;.
rhiyapy; vt;thW bry;y ntz]Lk; vd;w rhiy tpjpKiwfis Kiwahfg; gpd;gw;w
ntz]Lk;.
184
ntfkhfr; bry;Yk; tz]oapd; gpd;g[wj;ijg; gpoj;Jf; bfhz]L XLtJ/ kpjptz]oapy;
XLtJ/ jtwhdJ/ Kw;wpYk; jtph;f;fg;gl ntz]Lk;. 12
ngUe;jpy; gazk; bra;a[k; nghJ vg;gog; gazpg;gJ vd;gij mwpe;J mjd;go elg;gJ.
ghJfhg;ghfg; gazpf;f cjt[fpd;w cj;jut[f; FwpaPLfs;/ vr;rhpf;iff; FwpaPLfs;/ jfty;
FwpaPLfs; Mfpatw;iw mwpe;J mjidg; gpd;gw;wpg; gazpj;jy; ntz]Lk;.
,t;thW thfdk; Xl;Lk; nghJ myl;rpaj;ijj; jtph;j;J tpgj;Jfs; eilbgWtjw;fhd
fhuz=;fis mwpe;J/ ,Urf;fu thfd=;fis Kiwahf cgnahfpj;J rhiy tpjpfisg;
4
gpd;gw;wp/ tpgj;Jfisj; jtph;j;J te;njhk; vd;why;/ `rhiy tpgj;jpy;yhj jkpH;ehL~
,ay;
cUthFk;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. vj;jid tajpw;F cl;gl;lth;fs; tz]o Xl;l mDkjpapy;iy>
m) 17 M) 21 ,) 18 <) 25 tpil: ,
2. ruhrhpahf ehbshd;Wf;F vj;jid tpgj;Jfs; elg;gjhff; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ>
m) 1312 M) 1317 ,) 1315 <) 1318 tpil: M
3. ruhrhpahf ehbshd;Wf;F elf;Fk; tpgj;jpy; caphpHg;nghhpd; vz]zpf;if
m) 413 M) 613 ,) 418 <) 618 tpil: m
4. jkpH;ehl;oy; eilbgWk; tpgj;Jfspy; ,Urf;fu Ch;jpahy; Vw;gLk; tpgj;jpd; tpGf;fhL
m) 38 M) 33 ,) 37 <) 35 tpil: <
5. rhiyg; nghf;Ftuj;J cjtpf;F chpa bjhiyngrp vz]
m) 108 M) 101 ,) 103 <) 109 tpil: ,

6. chpa taJ epiwtilahj FHe;ijfs; Ch;jpa ,af;fpdhnyh tpgj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpdhnyh
mf;FHe;ijfspd; bgw;nwhh;fSf;F vj;jid Mz]Lfs; rpiw jz]lid
m) 3 M) 5 ,) 2 <) 1 tpil: m
7. Ch;jpfSf;F chpa fhg;gPL ,y;yhky; Ch;jpia ,af;fpdhy; tNypf;fg;gLk; jz]lj;bjhif
m) ` 2/000 M) ` 3/000 ,) ` 450 <) ` 800 tpil: m
8. kJ Foj;Jtpl;L Ch;jpia ,af;fpdhy; tpjpf;fg;gLk; jz]lj;bjhif
m) ` 1/000 M) ` 10/000 ,) ` 5/000 <) ` 2/000 tpil: M
9. Tw;W 1 : rhiyr; re;jpg;g[fspy; vr;rhpf;ifahd mQFKiw njit.
Tw;W 2 : ,ju rhiyg; gadhspfis ez]guhf vz]z ntz]Lk;.
m) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; jtW M) Tw;W 1 rhp 2 jtW
,) Tw;W 1 jtW 2 rhp <) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; rhp tpil: <
10. Tw;W 1 : rhiyg; nghf;Ftuj;J cjtpf;Fj; bjhiyngrp vz] 109?I bjhlh;g[ bfhs;syhk;.
Tw;W 2 : vjphpy; tUk;/ fle;J bry;y Kw;gLk; Ch;jpfSf;F tHptpl ntz]Lk;.
185
,) Tw;W 1 rhp 2 jtW <) Tw;W 1 jtW 2 rhp tpil: <
11. Tw;W : 18 taJ epiwtilahj FHe;ijfs; Ch;jp ,af;FtJ rl;lg;goj; jtW.
12 fhuzk; :
,r;rl;lj;ij kPwp Ch;jp ,af;Fk; FHe;ijfspd; bgw;nwhh;fSf;Fj; jz]lid
tH=;Ftjpy;iy.
m) Tw;W rhp fhuzk; rhp M) Tw;W jtW fhuzk; rhp
,) Tw;W rhp fhuzk; jtW <) Tw;W jtW fhuzk; jtW tpil: ,
4 12. Tw;W 1 :
rhiyfspy; ,lk;bgw;wpUf;Fk; FwpaPLfs; nghf;Ftuj;jpidr; rPh; bra;at[k;
ghJfhg;ghfg; gazpf;ft[k; cjt[fpd;wd.
,ay;
Tw;W 2 : r hiyapd; tiffs; iky; fw;fspd; tptu=;fs; gw;wpj; bjhpe;J itj;jpUf;f ntz]Lk;.
,) Tw;W 1 jtW 2 rhp <) Tw;W 1 rhp 2 jtW tpil: M
m) rhiyapy; cj;jut[ FwpaPLfs; ,lk; bgwhJ.
M) rhiyr; re;jpg;g[fspy; ghJfhg;gw;w mQFKiw njit.
,) rhiyg;nghf;Ftuj;J cjtpf;Fj; bjhiyngrp vz] 103?I bjhlh;g[ bfhs;st[k;.
<) 18 taJ epiwtilahj FHe;ijfs; Ch;jp ,af;fyhk;. tpil: ,
m) fhg;gPL ,y;yhky; ,af;fpdhy; ? ` 3/000 jz]lj;bjhif
M) jiyftrk; mzpahky; gazpj;jhy; ? ` 2/000 jz]lj;bjhif
,) kJFoj;Jtpl;L Ch;jpia ,af;fpdhy; ? ` 1/000 jz]lj;bjhif
<) mghafukhd Kiwapy; thfdk; ,af;fpdhy; ? ` 5/000 jz]lj;bjhif tpil: <
m) kJ Foj;Jtpl;L Ch;jpia ,af;fpdhy; ` 10/000 jz]lj;bjhif.
M) fhg;gPL ,y;yhky; Ch;jpia ,af;fpdhy; ` 2000 jz]lj;bjhif.
,) Xl;Leh; chpkk; ,y;yhky; Ch;jpia ,af;fpdhy; ` 500 jz]lj;bjhifnah my;yJ 6
khjr; rpiwj; jz]lidnah my;yJ ,uz]Lnkh fpilf;Fk;.

<) mghafukhd Kiwapy; Ch;jpia Xl;odhy; ` 5/000 jz]lj;bjhif. tpil: ,
m) ghhp!; efhpy; 1909?Mk; Mz]L `gd;dhl;Lr; rhiy mikg;g[~ cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
M) ,ju rhiyg; gadzpfis ez]guhf vz]z ntz]Lk;.
,) rhiyr; re;jpg;g[fspy; vt;tpj vr;rhpf;f mQFKiwa[k; njitapy;iy.
<) bkhHpntWghlw;w FwpaPLfs; vspjpy; kf;fSf;Fg; g[hpa[k;. tpil: ,
17. bghUj;Jf.
m) kJ Foj;Jtpl;L ? 1. ` 1/000
M) ,Urf;fu thfdj;jpy; ,uz]L ngUf;F nky; gazpj;jhy; ? 2. ` 2/000
,) Xl;Leh; chpkk; ,y;yhky; ? 3. ` 5/000
<) jiyftrk; mzpahky; ? 4. ` 10/000
m) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 ,) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3 <) 4/ 1/ 3/ 2 tpil: M
18. cyfpnyna mjpf rhiyg; nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfisf; bfhz;l ,uz;lhtJ bghpa ehL
186 m) ,e;jpah M) rPdh ,) ghfp!;jhd; <) mbkupf;fh [tpil: m]
19. Vwf;Fiwa ............... ,yl;rk; fp.kP rhiyfs; ek; ehl;oy; cs;sd.
m) 25 M) 35 ,) 45 <) 55 [tpil: <] 12
20. ek; ehl;oy; ............... nfhof;Fk; nkw;gl;l Ch;jpfs; cs;sd.
m) 11 M) 21 ,) 31 <) 51 [tpil: M]
21. ek; ehl;oy; Xu; Mz;ow;F Vwf;Fiwa ............... ,yl;rk; tpgj;Jfs; elf;fpd;wd.
m) 1 M) 10 ,) 5 <) 20 [tpil: ,] 4
22. ehbshd;Wf;F neUk; tpgj;Jfspy; caphpHg;nghh;
,ay;
m) @d;wpy; xU g=;fpdh; M) ehd;fpy; xU g=;fpdh;
,) Ie;jpy; xU g=;fpdh; <) Mwpy; xU g=;fpdh; [tpil: m]
23. ,e;jpahtpy; mjpf rhiy tpgj;Jfs; elf;Fk; khepyk;

m) nfush M) jkpH;ehL
,) fh;ehlfh <) kj;jpa gpunjrk; [tpil: M]
24. jkpH;ehl;oy; eilbgWk; bkhj;j tpgj;Jf;fspy; ,Urf;fu Ch;jpfshy; Vw;gLk; tpgj;Jfs;

............... tpGf;fhL.
m) 15 M) 25 ,) 35 <) 55 [tpil: ,]
25. gs;sp khzth;fs; ,Urf;fu thfdk; Xl;LtJ

m) rl;lg;go rhpahFk; M) rl;lg;go Fw;wkhFk;
,) rl;lg;go m=;fPfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: M]
26. Kjy; gd;dhl;Lr; rhiy mikg;g[ khehL eilbgw;w ,lk;/ Mz;L

m) ghhp!;/ 1909 M) upnaho b$dpnuh/ 1908
,) \hkpy;ld;/ 1907 <) lh;gd;/ 1915 [tpil: m]
27. 18 taJ epiwtilahj FHe;ijfs; Ch;jpfs; ,af;fpdhnyh/ tpgj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpdhnyh

mf;FHe;ijfspd; bgw;nwhUf;F 3 Mz;L rpiwj;jz;lid tpjpf;Fk; rl;lk;

m) nkhl;lhh; thfdr; rl;lk;/ 1988 M) nkhl;lhh; thfdr; rl;lk; 1965
,) nkhl;lhh; thfdr; rl;lk;/ 2017 <) nkhl;lhh; thfdr; rl;lk;/ 2016 [tpil: ,]
m) mghafukhd Kiwapy; Ch;jpia Xl;odhy; jz;lidj; bjhif ? 1. ` 10/000
M) kJ Foj;Jtpl;L Ch;jpia ,af;fpdhy; jz;lidj;bjhif ? 2. ` 5/000
,) jiyf;ftrk; mzpahky; ,Urf;fu Ch;jpia ,af;fpdhy; jz;lidj; bjhif ? 3. ` 2/ 000
<) Ch;jpfSf;Ff; fhg;gPL ,y;yhky; ,af;fpdhy; jz;lidj; bjhif ? 4. ` 1/000
m) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 ,) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 <) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 [tpil: m]
29. rhiyfspy; ,lk;bgw;wpUf;Fk; FwpaPLfs;
i) cj;jut[f; FwpaPLfs; ii) vr;rhpf;iff; FwpaPLfs;
iii) gd;ikia czh;j;Jk; `fs;~ tpFjp nrh;e;j brhw;fisg; gphpf;fhky; vGj ntz;Lk;.
iv) jfty; FwpaPLfs;
m) i, ii rhp M) ii, iii rhp ,) iii kl;Lk; jtW <) @d;Wk; rhp [tpil: <]
30. Xl;Leh; chpkk; ,y;yhky; Ch;jpia ,af;fpdhy; fpilf;Fk; jz;lidfs;

i) q. 5/ 000 ii) @d;W khjr; rpiwj;jz;lid iii) my;yJ ,uz;Lk;
187
m) i rhp M) ii rhp ,) iii) kl;Lk; jtW <) @d;Wk; rhp [tpil: <]
12 fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 95
1.
rhiyg; ghJfhg;gpid typa[Wj;Jk; KHf;fj; bjhlh;fs; ml=;fpa gjhiffs; rpytw;iw
cUthf;fpg; gs;spapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
rhiy ghJfhg;gpy; ftdk;-

4 js;spg; nghtnjh kuzk;--
,ay;
jiyf;Ff; ftrk; mzp

jiyKiwf;F mijna gzp
,UgJ kPl;lh; ,ilbtsp-

,Ue;jhy; ePjhd; mwpthsp--
Xl;Lk;nghJ ntz;Lk; epjhdk;

tPl;Lf;F ntz;Lk; cd; tUkhdk;--
cd;id ek;gp ehw;gJ-

Xl;l ntz;Lk; ehw;gjpy;--
2. vjph;ghuhj NHypy; Vw;gLk; rhiy tpgj;ija[k;/ mtw;iwj; jLf;Fk; Kiwfisa[k;

cs;slf;fpa ehlfk; xd;iw elj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
g=;FbgWnthh; : uhK/ nrhK/ gPK.
uhK : v=;f mg;ghtplk; nfl;Lj; bjhe;jut[ gz;zp th=;fpd ,Urf;fu thfdk; ,Jlh-
nrhK : ey;yh ,Uf;Flh/ gy;ruh>
uhK : gy;rh;dh vdf;F buhk;g gpof;Fk;lh. rhp ,d;iwf;F kfhgypg[uk; tiuf;Fk; tz;oapy
ngha; tUnthkh>
nrhK : ehd; jahh;. Mdh gPK eP th;wpah>
gPK : ehDk; th;nwd;. Mdhy; xU ntz;Lnfhs;.
uhK : vd;dd;D brhy;Y.
gPK : @tUk; tz;oapy; nghfDk;dh/ jiyf;ftrk; mzpe;J bry;y ntz;Lk;.
uhK : @d;W ,Uf;Flh. nghfyhk; th.
(@tUk; bry;fpd;wdh;. vjpnu yhhp xd;W jlk; khwp ntfkhf tUfpwJ. vt;tsnth ,Urf;fu
thfdj;ij tisj;Jk; Koahky; tz;o fPnH tpGe;Jtpl;lJ. @tUf;Fk; fhak;.
kUj;Jtkid brd;W tPL jpUk;g[jy;)
gPK : jiyf;ftrk; mzpa brhd;ndd;. mjdhy;jhd; jiyapy; mo gly.
uhK : gPK/ eP ey;yh brhd;dlh/ ehd; Kjy;y jiyf;ftrk; ntzhd;D bedr;nrd;. @d;W
ngU capiua[k; eP fhg;gpj;jpl;l.
nrhK : Mkhz;lh/ gPK eP tw;g[Wj;jyd;dh/ jiyf;ftrk; mzpe;jpUf;f khl;nlhk;. btWk;
jiynahl nghapUg;nghk;. mjpfkhf mo gl;oUf;Fk;.
gPK : ehd; fhg;gj;jylh/ jiyf;ftrk; ek;ks fhg;ghj;Jr;R.
@tUk; : jiyf;Ff; ftrk;- ek; caph; fhf;Fk; Rthrk;-
188

12
,ay;4
,yf;fzk;
gh ,aw;wg; gHfyhk;
,yf;fzj; njh;r;rp bfhs;

4
gf;fk;: 100
,ay;
1. btz;ghtpw;F Vw;g mLj;j rPh; vd;dthf mikf;fyhk;> bghUj;jkhd rPhpidf; bfhz;L
nfhol;l ,l=;fis epug;g[=;fs;.
m) md;ng jfspaha; (Mh;tkha; ' jfspaha;)
M) thd;kiH J}wypy; (J}wypy; ' bghHpe;jpod;)
,) fz;zpuz;Lk; ,y;yhh; (,yhjhh; ' ,y;yhh;)
<) btz;zpyt[ fha;fpwJ (fha;fpwJ ' xsph;fpwJ)
c) bta;nahd; fha;e;jpl (fha;e;jpl ' xsph;e;jpl)
2. @d;whtJ rPh; mikj;J vGJf.
m) fy;tp fiuapy fw;gth;
M) fy;yhnu MapDk; nfl;f (fw;f)
,) ey;yit bra;apd; eynk
<) mtkjpg;g[k; Md;w bghUs;
c) cz;zhJ nehw;ghh; rhd;nwhh;
3. bghUj;Jf.
m) khr;rPh; ? 1. fUtpsk;/ Ttpsk;
M) fha;r;rPh; ? 2. ehs;/ kyh;
,) tpsr;rPh; ? 3. njkh=;fha;/ g[spkh=;fha;

<) Xuirr;rPh; ? 4. njkh/ g[spkh
m) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3 M) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 ,) 2/ 3/ 1/ 4 <) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 tpil: M
4. fPGs;s brhw;fis <w;Wr; rPuhff; bfhz;L Fws; btz;gh ' nehpir btz;gh ' ,d;dpir
btz;gh vGj Kaw;rp bra;at[k;.
fly;/ ths;/ kiH/ njd;/ kuk;.
fly; : miybad vGe;J xyp baGg;gp
Mh;g;ghpf;Fk; bgU=; fly;.
ths; : xsptPrpf; Th;ikbahU vjphpia tPH;j;j
gspr;rpLk; nte;jd; ths;.
kiH : thdpd;W bghHpe;J kz;iz tskhf;Fk;
njd;Rit md;d jkpH;
njd; : kzk;jUk; g{tpy; RitjUk; ,dpa
mKj bkDk; njd;.
kuk; : ,aw;ifj; jha; cte;J mspj;j 189
kwf;f btz;zh kuk;.
5. btz;ghtpw;Fhpa jisfs; ahit>
12 ,aw;rPh; btz;lisa[k;/ btz; rPh; btz;lisa[k; btz;ghtpw;Fhpa jisfs; MFk;.
6. xU tpfw;gk;/ gy tpfw;gk; vd;why; vd;d>
btz;ghtpy; ehd;fofSk; XbuJifa[k; bgw;W tUtJ xU tpfw;gk; MFk;.
btz;ghtpy; Kjy; ,uz;lo XbuJifa[k;/ mLj;j ,uz;lo XbuJifa[k; bgw;W
4 tUtJ gy tpfw;gk; MFk;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
,ay;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. btz;gh ahg;g[ bry;thf;Fg; bgw;w fhyk;
m) r=;ffhyk; M) r=;fk; kUtpa fhyk;
,) fhg;gpa fhyk; <) Inuhg;gpah; fhyk; [tpil: M]
2. r=;fk; kUtpa fhyj;jpy; typa[Wj;jg;gl;lJ

m) mwk; M) muk; ,) kuk; <) kwk; [tpil: m]
3. brhy;Yjiy mog;gilahff; bfhz;L njhd;wpaJ

m) btz;gh M) Mrphpag;gh ,) fypg;gh <) tpUj;jg;gh [tpil: m]
4. btz;ghtpd; Xir
m) mftnyhir M) brg;gnyhir
,) Js;snyhir <) J}=;fnyhir [tpil: M]
5. btz;gh ................ mika ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,d;wpaikahj tpjp.

m) btz;lisahy; M) fypj;jisahy;
,) xd;wpa t+;rpj;jisahy; <) xd;wh t+;rpj;jisahy; [tpil: m]
6. btz;lis ................. tifg;gLk;.

m) ,uz;L M) @d;W ,) ehd;F <) Ie;J [tpil: m]
7. jisj;jy; vd;gjw;Fg; bghUe;jhj bghUisf; fz;lwp.

m) fl;Ljy; M) gpzpj;jy;
,) gphpj;jy; <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: ,]
m) neh; neh; ? 1. g[spkh
M) epiu neh; ? 2. njkh
,) epiy epiu ? 3. Ttpsk;
<) neh; epiu ? 4. fUtpsk;
m) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 ,) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 <) 3/ 1/ 2/ 4 [tpil: m]
m) ,uz;lo btz;gh ? 1. fypbtz;gh
M) @d;wo btz;gh ? 2. gBbwhil btz;gh
190 ,) ehd;fo btz;gh ? 3. nehpir btz;gh/
,d;dpir btz;gh
<) ehd;fo Kjy; gd;dpuz;lo tiu ? 4. nehpir/ ,d;dpir
rpe;jpay; btz;gh 12
c) gjpd;@d;wo Kjy; mjw;Fk; nkw;gl;l mofs; tiu ? 5. Fws; btz;gh
m) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 5/ 2/ 3/ 1 ,) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4/ 5 <) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4/ 5 [tpil: m]
10. btz;gh ................ tifg;gLk;.
m) ehd;F M) Ie;J ,) MW <) VG [tpil: <]
4
11. nehpir btz;ghtpy; ................. moapy; jdpr;rPh; tUk;
,ay;
m) Kjyhk; M) ,uz;lhk; ,) @d;whk; <) ehd;fhk; [tpil: M]
12. jdpr;rPhpy;yhky; .................. rPnuhL mikf;fg;gLgit ,d;dpir btz;gh.

m) @d;W M) ehd;F ,) Ie;J <) MW [tpil: M]
FWtpdh
1. jisj;jy; vd;gjd; bghUs; ahJ>
jisj;jy; vd;gjw;Ff; fl;Ljy;/ gpzpj;jy; vd;W bghUs;.
2. <uirr; rPh;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
khr;rPh; ? njkh/ g[spkh
tpsr;rPh; ? Ttpsk;/ fUtpsk;.
3. @tirr;rPh;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
fha;r;rPh; ? njkh=;fha;/ g[spkh=;fha;/ Ttps=;fha;/ fUtps=;fha;.
4. btz;ghtpd; <w;Wr;rPh; vt;btt; tha;ghLfSs; xd;iwf; bfhz;L Koa[k;>
ehs;/ kyh;/ fhR/ gpwg;g[.
5. btz;gh vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>

btz;gh VG tifg;gLk;. mit:
1. Fws; btz;gh 2. nehpir btz;gh 3. ,d;dpir btz;gh 4. nehpirr; rpe;jpay;
btz;gh 5. ,d;dpirr; rpe;jpay; btz;gh 6. gBbwhil btz;gh 7. fypbtz;gh
6. gBbwhil btz;gh/ fypbtz;gh ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
ehd;for; rpw;bwy;iyahft[k; gd;dpuz;log; ngbuy;iyahft[k; bfhz;lJ gBbwhil
btz;gh MFk;.
gjpd;@d;wo Kjy; mjw;Fk; nkw;gl;l mofs; tiu bfhz;lJ `fypbtz;gh~ MFk;.
7. btz;ghtpw;fhd ,yf;fzj;ijf; TWf.
,aw;rPh; btz;lis btz;rPh; btz;lis gpwHhJ tUk;.
<w;wo @r;rPuhft[k; Vida mo ehw;rPuhft[k; tUk;.
<uirr;rPh;fs; khr;rPUk; tpsr;rPUk; @tirr;rPhpy; fha;r;rPUk; tUk;.
brg;gnyhir bgw;W tUk;.
,uz;lo Kjy; gd;dpbuz;L mo tiu tUk;.
<w;Wr;rPh; ehs;/ kyh;/ fhR/ gpwg;g[ Mfpa tha;ghLfSs; xd;iwf; bfhz;L Koa[k;.
191
8. ,d;dpir btz;gh vt;thW mikf;fg;gLk;>
12 jdpr;rPhpy;yhky; ehd;F rPnuhL mikf;fg;gLgit ,d;dpir btz;gh.
1. fPH;f;fhQk; <w;wofisf; bfhz;L nehpir (m) ,d;dpir btz;gh vGJf.

4 m) vd;;Wk; tpUk;gpna fy;. M) xGf;fk; cah;t[ jUk;.
cyfpy; cj;jkdha; thH fy;tp capiu tpl nkyhdJ xGf;fk;
,ay;
vj;jpf;Fk; cd; g[fiH ehl;l japiu tpl bkd;ikahdJ xGf;fk;

Vw;wkpF fy;tpia frlw fw;W gHFk; Kiw mwpe;J thH;e;jhy;
vd;Wk; tpUk;gpna fy; xGf;fnk cah;t[ jUk;.
,) ,d;dy; tpyfp tpLk;. <) cHtpd;wp ca;ah cyF.
md;gpdhy; mwk; gy bra;J nfhYk; Fila[k; kd;dDf;F mtrpak;
gz;gpdhy; gy g[fH; va;J vGJk; nfhYf;F Th;Kid mtrpak;
cz;ik apdhy; ciHj;JeP thH;e;jhy; cGk; tptrhapf;F Vh;Kid mtrpak;
,d;dy; tpyfp tpLk;. cHtpd;wp ca;ah cyF
c) bkhHpapd; tHpa jwpt[.
ts;Stdpd; tha;bkhHpia Fw;wkwf; fw;W
fk;gdpd; fhtpaj;ij frlwf; fw;W
,s=;nfhtpd; rpyk;ig rPh;J}f;fpg; ghh;j;J
bkhHpapd; tHpa jwpt[
2. `,aw;if~ vd;Dk; bghUz;ikapy; btz;gh vGJf.

bjd;wy; tPr g{kzk; gut[k;
Fd;wk; Fspu Fspupy; thLk;
kapYk; Ml kiHnkfk; brhupa[k;

kz;Q yiff; fhz;.
bkhHpia Ms;nthk; gf;fk;: 102
rhd;nwhh; rpj;jpuk;
brd;idf; fpwpjJ
; tf; fy;Y}hpapy; jkpHhrphpah; gzpfF
; neh;fhzYf;Fr;
brd;whh; xUth;. me;jf; fy;Y}hpapd; nguhrphpah; ghpjpkhw;fiy+h;.
``Fw;wpaYfuj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lr; brhy;Y=;fs;~~ vd;W nfl;lhh;.
mth; ``mBJ vdf;Fj; bjhpahJ~~ vd;W gjpyspj;jhh;. èP=;fs; njh;t[
bra;ag;gl;Ltpl;Oh;fs;~ vd;whh; ghpjpkhw;fiy+h;. `bjhpahJ~ vd;W
brhd;dtiu/ ``vg;goj; njh;t[ bra;ayhk;>~~ vd;W gpwh; nfl;l nghJ/
`mBJ~ vd;gJ Ma;jj; bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk;/ `vdf;F~ vd;gJ td;bjhlh;f;
kiwkiyaofs;
Fw;wpaYfuk;/ `bjhpahJ~ vd;gJ caph;j;bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; vd;W 1876?1950
tpsf;fpdhh; ghpjpkhw;fiy+h;. ,e;epfH;tpy; ghpjpkhw;fiy+iuna
192 tpaf;f itj;jth; kiwkiyaofs;.
ghpjpkhw;fiy+Uldhd mtUldhd el;g[ `jdpj;jkpH;~ kPjhd mofshhpd; gw;iw
kpFjpahf;fpaJ. gpwbkhHpf; fyg;g[ ,d;wp ,dpa/ vspa jkpH;r; brhw;fisf; bfhz;nl ngrt[k; 12
vGjt[k; ,aYk; vd;W eil Kiwg;gLj;jpdhh;. `Rthkp ntjhryk;~ vDk; jd;bgaiu
`kiwkiyaofs;~ vd khw;wpf; bfhz;lnjhL jk; kf;fspd; bgaiua[k; J}a jkpH;g;
bgah;fshf khw;wpdhh;. ,sk; tajpy; gy;ntW ,jH;fspy; fl;Liufs; vGjp te;j mofshh;
+hdrhfuk; (1902)/ Oriental Mystic Myna (1908), Ocean Of Wisdom (1935) Kyhd ,jH;fis
elj;jpr; rpwe;j ,jHhsuhfj; jpfH;e;jhh;. Ky;iyg;ghl;L Muha;r;rpa[iu/ gl;odg;ghiy 4
Muha;r;rpa[iu/ rhFe;jy ehlfk;/ khzpf;fthrfh; tuyhWk; fhyKk; Kjyhd gy E}y;fis
,ay;
vGjpa[s;shh;. Kiwahd gs;spf; fy;tpia Koj;jpuhj kiwkiyaofs; Mf;fpa E}y;fSk;
Mw;wpa brhw;bghHpt[fSk; mth; Xh; mwpt[f;fly; vd;gij ekf;F czh;j;Jk;.
tpdhf;fs;:
1. xU neh;fhzypy; Fw;wpaYfuj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf vd;W nfl;ljw;Fg; gjpyhf
kiwkiy mofs; TwpaJ vd;d>
2. Rthkp ntjhryk; vd;gjd; jkpHhf;fk; vd;d>
3. kiwkiy mofs; elj;jpa ,jH; vJ>
4. ,g;ghlg; gFjpapy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s vz;Qk;ikapid vLj;J vGJf.
5. ,g;ghlg;gFjpapd; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s cUtfj;jpid vLj;J vGJf.
tpilfs;:
1. mBJ vdf;Fj; bjhpahJ
2. kiwkiy mofs;
3. +hdrhfuk;
4. tuyhWk; fhyKk;
5. mwpt[f;fly;
bjhlhpy; cs;s gpiHfis ePf;fp vGJf.

v.fh. ek; khdpyk; ,e;j Mz;L tul;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
ek; khepyk; ,e;j Mz;L twl;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
1. v=;fs; Chpy; E}yff; fl;olk; fl;l mwR epjp xJf;fpaJ.
v=;fs; Chpy; E}yfk; fl;llk; fl;l muR epjp xJf;fpaJ.
2. u=;fd; bt=;fyg; ghj;jpuf;fil itj;jpUf;fpwhh;.
u=;fd; btz;fyg; ghj;jpuf;fil itj;jpUf;fpwhh;.
3. khdk; ghh;j;j g{kpapy; gapW tiffs; gapuplg;gLfpd;wd.
thdk; ghh;j;j g{kpapy; gaW tiffs; gaphplg;gLfpd;wd.
4. Ig;grp milkiHapy; CUdp epiwe;jJ.
Ig;grp mil kiHapy; CUzp epiwe;jJ.
5. ,d;dpf;F rha=;fhyk; fgo nghl;o eilbgWk;.
,d;iwf;F rha[=;fhyk; fgo nghl;o eilbgWk;.
193
jkpHhf;fk; jUf.
12
The Serious dearth of library facilities in this country is scarcely keeping with India’s status in
the international community of nations or with her educational and social needs. In this matter. India
compares unfavourably not only with other independent Dominions of the commonwealth but even with
certain British colonies. She possesses only one public library on any considerable size, and even this
4 institution is inadequate to serve the need of the capital city. Only a few towns can boast of possessing
any library at all. The rural papulation is completely neglected; There are no travelling libraries to reach
them of kind that are to be found even in some backward countries.
,ay;
The growth of libraries has lagged. Far behind the increase in the number of schools and the rise
in the rate of literacy. The great mass of the people in India do not have the means to buy books or even
magazines and newspapers; in the absence of sufficient public libraries and reading room, most of them
cannot attain regular reading habits.
,e;jpa ehl;oy; E}yf trjpfspd; gw;whf;Fiwahy; fy;tp kw;Wk; r@f njitfspy;

,e;jpahtpd; epiyg;ghL rh;tnjr mu=;fpy; kw;w ehLfisf; fhl;oYk; Fiwe;nj cs;sJ.
,e;j tp&aj;jpy; ,e;jpah/ rpy bghJt[ilik ehLfs; kw;Wk; M=;fpyf; Fonaw;w
ehLfnshL vjph;kiwahf xg;gplg;gLfpwJ. bghpa mstpy; xnu xU bghJ E}yfj;jij
kl;Lnk ,e;jpah itj;jpUf;fpwJ. nkYk;/ mJ jiyefuj;jpd; njitia epiwt[ bra;a
nghJkhdjhf ,y;iy. ,=;F xU rpy efu=;fs; kl;Lnk E}yfj;jhy; bgUik mila
,aYk;. fpuhkg;g[w kf;fs; Kw;wpYkhf g[wf;fzpf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;. mth;fis gadilar;
bra;tjw;F rpy gpd; j=;fpa ehLfspy; cs;sijtpl E}yf=;fs; VJk; ,=;F ,y;iy.
,e;jpahtpy; E}yf=;fspd; tsh;r;rp jhkjkhfnt cs;sJ. gpd;dhspy; gs;spfspd;
vz;zpf;ifapy; Vw;wk; ,Ue;jhYk;/ vGj;jwptpy; gpd;j=;fpna ,Uf;f nehpLk;. ,e;jpahtpy;
bgUkst[ kf;fSf;Fg; g[j;jf=;fs;/ thu ,jH;fs;/ gj;jphpf;iffs; th=;Ftjw;F tHp ,y;iy
kw;Wk; nghJkhd bghJ E}yf=;fs;/ thrpg;g[ miw/ ,y;yhikahy; bgUk;ghyhdth;fSf;F
thrpf;Fk; gHf;fnk ,y;yhky; nghfpwJ.
gpd;tUk; gHbkhHpfis thH;f;if epfH;nthL bghUj;jp vGJf.
1. ahidf;Fk; morWf;Fk;
jd;dk;gpf;ifnahL thH;e;j vd; je;ij jdpahh; rPl;Lf; FGkj;jpd; gfl;L tpsk;guj;jhy;
gzk; fl;o/ Vkhe;jJ `àhidf;Fk; morWf;Fk;~~ nghy Mapw;W.
2. jpid tpijj;jtd; jpid mWg;ghd;/ tpid tpijj;jtd; tpid mWg;ghd;
thH;f;ifapy; ehk; gpwUf;F ed;ik bra;J te;njhk; vd;why; ekf;Fk; ed;ikna elf;Fk;.
thH;f;ifapy; ehk; gpwUf;Fj; jPik bra;J te;njhk; vd;why; ekf;Fj; jPikna elf;Fk;
,ijnajhd; jpid tpijj;jtd; jpid mWg;ghd;. tpid tpijj;jtd; tpid mWg;ghd;
vd;ghh;fs;.
3. Fw;wk; ghh;f;fpd; Rw;wk; ,y;iy
el;g[ vdf;bfhz;l gpwF Fw;wk; ,Ug;gpd; mijg; bghWf;Fk; Fzk; ntz;Lk;. mij
tpLj;J Fw;wj;ijf; foe;Jiuj;jhy; (Rw;wk;) el;g[ bjhluhJ.
4. vWk;g[ Cuf; fy;Yk; nja[k;
thH;f;ifapy; rpd;dr; rpd;d jtWfis ,iHj;Jf; bfhz;nl tUtjhy; jd; g[fGf;Fj;
194 fs=;fk; tuhJ vd;W epidf;fpnwhk;. khwhf/ vWk;g[ Cuf; fy;Yk; nja[k; vd;gJ nghy ek;
g[fH; mHptjw;F ehk; bra;j rpW jtWfns fhuzkhfptpLk;.
5. CHp bgahpDk; jhk; bgauhh;
ew;gz;g[fisf; iftug; bgw;wth;fs; thH;tpy; cah;t[ jhH;t[ te;jnghJk; jd;dpiyapy; 12
khwkhl;lhh;fs;.
fPH;f;fhQk; gj;jpfisg; goj;J @d;wpy; xU g=;fhfr; RUf;Ff.
,d;iwa thH;f;ifr; NHypy; Xa;tpd;ik/ fhyk; jtwpa czt[/ czt[g; gHf;ftHf;f

khw;wk; cs;spl;litna gy;ntW cly; eyg; ghjpg;g[fSf;F @y fhuzkhfpd;wd. kUj;Jtk; 4
rhh;e;j njitfSf;bfd;W Fwpg;gpl;l bjhifia xJf;Fk; mstpw;F cly;epiyiaf;
,ay;
ftdj;jpy; bfhs;shky;/ Xh; ,ae;jpu thH;f;ifia thH;e;J bfhz;oUf;fpnwhk;.
`cznt kUe;J kUe;nj czt[~ vd;W thH;e;jth;fs; ek; Kd;ndhh;fs;. xUth;
cl;bfhs;Sk; cztpy; g[ujk;/ bfhGg;g[/ khr;rj;J/ fdpk=;fs;/ Ez;Q}l;lr; rj;Jfs;
nrh;e;jnj rkr;rPh; czt[. vdnt mstwpe;J cz;z ntz;oaJ mtrpakhFk;.
Urpf;fhf/ rhg;gplf;Tlhj bghUs;fisr; rhg;gpLtJk;/ grpf;fhf mst[f;F kPwpr;
rhg;gpLtJk; jhd; gpzpfSf;Ff; fhuzk;. rhjhuzkhf cz;l czt[ brhpkhdkhtjw;F
4 kzp neuk; MfpwJ. bghJthfnt czit ed;whf bkd;W tpG=;f ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy;
kht[g;bghUs; brhpkhdkhtjw;F ckpH;ePh; Rue;J czt[ld; cl;bry;Yk;.
czt[g; bghUl;fspy; ml=;fpa[s;s rj;Jfs;/ mtw;wpd; gad;fs; Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wpa
bjspe;j mwpt[/ Mnuhf;fpa cztpidj; njh;t[ bra;a kpft[k; cjtpaha; ,Uf;Fk;.
ekJ vil kw;Wk; cauj;jpid mt;tg;nghJ nrhjpj;J epidtpy; itj;Jf; bfhs;s
ntz;Lk;. ,J kpft[k; Kf;fpakhdJ. gpwF j=;fsJ vil kw;Wk; cauj;jpidg; bghWj;J
Mnuhf;fpakhd czt[ Kiwiaj; njh;e;bjLf;ft[k; clw;gapw;rp bra;at[k; KobtLf;f
ntz;Lk;.
xt;bthU kdpjUf;Fk; mtuJ taJ/ ghypdk;/ cly; ciHg;g[/ cly;epiy/ thGk;
,lk;/ gUt epiy Mfpatw;wpd; mog;gilapy; Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fspd; njit khWgLk;.
njitahd jhdpa=;fSld; gUg;g[ kw;Wk; gaW tiffisr; nrh;j;J/ mjpf

fha;fwpfSlDk; gH=;fSlDk; Toa czt[ Kiwna ek; Mnuhf;fpaj;jpw;fhd rhpahd
jPh;t[.
@d;wpy; xU g=;fhfr; RUf;Ff.
kyh;e;jit ? 162
162
bjhLj;jit ? = 54
3
gj;jpapd; RUf;fk;:
,d;iwa R{Hypy;/ Xa;tpd;ik/ fhyk; jtwpa czt[/ cztpy; khw;wk; Kjyhdit
cly; eyg; ghjpg;g[f;Ff; fhuzk;. kUj;Jtj;jpw;bfd bjhif xJf;Fk; mst[f;F
,ae;jukhfptpl;nlhk;. cznt kUe;jhf cz;L kfpH;e;jdh; Kd;ndhh;. xt;bthUtUk;
rkr;rPh; czt[ cl;bfhs;tJ fl;lhakhfptpl;lJ. czt[g; bghUspy; ml=;fpa[s;s rj;J
gw;wp mwptJ ekJ flik. Urpf;fhf md;wp grpf;fhf kpFjpahfr; rhg;gpLtJ gpzpf;Ff;
fhuzkhapw;W. ekJ vil kw;Wk; cauj;ijg; bghWj;nj czt[ Kiwa[k; clw; gapw;rpa[k;
mikjy; ntz;Lk;. taJ/ ghypdk; kw;Wk; clYiHg;gpd; mog;gilapy; Cl;lr;rj;J
njitg;gLk;. fha;fwp/ jhdpak;/ gapW ,tw;Wld; Toa czt[ Kiwna rhpahd jPh;g;g[.
195
12 bkhHpnahL tpisahL gf;fk;: 103
kiwe;jpUf;Fk; brhw;fisf; fz;Lgpo.

ngh V ah H; R tp e f U +
4
f; L gh L nj y; il tp u sp
F jp iu gh r f nk ij k; r;
,ay;
t m bt t kp gh il nt f nr
u d; w; o j; lh xs =; K u;
j; g[ wp t jp z; it if iw f;
J U t k; u jp X iy J if
k d d k; d; iz g a zp j
fh t y u; X j w; gp up t[
1. nghf;F tuj;J 2. VL 3. md;g[
4. btw;wp 5. gh ? totk; 6. Rnjr kpj;jpud;
7. ghlhz; jpiz 8. eilnkil 9. xsit
10. ftp 11. ftpij 12. nt=;if
13. JiwKfk; 14. Kfk; 15. Jiw
16. Jzp 17. nrh;f;if 18. ahH;
19. ghL 20. Fjpiu 21. nkij
22. ghil 22. ghil 23. itif
24. itfiw 25. JUtk; 26. ujp
27. Xiy 28. kddk; 29. gazp

30. fhtyh; 31. Xjw; gphpt[ 32. utp
33. njL 34. ghL 35. ifJ
36. tpij 37. Kiw 38. jzp
39. fU 40. giz 41. Xh;
vz;z=;fis vGj;jhf;Ff
fy;tp xUtiu mwptpdhy; nkijahf;Fk;

fy;tp fw;why; ePjpauru Mfyhk;.
fy;tpapd; fhuzkhf fhty;Jiw mjpfhhp Mfyhk;
fy;tp fw;gjhy; kUj;Jth; Mfyhk;
fy;tp xUtiu ey;yhrphpadhf;Fk;.
fy;tpna xUth;f;Fg; bgUik nrh;f;Fk;
fy;tp fw;wtiuna cyfk; nghw;Wk;.
196
brhy;iyg; gphpj;Jk; nrh;j;Jk; bjhluikf;f.

12
v.fh. gyif
gyifahy; Md nkirapy; czt[ cz;ldh;.
gy iffs; xd;wpize;J btw;wpiaj; jkjhf;fpd.
1. jhkiu
jlhfj;jpy; jhkiu kyh;e;jpUe;jd. 4
jht[fpd;w khid(kiu)g; gpof;f KoahJ.
,ay;
2. nfhtpy;
nfhtpypy; FlKGf;F ele;njwpaJ.
murd; ciwtplk; nfh ,y; vdg;gLk;.
3. bt=;fhak;
bt=;fhak; kUj;Jt Fzk; epiwe;jJ.
btk;ikahy; cz;lhd fhak;.
4. jiyik
gs;sp Mz;L tpHhtpw;Fj; jiyik Mrphpah; jiyik jh=;fpdhh;.
jiyapy; ik mog;gJ gHf;fkhfptpl;lJ.
bra;J fw;nghk;.
mUfpYs;s fy;Y}hpf;Fr; brd;W m=;Fs;s ghlg;gphpt[fis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.
jkpH; M=;fpyk; tuyhW
bghUshjhuk; fzpjk; ,aw;gpay;
,s=;fiy
jhtutpay; ntjpapay; fzpdptpay;
tzpftpay; bghUspay;
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf bry;tj;Js; vy;yhk; jiy

fPH;f;fz;l ,l=;fspy; c=;fs; bray;ghL vt;thW ,Uf;Fk;>
Tl;lk; epuk;gpa ngUe;jpy;/ eP=;fs; mkh;e;jpUf;f.
,Uf;ifia mtUf;Ff; bfhLg;ngd;.
c=;fs; mUfpy; bghpath; xUth; epw;fpwhh;.
gs;spapy; c=;fSila njhHh; grpa[ld;
mkh;e;jpUf;fpwhh;. ,Ug;gij gfph;e;J cz;ngd;.
flw;fiuapy; bgw;nwhhplkpUe;J gphpe;J tHpjtwpa rpWkpia bgw;nwhhplk;

rpWkp fz;zPh;tpl;Lf; fy=;Ffpwhh;. xg;gilg;ngd;.
gog;nghk; gad;gLj;Jnthk; (cztfk;);
Arrival – tUif Passport – flt[r;rPl;L
Departure – g[wg;ghL Visa – EiHt[ ,irt[
Coaveyor Belt – Ch;jpg;gl;il Domestic Flight – cs;ehl;L thD}h;jp
Take off – thD}h;jp fpsk;g[jy; 197

12
,ay; 4 khjphp tpdhj;jhs; ? 4
tFg;g[ : 12
neuk; : 2.30 kzp kjpg;bgz; : 90
4 I. gyt[s; bjupf. 6×1=6
midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpil jUf.
,ay;
1. ``fhtpbdk; fynd " RUf;fpbdk; fyg;ig~~ ? ,j;bjhlhpy; `fyd;~ czh;j;Jk; bghUs;

m) nghh;f;fUtp M) jr;Rf;fUtp ,) ,irf;fUtp <) ntshz;fUtp
2. Rujh elj;jpa ftpij ,jH;
m) ,yf;fpak; M) fhtpak; ,) Ch;tyk; <) tpz]kPd;
3. ``tpz]ntW " tpz]btspapy; ,a=;F fpd;w
btz]kjpa[k; br=;fjpUk; KfpYk; ntW~~ ? bjhlh; jUk; KGikahd bghUs;.
m) tpz]Qk; btz]kjpa[k; ntW ntW
M) tpz]btspa[k; br=;fjpUk; ntW ntW
,) btz]kjpa[k; KfpYk; ntW ntW
<) tpz]/ tpz]btspapy; cs;s btz]kjp/ br=;fjph;/ Kfpy; midj;Jk; ntW ntW
4. RtonahL bghUe;jhj xd;iwj; njh;t[ bra;f.
m) trk;g[ M) kzj;jf;fhspapiyr; rhW
,) fLf;fha; <) khtpiyf;fhp
5. `FHpkhw;W~ ve;jj; JiwnahL bjhlh;g[ila brhy;
m) ,yf;fpak; M) fzpjk; ,) g[tpapay; <) ntshz]ik
6. btz;ghtpw;F Vw;g mLj;j rPh; vd;dthf mikf;fyhk;> bghUj;jkhd rPhpidf; bfhz;L nfhol;l
,l=;fis epug;g[=;fs;.
m) md;ng ........................... (Mh;tkha; ' jfspaha;)
M) thd;kiH ........................... (J}wypy; ' bghHpe;jpod;)
II. midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpil jUf 8×1=8

7. @d;whtJ rPh; mikj;J vGJf.
m) fy;tp fiuapy ...........................
M) fy;yhnu MapDk; ...........................
8. bghUj;Jf.
m) khr;rPh; ? 1. fUtpsk;/ Ttpsk;
M) fha;r;rPh; ? 2. ehs;/ kyh;
,) tpsr;rPh; ? 3. njkh=;fha;/ g[spkh=;fha;
<) Xuirr;rPh; ? 4. njkh/ g[spkh
m) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3 M) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 ,) 2/ 3/ 1/ 4 <) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
9. FUFyk; vd;gJ
m) Mrphpah; miw M) FUf;fs; j=;Fkplk;
,) Jwtpahpd; Foir <) Mrphpahpd; tPL
10. bghUj;Jf.
m) bjhilfs; ? 1. mirfs;
M) jisfs; ? 2. bjhilfs;
,) vGj;Jfs; ? 3. ghf;fs;
<) moapd; fPH; mofs; ? 4. rPhpd; ,ilbtspfs;
198 m) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 M) 3/ 1/ 2/ 4 ,) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2 <) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
11. bjhlhpy; cs;s gpiHfis ePf;fp vGJf.
Ig;grp milkiHapy; CUdp epiwe;jJ. 12
12. Rujh elj;jpa ,jH;
m) fhtpak; M) bjd;wy; ,) Fapy; <) vGj;J
m) g{f;Fk; tiu g{ vd;nghk;;. M) Mf;fpa gpd; mhprp vd;Wk;

14.
,) ahg;gpy; te;jl=;Fk; thh;j;ijfns bra;a[s; <) ftpeila[k; ciueila[k; ntW ntW
Tw;W 1 : gs;spf;F Kjypy; tUgtid ntj;jhd; vd;W miHg;gh;
4
Tw;W 2 : ntj;jhd; rpy neu=;fspy; rl;lhk;gps;isf;Fhpa flik bra;thd;.
,ay;
m) Tw;W ,uz;Lk; rhp M) Tw;W ,uz;Lk; jtW
,) Tw;W 1 rhp 2 jtW <) Tw;W 1 jtW 2 rhp
III. FWtpdh 3x2=6
m) vitnaDk; @d;wDf;F tpil jUf.
15. ,ilaPL ? vtw;iwf; FwpaPlhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
16. trdk;/ ftpij ntWghL jUf.
17. `vj;jpirapYk; nrhW jl;lhJ fpl;Lk;~ ? ahh;f;F>
18. g[z; ntW ? tpGg;g[z; ntW tpsf;Ff.
M) vitnaDk; ,uz;lDf;F tpil jUf : 2×2=4
19. eP=;fs; Mrphpauhdhy; khzhf;fiu md;gpdhy; vt;tifapy; bewpg;gLj;JtPh;fs;>
20. kzypy; vGjpaJ Kjy; jw;fhyk; tiu vGJk; Kiwapy; Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;w=;fisj; bjhFj;Jiuf;f.
21. fpsp@f;F vd;gJ vd;d>
IV. vitnaDk; VHDf;F tpil jUf : 7 × 2 = 14
22. VnjDk; xd;wDf;Fg; gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
m) je;jdd; M) bghHpe;jhd;
23. VnjDk; xd;wDf;Fg; g[zh;r;rp tpjp jUf.
m) bry;yplj;J M) vj;jpir
24. kug[g;gpiHia ePf;fp vGJf.

M) g{id gha[k; M) g[yp fj;Jk;
25. g[wehD}w;Wf;F tH=;Fk; ntW bgah;
m) g[wk;/ g[wg;ghl;L M) g[wk;/ g[wg;bghUs;
,) ehD}W/ g[wg;ghl;L <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
m) g[wehD}w;wpw;Fg; g[wk;/ g[wg;ghl;L vd;Dk; bgah;fs; cz;L.
M) g[wehDw;W gj;Jg; ghl;L E}y;fspy; xd;W.
,) mjpakhdplk; el;g[ ghuhl;Lk; Fzk; ,y;yhjth; xsitahh;.
<) xsitahh; ghoajhf ew;wpidapy; 8 ghly;fs; cs;sd.
27. brhy;iyg; gphpj;Jk; nrh;j;Jk; bjhluikf;f. (xd;W kl;Lk;)
m) jhkiu M) gyif
28. njitahd ,l=;fspy; ty;ypd bka;fis ePf;fp vGJf.
gps;isfisg; gs;spf;Tlj;jpy; itf;Fk; fhyk; bghpa tpnrl ehshff; bfhz;lhlg; bgWk;.
29. ka=;bfhypr; brhw;fspd; bghUswpe;J brhw;bwhlh; mikf;ft[k;.
m) miy M) mis ,) miH
30. fiyr; brhy;yhf;fk; jUf. Visa
V. rpWtpdh
m) vitnaDk; ,uz;lDf;F tpil jUf. 2×4=8 199
31. ``@d;whk; fhyk; nghy; xd;W~~ ? vit> Vd;> tpsf;Ff.
32. thapnyhna vdj; bjhl=;Fk; xsitahhpd; g[wehD}w;Wg;ghly; ghlhz; jpizf;F chpaJ vd;gij
12 epWt[f.
33. vypf;F bghwp itj;jhy; tpuYk; tpGtJz;L
ePh; njo miHa[k;nghJ ,sePUk; fpilf;Fk; ? ,lk; Rl;o bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
M) vitnaDk; ,uz;lDf;F tpil jUf. 2×4=8
34. eP=;fs; Mrphpauhdhy; khzhf;fiu md;gpdhy; vt;tifapy; bewpg;gLj;JtPh;fs;>
4 35.
36.
kzypy; vGjpaJ Kjy; jw;fhyk; tiu vGJk; Kiwapy; Vw;gl;Ls; khw;w=;fisj; bjhFj;Jiuf;f.
Rtoia cUthf;Fk; Kiwia tpthp.
VI. vitnaDk; @d;wDf;F tpil jUf. 3 x 4 = 12
,ay;
37. ghlhz; jpizia rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff. (my;yJ) ghpry; Jiwia tpsf;Ff.

38. fPH;f;fhQk; gj;jpiag; goj;J jkpHhf;fk; bra;f.
The Serious dearth of library facilities in this country is scarcely keeping with India’s status in the international
community of nations or with her educational and social needs. In this matter. India compares unfavourably
not only with other independent Dominions of the commonwealth but even with certain British colonies. She
possesses only one public library on any considerable size, and even this institution is inadequate to serve
the need of the capital city. Only a few towns can boast of possessing any library at all. The rural papulation is
completely neglected; There are no travelling libraries to reach them of kind that are to be found even in some
backward countries.
The growth of libraries has lagged. Far behind the increase in the number of schools and the rise in the rate
of literacy. The great mass of the people in India do not have the means to buy books or even magazines and
newspapers; in the absence of sufficient public libraries and reading room, most of them cannot attain regular
reading habits..
39. gpd;tUk; gHbkhHpfspy; VnjDk; xd;wpid thH;f;if epfH;nthL bghUj;jp vGJf.

m) ahidf;Fk; mo rWf;Fk;
M) Fw;wk; ghh;g;gpd; Rw;wk; ,y;iy
40. fPH;f;fhQk; gj;jpfisg; goj;J @d;wpy; xU g=;fhfr; RUf;Ff.
,d;iwa thH;f;ifr; NHypy; Xa;tpd;ik/ fhyk; jtwpa czt[/ czt[g; gHf;ftHf;f
khw;wk; cs;spl;litna gy;ntW cly; eyg; ghjpg;g[fSf;F @y fhuzkhfpd;wd. kUj;Jtk;

rhh;e;j njitfSf;bfd;W Fwpg;gpl;l bjhifia xJf;Fk; mstpw;F cly;epiyiaf; ftdj;jpy;
bfhs;shky;/ Xh; ,ae;jpu thH;f;ifia thH;e;J bfhz;oUf;fpnwhk;.
`cznt kUe;J kUe;nj czt[~ vd;W thH;e;jth;fs; ek; Kd;ndhh;fs;. xUth; cl;bfhs;Sk;
cztpy; g[ujk;/ bfhGg;g[/ khr;rj;J/ fdpk=;fs;/ Ez;Q}l;lr; rj;Jfs; nrh;e;jnj rkr;rPh; czt[.
vdnt mstwpe;J cz;z ntz;oaJ mtrpakhFk;.
Urpf;fhf/ rhg;gplf;Tlhj bghUs;fisr; rhg;gpLtJk;/ grpf;fhf mst[f;F kPwpr; rhg;gpLtJk;
jhd; gpzpfSf;Ff; fhuzk;. rhjhuzkhf cz;l czt[ brhpkhdkhtjw;F 4 kzp neuk; MfpwJ.
VII. gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F ,U gf;f=;fSf;F kpfhky; tpil jUf : 3 x 6 = 18
41. ftpij vGj mwpa ntz;Lthdthfr; Rujh TWtdtw;iw tpthpf;f
42. gz;ilf;fhyf; fy;tp Kiwapy; Mrphpah; khzth;fSf;fpilna epfHe;j fw;wy;/ fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfisj;
bjhFj;bjGJf.
42. `rhiy tpgj;jpy;yhj; jkpH;ehL~ ? ,f;Tw;W edthf ehk; bra;a ntz;oad ahit>.
VIII. mokhwhky; bra;a[s; totpy; vGJf.
4+2=6
44. m) `tpz;ntW: tpz;btspapy; ,a=;Ffpd;w~ ? vdj; bjhl=;Fk; `,jpy; btw;wp bgw~ vd;w ghly;
M) `rpdk;~ vd Koa[k; Fws;.
200
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bry;tj;Js; vy;yhk; jiy 12

ciueil gz]ila fhyj;Jg; gs;spf;Tl=;fs; c.nt.rhkpehjh; 4

bra;a[s; g[wehD}W xsitahh;;

Jizg;ghlk; ghJfhg;gha; xU gazk;

bry;tj;Js; vy;yhk; jiy

gpd;dilt[ mile;jjw;fhd fhuzj;ijf; fz]L mtidj; njw;Wntd;.

 vGj;Jfs; thpirahft[k; ed;whft[k; mike;jpUe;jd.

bry;tj;Js; vy;yhk; jiy

bry;tj;Js; vy;yhk; jiy

,) beL=;fzf;if khzhf;fh; jhnd fw;wdh;.

,) khzth;fs; nrh;e;J brhy;tJ kdd Kiw vd;gh;.

32. kpy;ldpd; Rth;f;f ePf;fj;ijj; jkpHpy; bkhHpbgah;j;jth;

33. bts;isf;fhy; Rg;gpukzpadhh; vd;ghh; ................... Mthh;.

bry;tj;Js; vy;yhk; jiy

35. tuyhw;wha;thsUk; jkpHwp+Ukhd lhf;lh; kh. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhh; ............... goj;jpUf;fpwhh;.

36. ew;wpiz E}ypd; ciuahrphpah;

37. ehuhazrhkp/ gpd;dj;J}h; mUnf cs;s fpU&;zhg[uk; .................. jpz;izg; gs;spf;Tlj;jpy;

39. gpd;tUk; jkpHwp+h;fspy; rpyg;gjpfhu ciuahrphpaiuf; fz;lwpf.

4 ,) t.Rg. khzpf;fk; <) nt=;flrhkp [tpil: <]

40. lhf;lh; t.Rg. khzpf;fk; ................... gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpd; Jiznte;juhf ,Ue;jhh;.

m) brd;id M) kJiu ,) ikNh; <) bly;yp [tpil: M]

41. `,ul;il mh;j;j=;fs; khz;Lnghftpy;iy~ vd;Dk; E}ypd; Mrphpah;

42. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.

44. Kjd; Kjypy; tpj;jpahg;gpahrk; bra;a[k;bghGJ jha;je;ijah; gps;isfis Mrphpah;fsplk;

milf;fykhff; bfhLj;j taJ

47. cghj;jpahaUf;Fg; gpujpahfr; rpy rka=;fspw; Kiw itg;gth;;

48. ik jltpg; g[j;jfj;ij thrpf;fj; bjhl=;Ftjdhy; mTuhg;gpahrj;ij .................... vd;W

50. rpWth;fisg; gof;fitf;Fk; tifapy; mfuhjp thpirapy; mike;j E}y;fs;

56. ``tpdhjy; tpdhait tpLj;jy; vd;wpit

bry;tj;Js; vy;yhk; jiy

57. `vd; xUtd; rhe;Jiza[k; fy;yhj thW~ vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;

58. fy;tpapd; bghUl;L gphpa[=;fhyj;ijj; bjhy;fhg;gpak; ................... gphpt[ vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

59. j+;rht{hpy; ,Ue;j Mfk rh!;jpu gz;ojuhfpa rh;trpt gz;ojbud;gthplj;jpy; gy md;dpa

61. rhpahdf; Tw;iwf; fz;lwpf.

4 bghpath;fis miHj;J tUtnj tHf;fk;.

m) i), ii), iii) jtW M)

62. `jkpH;j;jhj;jh~ vd;Dk; rpwg;g[f;Fhpath;

63. c.nt.rh. bgwhj gl;lj;ijf; fz;lwpf.

65. c.nt.rh. brd;idg; gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpy; lhf;lh; gl;lk; bgw;w Mz;L

67. c.nt.rh. E}yfk; mike;Js;s ,lk;

m) brd;id/ jpUthd;kpa{h; M) brd;id/ tlgHdp

156  `mk;gyk;~ vd;Wk; `kd;wk;~ vd;Wk;; miHg;gh;.

bry;tj;Js; vy;yhk; jiy

4  gHe;jkpH; ,yf;fpa=;fisg; gjpg;gpf;f mUk;ghLgl;lth;

14. Rtoapy; cs;s vGj;Jfs; bjspthfj; bjhpa Kd;ndhh;fs; bra;jJ ahJ>

158  rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpw;F ciubaGjpa nt=;flrhkp mth;fs; ty;yk; FUrhkp thj;jpahh;

bry;tj;Js; vy;yhk; jiy

4  rl;l=;fspd; nky; th;zikapdhw; gy tifahd rpj;jpu=;fis tiue;J itg;gh;.

 Rtoiaf; nfhh;f;Fk; fapw;wpd; xU jiyg;gpy; jilahf/ gidnahiyia <h;f;nfhL

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 85

bry;tj;Js; vy;yhk; jiy

bry;tj;Js; vy;yhk; jiy

12. rhpahdijj; njh;f.

19. ,jpy; btw;wpbgw vd;Dk; Rujhtpd; ftpij ,lk;bgw;Ws;s fhijj; bjhFg;g[

22. Rujh vd;gjd; tphpthf;fk;

23. ,yf;fpak;/ tpz;kPd;/ Ch;tyk; nghd;w ,yffpa VLfis elj;jpath;

25. njkht[k; g[spkht[k; kuj;jpy; fha;f;Fk;;"

bry;tj;Js; vy;yhk; jiy

27. Rujhtpd; `fhtpak;~ vd;Dk; ,jH;

28. njd;kiH/ JiwKfk;/ k=;ifah;f;furp/ mKJk; njDk; cs;spl;l E}y;fisg; gilj;jth;

`broapy; g{j;j g{kPJ tz]Lte;J j=;Fk;~.

 ciueil vd;gJ kf;fs; ngRk; vspa brhw;fs; bjhlh;fshf miktJ.

vGj;Jfs; thpirahft[k; ed;whft[k; mike;jpUe;jd.

35. tuyhw;wha;thsUk; jkpHwp+Ukhd lhf;lh; kh. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhh; ............... goj;jpUf;fpwhh;.

36. ew;wpiz E}ypd; ciuahrphpah;

37. ehuhazrhkp/ gpd;dj;J}h; mUnf cs;s fpU&;zhg[uk; .................. jpz;izg; gs;spf;Tlj;jpy;

42. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.

44. Kjd; Kjypy; tpj;jpahg;gpahrk; bra;a[k;bghGJ jha;je;ijah; gps;isfis Mrphpah;fsplk;

47. cghj;jpahaUf;Fg; gpujpahfr; rpy rka=;fspw; Kiw itg;gth;;

48. ik jltpg; g[j;jfj;ij thrpf;fj; bjhl=;Ftjdhy; mTuhg;gpahrj;ij .................... vd;W

59. j+;rht{hpy; ,Ue;j Mfk rh!;jpu gz;ojuhfpa rh;trpt gz;ojbud;gthplj;jpy; gy md;dpa

65. c.nt.rh. brd;idg; gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpy; lhf;lh; gl;lk; bgw;w Mz;L

156 `mk;gyk;~ vd;Wk; `kd;wk;~ vd;Wk;; miHg;gh;.

4 gHe;jkpH; ,yf;fpa=;fisg; gjpg;gpf;f mUk;ghLgl;lth;

158 rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpw;F ciubaGjpa nt=;flrhkp mth;fs; ty;yk; FUrhkp thj;jpahh;

4 rl;l=;fspd; nky; th;zikapdhw; gy tifahd rpj;jpu=;fis tiue;J itg;gh;.

Rtoiaf; nfhh;f;Fk; fapw;wpd; xU jiyg;gpy; jilahf/ gidnahiyia <h;f;nfhL

ciueil vd;gJ kf;fs; ngRk; vspa brhw;fs; bjhlh;fshf miktJ.

njd;kiH/ JiwKfk;/ k=;ifah;f;furp/ mKJk; njDk; cs;spl;l gy

vz;zk; bkhHpahf cUthf;fg;gl;L btspg;gLj;jp nfl;fpwth;fs; brhy;Yfpd;w

4 ,g;ghly; thpahdJ rp.kzp mth;fspd; `,Jtiu~ vd;w ftpijj; bjhFg;gpy; cs;s

vypiag; gpof;f bghwpitj;jhy; tpuYk; khl;of;bfhs;Sk;. jz;zPh; njoa

14. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.

15. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.

23. xsitahh; ghoa ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;ifa[k; E}y;fSk; (bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf).

fw;wth;fSf;F mth;fs; bry;Yk; ,l=;fspy; vy;yhk; g[fH; cz]lhFk;.

ts;sy;fs; gw;wpj; jh=;fs; vGjpa ftpijapd; rpwg;ig mwpe;J ghprspf;f ntz]Lk; vd

,t;t[yfpy; mwpt[k; g[fGk; cilnahh; ,d;Dk; mHpe;J nghftpy;iy. ,e;j cyfKk;

24. jkpH;ehl;oy; eilbgWk; bkhj;j tpgj;Jf;fspy; ,Urf;fu Ch;jpfshy; Vw;gLk; tpgj;Jfs;

27. 18 taJ epiwtilahj FHe;ijfs; Ch;jpfs; ,af;fpdhnyh/ tpgj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpdhnyh

2. vjph;ghuhj NHypy; Vw;gLk; rhiy tpgj;ija[k;/ mtw;iwj; jLf;Fk; Kiwfisa[k;

5. btz;gh ................ mika ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,d;wpaikahj tpjp.

6. btz;lis ................. tifg;gLk;.

7. jisj;jy; vd;gjw;Fg; bghUe;jhj bghUisf; fz;lwp.