UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY PESHAWAR

COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS
LAB REPORT: 2nd

SUBMITTED BY:
Name Shahana Ali
Class No 39
Sec A

SUBMITTED TO:
Engr Ammad Khalil

DATED : OCTOBER 7,2019

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CONTENTS:
COMPUTER:................................................................................................................................................ 3
MAIN PARTS OF COMPUTER: ............................................................................................................ 3
HARDWARE: .............................................................................................................................................. 3
1. I/O DEVICES: ................................................................................................................... 3
 INPUT DEVICES: ................................................................................................. 4
 OUTPUT DEVICES: ............................................................................................. 5
2. MEMORY: ........................................................................................................................ 6
 INTERNAL PROCESSOR MEMORY:................................................................ 6
 RAM (RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY): ........... Error! Bookmark not defined.
 ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY):........................................................................ 7
3. PROCESSOR: ................................................................................................................... 7
 ARITHMETIC AND LOGIG UNIT (ALU): ........................................................ 8
 CONTROL UNIT: ................................................................................................. 8
4. STORAGE: ....................................................................................................................... 8
 MAGNETIC TAPES: ............................................................................................ 8
 MAGNETIC DISKS: ............................................................................................. 9
 OPTICAL DISKS: ................................................................................................. 9
 CHIP MEMORY: ................................................................................................ 10

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COMPUTER:
A computer is an “Electronic Computational Device”. Or
” A computer is a device that accepts information (in the form of digitalized data) and manipulates
it for some result based on a program, software, or sequence of instructions on how the data is to
be processed

MAIN PARTS OF COMPUTER:

A complete computer system consists of four parts:
1. Hardware.
2. Software.
3. Data.
4. Users.
Our main focus on the computer hardware.

HARDWARE:
“The mechanical devices that make up the computer are called hardware”.
In other words, hardware is any physical part of the computer you can touch. Hardware consists
of interconnected electronic devices that you can use to control the computer’s operation input and
output.
The components of the computer hardware fall into four categories.
1. I/O Devices.
2. Memory.
3. Processor.
4. Storage.

1. I/O DEVICES:
I/O devices means input and output devices.

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 INPUT DEVICES:
Input devices are the external hardware components that are used to enter or accepts data and
instructions into computer memory for processing.
The following are some important types of input devices:

MOUSE:
A mouse is a small handheld input device that controls a computer screen's cursor or pointer in
conjunction with the way it is moved on a flat surface. The mouse term name originates from its
likeness to a small, corded and elliptical shaped device that looks like a mouse tail

KEY BOARD:

A computer keyboard is an input device that allows a person to enter letters, numbers, and other
symbols (these are called characters in a keyboard) into a computer. It is one of the most used
input devices for computers. ... A keyboard contains many mechanical switches or push-buttons

SCANNER:
Scanner is an input device. It is an electronic device that scans printed handwritten text documents,
images, to convert them into a digital file format.

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DIGITAL CAMERA:
A digital camera is an input device that takes videos or still photographs, or both, digitally by
recording images via an electronic image sensor

OUTPUT DEVICES:
Output devices are computer hardware which are used to communicate the results of data
processing carried out by the computer to the users.
The following are different types of output devices:
MONITORS:
A computer monitor is an output device that displays information in pictorial form.
A monitor usually comprises the display device, circuitry, casing, and power supply. ...
Older monitors used a cathode ray tube (CRT

PRINTERS:
Printers are output devices which are used to produce output on physical media such as paper. The
produced by printers is called hardcopy output.

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PLOTTERS:
A plotter is a computer hardware device much like a printer that is used for printing vector
graphics. Instead of toner, plotters use a pen, pencil, marker, or another writing tool to draw
multiple, continuous lines onto paper rather than a series of dots like a traditional printer

2. MEMORY:
“Computer memory is the electronic holding place for instructions and data which can be accessed
by computer”.
Computer memory is used to store data or programs on a temporary or permanent basis for use in
a computer.
Memory is classified into three types:
 Internal processor memory.
 RAM.
 ROM.

INTERNAL PROCESSOR MEMORY:

These are directly accessible to the CPU and are extremely fast. The following are the two main
types of internal processor memories
 Cache memory.
 Registers.
Cache lies in between the CPU and main memory while registers are associated with the arithmetic
logic units.

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Random Access Memory or RAM (pronounced as ram):

is the physical hardware inside a computer that temporarily stores data, serving as
the computer's "working" memory. Additional RAM allows a computer to work with more information
at the same time, which usually has effect considerable on total system performance

ROM (Read only memory):

It refers to the computer memory chips containing permanent or semi permanent data.
Unlike ram ROM is non volatile even after you turn off you’re your computer the content of
ROM will remain.

The ROM is classified into the following types.

 PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory).
 EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory).
 EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory).

PROM:
It is a type of ROM which can be programmed once and then never be changed.

EPROM:
EPROM is an erasable PROM. The store data in EPROM can be erased by exposing it to
ultra violet light for about 20 minutes.
EEPROM:
EEPROM is a chip that can be erased and reprogrammed on the board.
PROCESSOR:
Processor or Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the integral part of any computer system. It controls
all the operations of the computer. Processor not only execute instruction but also control the
storage of data, input output activities and functions of different devices attached. Processor
consists of the following basic components.
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 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU).

 Control Unit (CU).

ARITHMETIC AND LOGIG UNIT (ALU):

It performs arithmetic and logic operations on data. Arithmetic means addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division and logical operation is the comparison between two data items. ALU
processes the data and then gives back the results.
CONTROL UNIT:
Control unit manages the functions performed by different parts of the computer. It executes the
program instructions, controls and directs the input, informs ALU for processing, arranges the
storage and directs the data to the output devices.
STORAGE:
Storage is used to hold data or information permanently. It is also called auxiliary storage, external
storage or backing storage. It lies outside the CPU. Storage devices does not lose the data when
the device is powered off and it is non-volatile. Storage devices are classified into the following
types:
 Magnetic tapes.
 Magnetic disks.
 Optical disks.
 Chip memory.
MAGNETIC TAPES:
Magnetic tapes consist of a thin tape with a coating of a fine magnetic material, used for recording
analog or digital data.

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MAGNETIC DISKS:

The most common type of storage device is magnetic disks. These are made of either flexible
plastic material (Old floppy disks) or rigid metal (Hard disks). Magnetic disks are coated with a
magnetic substance. Some common types of magnetic disks are:
 Floppy disks.
 Zip disks.
 Hard disks.
FLOPPY DISKS:
Floppy disks are old type of magnetic storages. Digital information is stored in floppy disks in the
form of small magnetized spots. Floppy disks are inserted in floppy drive for reading or writing
information.

ZIP DISKS:
Zip disks are also old type of removal storage devices. A zip disk is somewhat like floppy disk,
only the size and capacity of disks are different.

HARD DISKS:
A hard disk drive is a non-volatile, random access storage device for digital data.

OPTICAL DISKS:
It is a flat, usually circular disk which encodes binary data in the form of pits and lands on a special
material on one of its flat surfaces. Optical disks have following types:
 CD.
 DVD.
 BLUE RAY DISK.

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CD:
A compact disk (CD) is a plastic-fabricated, circular medium for recording, storing, and playing
back audio, video and computer data.

DVD:
Digital versatile disk (DVD) is an optical disk technology with a 4 to 16 gigabyte storage for video,
audio or other information.

BLU-RAY DISK (BD):

Blu-ray is an optical disk format designed to store large amount of data. Blu-ray is the successor
to DVD.

CHIP MEMORY:
Chip is a small piece of semi conducting material. A typical chip contains millions of electronic
components. There are two common types of chip memory:
 Flash memory.
 Flash memory cards.

FLASH MEMORY:
It is non-volatile computer storage chip that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed.
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FLASH MEMORY CARDS:

A flash memory cards is an electronic flash memory data storage device used for storing data such
as text, pictures, audio, and video.

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