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2.6.1 REINFORCEMENT COVERING
There are several reasons that necessitate the existence of covering for reinforce-
ment:
α. The protection of reinforcement from oxidation.
b. The need for adequate adhesion between the steel and the concrete.
c. The need for fire precaution. The reinforcement bars are protected by the con-
crete covering them from possible deformations caused in case of excessive
temperature development due to fire in the building,
d. The need to create cable channels without harming the reinforcement. It is very
common for an electrician or plumber to engrave channels in the frame in order to
integrate electric cables or pipes.
In general, when the covering of reinforcement is guaranteed by the use of special

plastic spacers, the cost is significant for the procurement, but very low for the im-
plementation of these spacers.
It is also possible to use ‘common’ materials for the creation of the covering, e.g
marble particles, that have no procurement cost but require a significant labor cost
for their implementation. What is more, the main drawback of using such materials is
the difficulty to be fitted properly since it should be implemented right after the instal-
lation of reinforcement and just before the concreting process.
In cases that we intent to leave the concrete visible, it is possible to use local or lin-
ear spacers made out of concrete reinforced with fibers or even use steel stands that
have edges made out of concrete reinforced with fibers.
Lower reinforcement covering of slabs
The minimum covering that should be provided for the reinforcement of slabs is:
In dry climates 2.0 cm
In seaside locations 3.0 cm

The covering is secured by the use of stands (called spacers) which are elements
neutral to oxidation. These elements are placed with approximately 1m spacing be-
tween each other.
Abstracts from the book of Apostolos Konstandinideis called ‘EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDINGS’, Volume A,
chapter 2.6, published in low resolution in the site of pi-SYSTEMS International S.A. www.pi.gr
70
The lower reinforcement covering of the above slab is secured by the use of plastic
spacers.
The simplest solution of securing the covering is that of the plastic spacers as illus-
trated in the above picture.
The usage of steel spacers is forbidden since it will almost definitely be oxidized.
When a steel rod is oxidized, it increases its volume and destroys the covering and
then the plaster, thus decreasing the actual life span of the building and endangering
the safety of the residents.
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Securing the position of the upper reinforcement of slabs.

The upper (or negative) reinforcement of slabs, that either connects two slabs or one
slab and a cantilever, can only be properly secured with the use of specific spacers.
In the above example that the slab is connected with a cantilever, the position of the
upper reinforcement can be secured with the following techniques:
(α) Directly in the formwork, by using steel hystools.

(b) Indirectly, by using folded mesh spacers.
(c) Indirectly, by using S-type wire spacers.
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Direct, steel hystool
Steel hystools are constructed by hard drawn

wire. Hystools have plastic coated feet in or-
der to eliminate any danger of rust staining in
the area that the spacer is supported by the
formwork.
Indirect, S-type wire spacers it is

available in the market in pre-cast
packages of straight wire. The S
formation is implemented during
the installation procedure.
Indirect, mesh spacers It is easily created

by folding the mesh in the required height.
The mesh is usually pre-fabricated and has
a specific density, e.g. Ǿ8/20. In cases of
cantilevers, apart from working as a spacer,
the mesh also satisfies the requirement for
‘hairpin bend’ reinforcement which secures
the cohesion of the cantilever edges. .
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In cases that we use a mesh for the In cases that we use bended bars in
upper reinforcement, we can secure the upper support areas, the bending of
the position of the mesh by using an S- the bars will ensure that it will not move
type spacer placed upon the lower re- from its position. Therefore, additional
inforcement, directly along the area of indirect spacers may not be required.
the plastic spacer.
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In the area of the left support of the slab’s continuation, we should place two S-type
indirect spacers which are supported by the lower reinforcement mesh. These spac-
ers are placed above and along the plastic spacers.
At the right continuation of the slabs-which is the cantilever- we should implement 2

rows of spacers: One row of indirect mesh spacers which are supported by two longi-
tudinal spacers and one row of direct steel hystools.
The side slipping of the reinforcement mesh is avoided by the use of local spacers.
These spacers must be placed after the implementation of the mesh and before se-
curing the reinforcement bars of the slabs. When wheel spacers are used, it is ad-
vised to be placed vertically in order to avoid their drifting during the concreting proc-
ess. Regarding the ‘forehead’ of slabs, it is possible to place the wheel spacers hori-
zontally (as illustrated in the following picture) since the concrete will not be purred
directly over them.
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Another optional solution, in cases that we use a lightweight steel mesh for the lower
reinforcement, is to use indirect S-type spacers instead of direct hystools. In these
cases, it is more practical to use a ‘hairpin bend’ mesh spacer within which the mesh
can be adequately fitted.
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Finally, even in cases that we use a steel mesh for the lower reinforcement of the
slab or the cantilever, it is possible to use steel hystools instead of the indirect S-type
spacers.
It is strictly forbidden to use spacers made out of steel bars that are supported by the
framework. The use of these old-fashioned extemporary spacers is also the most ex-
pensive solution and should be avoided.
Beam reinforcement covering
The minimum covering that should be provided for the reinforcement of beams is:
In dry climate 2.5 cm
It is suggested that the stirrups in the lower area of the beam should be supported by
the use of a uniform inert bar because all loadings from reinforcement are concen-
trated in this area.
The side covering of the stirrups’ cage is secured by using the appropriate plastic
spacers. In cases that we use industrial stirrup cages, the wheel spacers should be
fitted above the connection bars of the cage in order to secure their position during
the concreting process.
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The side spacers have no loadings to support and thus it is not required to use
heavy-duty spacers. It is fitted after the implementation of the stirrup cage in the
beam’s body and before the fixation of both the beam’s longitudinal bars and the ad-
jacent slab’s reinforcement bars.
The usage of longitudinal plastic spacers in the sides of the beam (identical to those
fitted in the lower area of the beam) can create two problems: a) it can obstruct the
proper fitting of the stirrup cage in the beam’s body and b) it can obstruct the proper
concreting process.
If we are using an industrialized stirrup cage than uses longitudinal bars to connect
the stirrups then it is possible to implement small pieces of plastic spacers fitted in a
vertical position.
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Column reinforcement covering
The minimum covering that should be provided reinforcement of columns is:
In dry climate 2.5 cm

It is quite simple to secure the covering of the reinforcement in columns. We only
need to use four wheel spacers in the upper area of the column. In the base area, the
reinforcement bars are secured into their position since it is steadily connected to the
dowel bars.
Especially for columns, the

usage of the spacers in order
to create the covering will
also ensure the proper cen-
tering of the vertical rein-
forcement bars. Thus, there
will be no extra time and cost
required during the concret-
ing process in order to move
the reinforcement bars into
the correct position.
The covering can be ensured

either by the use of wheel
spacers in the upper edge of
the reinforcement bars (In
these particular position
there is no danger for the
spacers to be carried away
by concrete) or by the use of
vertical wheel spacers fitted
on the stirrups, or by the use
of plastic pieces mounded
vertically on the formwork.
Finally, the spacers should

always be fitted after the stir-
rup cage has been put into
its position in order to sim-
plify the implementation
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process of the spacers and to properly determine the final position of the reinforce-
ment bars.
Shear walls reinforcement covering

In order to ensure the proper covering of the integrated columns in the edges of the
shear walls we should follow the same rules explained in the paragraph for columns.
In order to ensure the covering of the reinforcement of the body of the shear walls we
should follow the following rules:
After the back of the shear wall is created, we should fit plastic rods (usually 2.0m in
length) directly in the formwork.
The two longitudinal plastic spacers are fitted in the formwork.
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Then, the outer columns are created and the body’s reinforcement is implemented.
After all reinforcement has been properly fitted we can secure the plastic spacers of
the opposite side directly in the steel mesh. In this way, when the rest of the shear
wall’s framework is fitted, the proper centering of the reinforcement will be ensured.
After all reinforcement has been fitted and before the shear wall is created by the
formwork, the plastic spacers are mounded directly in the internal steel mesh.
The most effective way to ensure the proper positioning of reinforcement in shear
walls is to fit it before the creation of the formwork. In these cases, all spacers are
mounded directly on the steel mesh.
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Foundation reinforcement Covering

The minimum covering that should be provided for the reinforcement of the founda-
tion elements is:
Foundation ‘sitting’ on a thick concrete layer 4.0 cm

Foundation ‘sitting’ directly on the ground 7.0 cm
Generally, it is not allowed to construct the foundation directly in the ground’s surface
except for special occasions. The usage of a thick layer of concrete below the foun-
dation has the following advantages:
1) Clean and comfortable area to work on.
2) Capability of precise marking of the area of footings and columns.

3) Provision of a stable ground layer where the spacers can be safely placed.
4) Avoidance of a muddy foundation ground due to possible rain or wastewaters.
The covering can be secured with point spacers, or even better with linear spacers.
Due to the weight and loadings involved, it is advisable to use heavy duty spacers.
The footing reinforcement covering is secured with plastic spacers
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The spacers in the sides of the footings are obligatory in order to keep the reinforce-
ment bars in their position. These spacers do not have any loadings to support and
can be sparse and lightweight, fitted vertically in order to avoid disruption during the
concreting process.
Securing the position of the upper reinforcement of foundation slabs.
In cases that we use a partial or complete rough foundation or we want to construct

the base slab of a pool, we must use a steel mesh as upper slab reinforcement.
Just like in the common slabs of the structure, in the edges of foundation slabs it is
possible to combine ‘hair pin’ reinforcement with open or closed steel mesh.
In the area between the reinforcement we can use steel spacers placed on the lower
steel mesh in order to secure the covering.
The above picture illustrates the steel spacers placed on the lower steel mesh in or-
der to support the upper steel mesh.

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69

2.6.1 REINFORCEMENT COVERING

α. The protection of reinforcement from oxidation.

In general, when the covering of reinforcement is guaranteed by the use of special

Lower reinforcement covering of slabs

In dry climates 2.0 cm

In seaside locations 3.0 cm

Securing the position of the upper reinforcement of slabs.

(α) Directly in the formwork, by using steel hystools.

(c) Indirectly, by using S-type wire spacers.

Direct, steel hystool

Steel hystools are constructed by hard drawn

Indirect, S-type wire spacers it is

Indirect, mesh spacers It is easily created

At the right continuation of the slabs-which is the cantilever- we should implement 2

Beam reinforcement covering

In dry climate 2.5 cm

In seaside locations 3.5 cm

Column reinforcement covering

The minimum covering that should be provided reinforcement of columns is:

In dry climate 2.5 cm

In seaside locations 3.5 cm

Especially for columns, the

The covering can be ensured

Finally, the spacers should

Shear walls reinforcement covering

The two longitudinal plastic spacers are fitted in the formwork.

Foundation reinforcement Covering

Foundation ‘sitting’ on a thick concrete layer 4.0 cm

1) Clean and comfortable area to work on.

2) Capability of precise marking of the area of footings and columns.

4) Avoidance of a muddy foundation ground due to possible rain or wastewaters.

The footing reinforcement covering is secured with plastic spacers

Securing the position of the upper reinforcement of foundation slabs.

In cases that we use a partial or complete rough foundation or we want to construct

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