BRITISH STANDARD BS 5654-1:

1979
IEC 478-1:
1974

Stabilized power
supplies, d.c. output —
Part 1: Terms and definitions
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UDC 621.311.024:621.316.721/.722.1

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 BS 5654-1:1979

Cooperating organizations

The Power Electrical Engineering Standards Committee, under whose

direction this British Standard was prepared, consists of representatives from
the following Government departments and scientific and industrial
organizations.

Associated Offices Technical Committee

Association of Short Circuit Testing Authorities
British Electrical and Allied Manufacturers’ Association (BEAMA)*
British Railways Board*
British Steel Corporation
Department of Energy, Electricity
Electrical Contractors’ Association
Electrical Contractors’ Association of Scotland
Electrical Research Association*
Electricity Supply Industry in England and Wales*
Engineering Equipment Users’ Association*
Institute of Purchasing and Supply
Institution of Electrical Engineers
Ministry of Defence
National Coal Board*
Trades Union Congress

The organizations marked with an asterisk in the above list, together with the
following, were directly represented on the committee entrusted with the
preparation of this British Standard:

Accumulator Makers’ Association

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Association of Consulting Engineers

Association of Supervisory and Executive Engineers
British Steel Industry
Control and Automation Manufacturers’ Association (BEAMA)
Electric Vehicle Association of Great Britain
Electronic Components Industry Federation
Electronic Engineering Association
Home Office
London Transport Executive
This British Standard, having Post Office
been prepared under the
direction of the Power Scientific Instrument Manufacturers’ Association
Electrical Engineering
Standards Committee, was
published under the authority
of the Executive Board and
comes into effect on Amendments issued since publication
28 February 1979

© BSI 11-1999 Amd. No. Date of issue Comments

The following BSI references

relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference PEL/50
Draft for comment 77/28034 DC

ISBN 0 580 10475 3

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 BS 5654-1:1979

Contents

Page
Cooperating organizations Inside front cover
National foreword ii
1 General remarks 1
2 General terms 1
3 Terms related to physical and environmental aspects 2
4 Terms related to static operation 3
5 Terms related to dynamic operation 5
6 Terms related to combined operation of two or more power supplies 6

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7 Protection terms 7
Alphabetical index of terms 14
Figure 1 — Settling effect 8
Figure 2A — Transient terms when transient initiation band and
transient recovery band are specified 9
Figure 2B — Transient terms when tolerance band is specified 9
Figure 3 — Relationship of control to output quantities 10
Figure 4 — Relationship of effect bands to tolerance band 11
Figure 5 — Types of current limiting 12
Figure 6 — Voltage limiting in a constant current supply 13
Publications referred to Inside back cover

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 BS 5654-1:1979

National foreword

This British Standard has been prepared under the direction of the Power
Electrical Engineering Standards Committee. It is identical with
Publication 478-1:1974 “Stabilized power supplies, d.c. output” Part 1 “Terms and
definitions” published by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).
“1.1 Scope” in the IEC text applies generally to all the Parts of
IEC Publication 478. For the purposes of Part 1 the following should be added:
“This Part gives definitions for terms used in other Parts of the standard”.
Terminology and conventions. The text of the International Standard has
been approved as suitable for publication, without deviation, as a British
Standard. Some terminology and certain conventions are not identical with those
used in British Standards; attention is especially drawn to the following.
Wherever the word “recommendation” appears, referring to this standard, it
should be interpreted as “British Standard”.
Cross-references. For the following International Standard referred to in the
text, there is a corresponding British Standard; this is as given below:

International Standard Corresponding British Standard

International Electrotechnical BS 4727:1971 Glossary of electrotechnical,

Vocabulary (IEV) power, telecommunications, electronics,
lighting and colour terms
(Technically equivalent)
NOTE Although the IEV reference in clause 2.12 is not specific, Part 2:Group 01 201 1007 is
appropriate.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a

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contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii,
pages 1 to 14, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the
inside front cover.

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 BS 5654-1:1979

1 General remarks 2.5 Crossover area

The range of values of the output quantities within
1.1 Scope which a change of mode of operation occurs.
This recommendation applies to stabilized power NOTE 1 Within this area, the output quantities are not well
supplies designed to supply d.c. power from an a.c. defined.
or d.c. source for applications such as, but not NOTE 2 Unless otherwise specified, the crossover area is given
by the overlap of the load effect bands or of the tolerance bands.
necessarily limited to, the following:
2.5.1
— computers,
crossover point
— telecommunications,
a point given by the intersection of the lines
— laboratories, representing the nominal values of the two
— industrial equipment. stabilized output quantities, usually the centre of
Calibrated stabilized power supplies for electrical the crossover area
measurement purposes are excluded from the scope 2.5.2
of this recommendation. adjustable crossover
a feature of a constant voltage/constant current
2 General terms power supply whereby the nominal values of the two
2.1 stabilized output quantities can be adjusted
source independently within the range of rated values of
a point of origin of electrical energy. In this the power supply
recommendation it is used as an adjective to 2.6 Control
describe the input to the equipment The determination of the power supply output by
2.2 means of a variable element or signal, the relevant
influence quantity value of which may be changed continuously or in
any quantity generally external to a power supply steps.
which may affect its performance 2.6.1
2.3 local control
stabilization the determination of the power supply output by
the reduction of the effect of changes of influence means of a control element integral with the power
quantities on the output quantity by means inside supply
the power supply 2.6.2
2.4 Stabilized power supply remote control
An apparatus which takes electrical energy from a the setting of the power supply output by means of
source and supplies it in a stabilized form to one or an external control quantity
more pairs of output terminals. NOTE In general, particular modes of remote control will be
designated according to the applied signal or signal quantity, for
2.4.1 example:
constant voltage power supply — resistance control,
— voltage control,
a power supply that stabilizes output voltage with — current control,
respect to changes of influence quantities — digital control.
2.4.2 2.7
constant current power supply remote sensing
a power supply that stabilizes output current with a means by which the power supply monitors a
respect to changes of influence quantities stabilized output quantity directly at the load using
2.4.3 extra “sensing” leads
constant voltage/constant current power NOTE The resulting circuit action compensates for voltage
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supply drops in the load leads up to a specified limit.

a power supply that operates as a constant voltage
power supply or constant current power supply
depending on load conditions
2.8
reference source
the source of an electrical quantity, the value of
which is referred to in closed loop stabilization

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 BS 5654-1:1979

2.9 Power factor 2.13.1

The active source power divided by the apparent system efficiency
source power. efficiency, where the input power includes the
2.9.1 power required to operate any auxiliary devices
displacement factor which are essential for operation
the active source power of the fundamental wave 2.14
divided by the apparent source power of the conversion factor
fundamental wave the ratio between the product of the mean values of
NOTE Displacement factor is also equal to the cosine of the direct voltage and direct current and the power on
phase angle separating the fundamental components of source the a.c. side
voltage and current.
2.10 3 Terms related to physical and
inrush current environmental aspects
the maximum instantaneous value of the input 3.1 Ambient temperature
current to the power supply when switching on the
power supply The temperature of the medium in which the power
supply is immersed, usually the temperature of the
2.11 Source distortion air surrounding the power supply.
The deviation of the source voltage or current from 3.2 Cooling medium temperature
an ideal sine wave of the same r.m.s. value.
The temperature of the cooling medium when
NOTE Source distortion can be expressed using quantities such
as the following: meeting the power supply, for example, in the case
— total harmonic content, of air cooling, the temperature of the air
— individual harmonic content, immediately at the air inlet.
— instantaneous amplitude deviation, its duration and rate of
change.
3.3 Thermal equilibrium
2.11.1 A state under which the internal temperature of a
source current distortion power supply does not change significantly.
that distortion of the source current resulting from 3.4 Capacitance to frame
the power supply presenting an impedance to the The capacitance measured between a specified
source which varies with time terminal and a common point such as frame, guard
2.11.2 or ground.
source voltage distortion 3.4.1 Capacitance to source terminals
that source distortion which exists without the The capacitance measured between the specified
power supply being connected source terminals and output terminals.
2.11.3 NOTE Sometimes referred to as “leakage or transfer
total source voltage distortion capacitance”.

the source voltage distortion together with that
resulting from the interaction of the source current
distortion with the source impedance
2.12
voltage unbalance
in a polyphase system, a condition in which the
r.m.s. value of at least one phase voltage or
line-to-line voltage is significantly different from the
others
NOTE Unbalance can be expressed using quantities defined in
BS 4727, such as the use of symmetrical components.
2.13 Efficiency
The total output power divided by the active input
power.
3.5 Insulation resistance
The resistance measured between any specified
points insulated from each other.
3.5.1 Insulation test voltage
The a.c. or d.c. voltage applied between specified
points and maintained for a specified length of time
without breakdown or flashover.
3.6 Isolation voltage
In the case of a floating output, input or control
input, the maximum voltage that may be
permanently maintained between specified
terminals.

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3.7 Common mode output
The electrical energy which is unintentionally
supplied to an external impedance connected
between the terminals of the floating output and a
common point, such as frame, chassis, ground or
shield. Common mode output is expressed in terms
of common mode current and common mode
admittance.
4 Terms related to static operation
Terms related to the steady-state (or non-transient)
portion of a power supply output change which
results from a steady-state change of one or more
influence quantities, with all other quantities held
constant.
4.1 Steady-state value
The value of a quantity which persists after all
non-recurring transients have decayed to an
insignificant magnitude.
NOTE 1 Steady-state values, with respect to d.c. input or
output values, are understood to mean average values unless
otherwise specified.
NOTE 2 Steady-state values referred to the a.c. side are
understood to mean r.m.s. values unless otherwise specified.
4.2 Nominal value
The value which exists “in name only”, not the
actual value. For example, in the case of a power
supply with a calibrated output control, the nominal
output is the value indicated by the control setting.
For a supply with a fixed output, the nominal output
is the output indicated on the nameplate.
For a.c. line input voltages, the nominal value is
usually the “design centre” value. For example,
the nominal value of a 115 V ± 10 % line voltage
is 115 V. In the case of remote control, the nominal
value is the output value predicted by the remote
control coefficient.
4.3 Error
For a power supply, the error is the true value of the
stabilized output quantity minus its rated or preset
value.
4.3.1 Intrinsic error
The error determined under reference conditions.
4.3.2 Operating error
The error determined under rated operating
conditions.
4.4 Output effect
The change in the steady-state value of a stabilized
output quantity (voltage, current or power) due to a
specified change in the steady-state value of one or
more influence quantities with all other influence
quantities maintained constant.
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BS 5654-1:1979
NOTE 1 Output effects may be expressed as absolute values or
relative values or a combination of both. Values given in per cent
will be percentages of the nominal value.
NOTE 2 For the purposes of the subsequent definitions, the
term “output effects” is used for steady-state conditions only,
whereas special terms, such as “overshoot”, are assigned to
transients.
4.4.1 Individual effect
The change of value of a stabilized output quantity
resulting from a specified change in one influence
quantity, with all other influence quantities
maintained constant.
4.4.2 Interaction effect
The effect on an output quantity of a stabilized
power supply which results from a specified change
in the load or one of the other output quantities of
another output of the same power supply.
4.4.3 Combined effect
The maximum change in the steady-state value of a
stabilized output quantity resulting from any
concurrent changes in two or more of the following
influence quantities within their rated ranges of
use:
— load,
— source voltage,
— source frequency,
— ambient temperature.
Combined effect as defined above does not include
PARD, drift, settling effects and settling deviations.
4.4.4 Combined source voltage and load effect
The maximum effect resulting from any concurrent
change in source voltage and load conditions within
their respective rated ranges of use (see Figure 4,
page 11).
NOTE Combined source voltage and load effect may be equal to
or differ from the sum of source voltage effect and load effect, the
latter being possible because load effect may depend on source
voltage and source voltage effect may depend on load condition.
4.5 Effect band
The range of steady-state values of a stabilized
output quantity resulting from any change of one or
more influence quantities with all other influence
quantities maintained constant.
4.5.1 Nominal effect band
The range of steady-state values of a stabilized
output quantity resulting from any change of one or
more influence quantities within their respective
rated ranges of use, with all other influence
quantities maintained constant.
3
 BS 5654-1:1979
4.5.2 Individual effect band
The range of steady-state values of a stabilized
output quantity resulting from any change of one
influence quantity within its rated range of use,
with all other influence quantities maintained
constant.
4.5.3 Combined effect band
The range of steady-state values corresponding to
the combined effect of several influence quantities
on the stabilized output quantity (see Figure 4,
page 11).
4.5.4 Combined source voltage and load effect
band
The range of steady-state values corresponding to
the combined source voltage and load effect on the
stabilized output quantity.
4.6 Output effect coefficient (ratio)
The maximum change in value of an output
quantity per unit change of one influence quantity
with all the other influence quantities maintained
constant.
NOTE Temperature coefficient is the most commonly used
output effect coefficient.
4.7 Periodic and random deviation (PARD)
The periodic and random deviation of a d.c. output
quantity from its average value, over a specified
bandwidth, with all influence and control quantities
maintained constant.
NOTE 1 It may be stated in r.m.s. and/or peak-to-peak values
for a specified bandwidth.
NOTE 2 In the case of asymmetric waveforms, a peak figure
may be quoted.
4.7.1 Psophometric voltage
The effective noise voltage which is defined in
consideration of human hearing using a specified
frequency weighting factor.
4.8 Drift
The maximum change of an output quantity during
a specified period of time following the warm-up
time, with all influence and control quantities
maintained constant during the warm-up time and
the period of drift measurement.
NOTE Drift includes both periodic and random deviations over
the bandwidth from zero frequency (d.c.) to a specified upper
frequency limit. This specified upper frequency limit for drift
must coincide with the lower frequency limit for PARD, so that all
deviations under constant operating conditions are covered by
one or the other specification.
4.9 Settling effect
The relatively slow change of an output quantity
which follows an initial change of an influence
quantity and exists as an added output effect.
NOTE This settling usually accompanies the gradual
re-establishment of thermal equilibrium within the power supply
(see Figure 1, page 8).
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4.10 Total effect
The maximum change in the steady-state value of a
stabilized output quantity resulting from any
concurrent changes in all influence quantities
within their rated ranges of use. Total effect also
includes PARD, drift and settling effect.
4.11 Total effect band
The range of steady-state values of power supply
output resulting from the concurrent changes of all
the influence quantities within their rated ranges of
use.
4.12 Tolerance band
The range of steady-state values of a stabilized
output quantity lying between the limits of
operating error (see Figure 4, page 11).
NOTE 1 Tolerance band describes the permissible deviation of
a stabilized output quantity from a rated or preset value.
NOTE 2 A statement on tolerance band is useful when a
subdivision into output effects and intrinsic errors is not of
interest.
4.13 Settling time
The time interval between a change of an influence
quantity or output setting and the point where
changes of an output quantity are due only to drift
or PARD.
4.13.1 Start-up time
The specified initial settling time following turn-on
of the power supply.
4.13.2 Warm-up time
The time interval after switching on the power
supply, necessary for it to comply with all
performance specifications.
4.14 Setting range
The range over which the value of the stabilized
output quantity may be adjusted.
4.14.1 Control range
That part of the setting range within which the
power supply meets its specifications.
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4.15 Discontinuous control resolution
In the case of discontinuous control (for example, by
means of switches, wirewound adjustable resistors),
the maximum increment in the value of a stabilized
output quantity arising from the smallest
reproducible control element step.
4.15.1 Incremental control coefficient
The ratio of an incremental change in a stabilized
output quantity to the incremental change in the
control quantity or output control knob position
causing it.
Not for Resale

4.16 Control rate
The maximum rate at which the stabilized output
quantity can be varied as a result of control quantity
changes without the value of the stabilized output
quantity leaving the control deviation band.
NOTE The control rate is applicable only when it is essentially
constant over the output control range.
4.16.1 Control time constant
The time constant which characterizes the fastest
change of the stabilized output which may be
accomplished without the value of the stabilized
output quantity leaving the control deviation band.
NOTE The control time constant is applicable only when the
transition of the stabilized output quantity between its initial
and final values is essentially exponential.
4.17 Control coefficient
The ratio of the control quantity value to the
intended value of the output quantity (see Figure 3,
page 10).
NOTE The control coefficient may vary over a range of control
quantity values.
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4.17.1 Control deviation
The difference between the actual value of the
output quantity and the control quantity divided by
the control coefficient.
NOTE The control deviation includes non-linearity, slope error
and offset effects.
4.17.2 Control deviation band
The range of permissible values of the output
quantity resulting from the control deviation
(see Figure 3, page 10).
4.18 Load characteristic
The functional relationship between the value of the
output voltage and the value of the output current
for a specified kind of current.
4.19 Constant voltage/constant current
crossover
The behaviour of a power supply that automatically
converts the mode of operation from voltage
stabilization to current stabilization when the
output current reaches a preset value, and vice
versa.
5 Terms related to dynamic operation
Terms related to the dynamic (or non-steady-state)
portion of power supply output change, resulting
from changes in influence quantities or from
changes in the remote or local control setting. The
adjective “control” may be used as a prefix to
designate phenomena resulting specifically from the
latter, for example, control overshoot amplitude.
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5.1 Transient recovery band
A range of values of a stabilized output quantity
centred about the final value of the output quantity,
or centred about the nominal value in the case of a
tolerance band.
In the case of a change in an influence quantity, the
width of the transient recovery band is equal to the
associated effect band unless otherwise stated.
In the case of a change in a control quantity, the
width of the transient recovery band is equal to the
control deviation band unless otherwise stated.
When the tolerance band is specified, the tolerance
band serves as the transient recovery band.
5.1.1 Transient initiation band
A range of values of a stabilized output quantity
centred about the initial value. Its width is identical
with that of the transient recovery band. When the
tolerance band is specified, the tolerance band
serves as the transient initiation band.
5.2 Overshoot
The transient excursion of a stabilized output
quantity which lies outside the transient recovery
band in the same direction as the subsequent
steady-state change of the stabilized output
quantity.
A succeeding excursion in the opposite direction is
called a negative overshoot (see Figure 2, page 9).
5.2.1 Overshoot amplitude
The absolute value of the difference between the
peak value of the maximum overshoot and the
centre of the transient recovery band or tolerance
band.
5.2.2 Turn-on (turn-off) overshoot
The overshoot resulting from the application
(removal) of the source power, or from the power
supply source switch being turned on (turned off).
5.2.3 Turn-on (turn-off) polarity reversal
The transient reversal of the output polarity
following the application (removal) of the source
power, or the turn-on (turn-off) of the power supply
source switch.
5.3 Undershoot
The transient excursion of a stabilized output
quantity, outside the transient initiation band, in
the opposite direction of the subsequent
steady-state change of the stabilized output
quantity (see Figure 2A and Figure 2B, page 9).
5.4 Maximum output rate of change
The maximum rate of change of an output quantity
with respect to time, due to a change in influence
quantity and/or control quantity.
5
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 BS 5654-1:1979
5.5 Transient times
5.5.1 Recovery time
The time interval between a step change in one of
the control quantities or influence quantities and
the instant when the stabilized output quantity
returns to and stays within the transient recovery
band.
5.5.1.1 Transient delay time
The time interval between a step change in one of
the control quantities or influence quantities and
the time when the stabilized output quantity leaves
the transient initiation band.
5.5.1.2 Transient recovery time
The time interval between the end of the transient
delay time and the time when the stabilized output
quantity returns to and stays within the transient
recovery band.
5.5.2 Turn-on delay time
The time interval between the application of source
power and the time when the stabilized output
quantity first enters the output effect band.
5.5.3 Turn-on recovery time
The time interval between the end of the turn-on
delay time and the time when the stabilized output
quantity returns to and stays within the transient
recovery band.
5.5.4 Turn-off decay time
The time interval between the removal of the source
power and the time when the output voltage falls
below a specified value.
5.6 Output impedance
The complex ratio of a sinusoidal voltage and a
sinusoidal current at the output terminals, the one
being caused by the other and being of external
origin.
NOTE This is a function of their frequency.
5.6.1 Output resistance
The ratio of an incremental change of d.c. output
voltage to an incremental change in d.c. output
current, the one being caused by the other and being
of external origin.
5.6.2 Output capacitance
The capacitance between the output terminals when
the power supply is not energized.
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6 Terms related to combined operation
of two or more power supplies
6.1 Combined operation of power supplies
In order to extend the output capabilities of a single
power supply, two or more power supplies may be
connected for a combined mode of operation.
Frequently, terminals other than the output
terminals may be interconnected, for example, to
provide a mode of operation where one power supply
(the master) may serve to control the others
(the slaves).
6.2 Slave operation
A method of interconnecting two or more stabilized
power supplies and achieving co-ordinated control of
the assembly by means of controlling the master
supply alone, such combinations being
characterized by essentially proportional outputs
from all units.
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6.2.1 Slave tracking operation
An interconnection of two or more supplies
(involving one output terminal in common) with one
or more slaves with output(s) always held equal or
proportional to the output of the master unit.
NOTE The slave may be of the same or opposite polarity as the
master with respect to the common output terminal; in the latter
case, the configuration is sometimes referred to as
“complementary tracking”.
6.3 Parallel operation
The operation of two or more power supplies with all
positive output terminals connected together, and
all negative output terminals connected together, so
that the total load current equals the sum of output
current of all power supplies.
6.3.1 Parallel operation with specified load
sharing
A parallel connection of two or more power supplies,
with the total load being shared between them in a
prescribed ratio.
6.3.2 Slave parallel operation
A parallel connection of one master supply, with one
or more slaves with output current(s) always equal
or proportional to the output current of the master
unit.
6.4 Series operation
The operation of two or more power supplies with
the positive output terminal of one connected to the
negative output terminal of another, so that the
output voltages of the supplies are additive.
Not for Resale

6.4.1 Series operation with specified load
sharing
A series connection of two or more power supplies,
with the total voltage being shared between them in
a prescribed ratio.
6.4.2 Slave series operation
A series connection of one master supply, with one
or more slaves, with their output voltage(s) always
equal or proportional to the output voltage of the
master unit.
7 Protection terms
7.1 Crowbar protection circuit
A protection circuit which rapidly places a
low-resistance shunt across the output terminals of
the power supply, thereby initiating action to reduce
output voltage to a low value.
7.1.1 Trip protection circuit
A protection circuit which interrupts the output on
the occurrence of an overload.
7.2 Reset
An action by which the power supply is brought back
into operation after the malfunction has been
corrected. Reset may be automatic or manual.
7.3 Over-current protection
Protection of the power supply and/or connected
equipment against excessive output current
including the short-circuit current.
NOTE A stabilized power supply may be protected against
over-current of infinite or limited duration (absolute or limited
over-current protection).
7.4 Over-voltage protection
Protection of the power supply and/or connected
equipment against excessive output voltage,
including the open circuit voltage.
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7.5 Under-voltage protection
Protection of the power supply and/or connected
equipment against excessively-low output voltage.
NOTE It may be effected by disconnecting the load.
7.6 Reverse voltage protection
Protection of the power supply against reverse
voltage applied at the output terminals.
7.7 Reverse current protection
Protection of a power supply against current fed
back into the power supply by the load.
7.8 Over-temperature protection
Protection of the power supply or parts of it against
temperatures exceeding specified values.
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7.9 Current limiting
The action of limiting the output current of a
constant voltage supply to some predetermined
maximum value (fixed or adjustable) and
automatically restoring the output voltage to its
normal value when the overload or short circuit is
removed. There are three types of current limiting
(see Figure 5, page 12):
a) by constant voltage/constant current crossover;
b) by decreasing output voltage as current
increases (otherwise known as “automatic
current limiting”);
c) by decreasing both voltage and current as load
resistance decreases (otherwise known as
“foldback or cutback current limiting”).
7.9.1 Current limiting threshold
The value of the output current at which the
stabilized output quantity falls outside the load
effect band or tolerance band (whichever is
specified) as the load resistance decreases.
7.9.2 Maximum limited current
The largest steady-state value of output current
which the power supply delivers while in the
current limiting mode.
NOTE This case value of output current may, in some cases, be
restricted to a limited time duration.
7.9.3 Short-circuit current
The steady-state current delivered by a constant
voltage power supply when its output terminals are
short-circuited.
7.10 Voltage limiting
The action of limiting the output voltage of a
constant current supply to some predetermined
maximum value (fixed or adjustable) and
automatically restoring the output current to its
normal value when the load conditions are restored
to normal. There are two types of voltage limiting
(see Figure 6, page 13):
a) by constant voltage/constant current crossover;
b) by decreasing output current as voltage
increases (otherwise known as “automatic
voltage limiting”).
7.10.1 Voltage limiting threshold
The value of the output voltage of a constant current
power supply at which the stabilized output current
falls outside the load-dependent effect band or
tolerance band (whichever is specified) as the load
resistance increases.
7.10.2 Open circuit voltage
The voltage at the output terminals of a constant
current power supply when there is no load
connected.
7
Not for Resale
 BS 5654-1:1979

% = output effect
S = settling effect
Ts = settling time
Figure 1 — Settling effect

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8 © BSI 11-1999
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 BS 5654-1:1979

Figure 2A — Transient terms when transient initiation band and transient recovery
band are specified

Figure 2B — Transient terms when tolerance band is specified

LETTER SYMBOLS USED IN Figure 2A AND Figure 2B

A = General output quantity
B = Transient recovery band
C = Output effect band
A1 = Initial value of output quantity
AF = Final value of output quantity
I = Transient initiation band
D = Width of tolerance band
N = Nominal value
O = Maximum overshoot amplitude
P = Negative overshoot amplitude
TD = Transient delay time
TR = Transient recovery time
TT = Total transient recovery time
U = Undershoot amplitude

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9
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 BS 5654-1:1979

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R
µ = control coefficient = ------1-
A1
% = control deviation = A2 p A1
%A
Î = incremental control coefficient = ---------
%R
Figure 3 — Relationship of control to output quantities

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 BS 5654-1:1979

Figure 4 — Relationship of effect bands to tolerance band

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11
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 BS 5654-1:1979

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CVCC = constant voltage/constant current

ACL = automatic current limiting
FCL = foldback current limiting
T = current limit threshold
M = maximum limited current
S = short-circuit current
NOTE Dotted lines refer to the limits of effect bands.
Figure 5 — Types of current limiting

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 BS 5654-1:1979
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Figure 6 — Voltage limiting in a constant current supply

Copyright British Standards Institution

© BSI 11-1999 13
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 BS 5654-1:1979
Alphabetical index of terms
Adjustable crossover, Sub-clause 2.5.2
Ambient temperature, Sub-clause 3.1
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Capacitance to frame, Sub-clause 3.4
Capacitance to source terminals, Sub-clause 3.4.1
Combined effect, Sub-clause 4.4.3
Combined effect band, Sub-clause 4.5.3
Combined operation of power supplies, Sub-clause 6.1
Combined source voltage and load effect, Sub-clause 4.4.4
Combined source voltage and load effect band, Sub-clause 4.5.4
Common mode output, Sub-clause 3.7
Constant current power supply, Sub-clause 2.4.2
Constant voltage/constant current crossover, Sub-clause 4.19
Constant voltage/constant current power supply,
Sub-clause 2.4.3
Constant voltage power supply, Sub-clause 2.4.1
Control, Sub-clause 2.6
Control coefficient, Sub-clause 4.17
Control deviation, Sub-clause 4.17.1
Control deviation band, Sub-clause 4.17.2
Control range, Sub-clause 4.14.1
Control rate, Sub-clause 4.16
Control time constant, Sub-clause 4.16.1
Conversion factor, Sub-clause 2.14
Cooling medium temperature, Sub-clause 3.2
Crossover area, Sub-clause 2.5
Crossover point, Sub-clause 2.5.1
Crowbar protection circuit, Sub-clause 7.1
Current limiting, Sub-clause 7.9
Current limiting threshold, Sub-clause 7.9.1
Discontinuous control resolution, Sub-clause 4.15
Displacement factor, Sub-clause 2.9.1
Drift, Sub-clause 4.8
Effect band, Sub-clause 4.5
Efficiency, Sub-clause 2.13
Error, Sub-clause 4.3
Incremental control coefficient, Sub-clause 4.15.1
Individual effect, Sub-clause 4.4.1
Individual effect band, Sub-clause 4.5.2
Influence quantity, Sub-clause 2.2
Inrush current, Sub-clause 2.10
Insulation resistance, Sub-clause 3.5
Insulation test voltage, Sub-clause 3.5.1
Interaction effect, Sub-clause 4.4.2
Intrinsic error, Sub-clause 4.3.1
Isolation voltage, Sub-clause 3.6
Load characteristic, Sub-clause 4.18
Local control, Sub-clause 2.6.1
Maximum limited current, Sub-clause 7.9.2
Maximum output rate of change, Sub-clause 5.4
Nominal effect band, Sub-clause 4.5.1
Nominal value, Sub-clause 4.2
Open circuit voltage, Sub-clause 7.10.2
Operating error, Sub-clause 4.3.2
Output capacitance, Sub-clause 5.6.2
Output effect, Sub-clause 4.4
Output effect coefficient (ratio), Sub-clause 4.6
Output impedance, Sub-clause 5.6
Output resistance, Sub-clause 5.6.1
14
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Over-current protection, Sub-clause 7.3
Overshoot, Sub-clause 5.2
Overshoot amplitude, Sub-clause 5.2.1
Over-temperature protection, Sub-clause 7.8
Over-voltage protection, Sub-clause 7.4
Parallel operation, Sub-clause 6.3
Parallel operation with specified load sharing, Sub-clause 6.3.1
Periodic and random deviation (PARD), Sub-clause 4.7
Power factor, Sub-clause 2.9
Psophometric voltage, Sub-clause 4.7.1
Recovery time, Sub-clause 5.5.1
Reference source, Sub-clause 2.8
Remote control, Sub-clause 2.6.2
Remote sensing, Sub-clause 2.7
Reset, Sub-clause 7.2
Reverse current protection, Sub-clause 7.7
Reverse voltage protection, Sub-clause 7.6
Scope, Sub-clause 1.1
Series operation, Sub-clause 6.4
Series operation with specified load sharing, Sub-clause 6.4.1
Setting range, Sub-clause 4.14
Settling effect, Sub-clause 4.9
Settling time, Sub-clause 4.13
Short-circuit current, Sub-clause 7.9.3
Slave operation, Sub-clause 6.2
Slave parallel operation, Sub-clause 6.3.2
Slave series operation, Sub-clause 6.4.2
Slave tracking operation, Sub-clause 6.2.1
Source, Sub-clause 2.1
Source current distortion, Sub-clause 2.11.1
Source distortion, Sub-clause 2.11
Source voltage distortion, Sub-clause 2.11.2
Stabilization, Sub-clause 2.3
Stabilized power supply, Sub-clause 2.4
Start-up time, Sub-clause 4.13.1
Steady-state value, Sub-clause 4.1
System efficiency, Sub-clause 2.13.1
Thermal equilibrium, Sub-clause 3.3
Tolerance band, Sub-clause 4.12
Total effect, Sub-clause 4.10
Total effect band, Sub-clause 4.11
Total source voltage distortion, Sub-clause 2.11.3
Transient delay time, Sub-clause 5.5.1.1
Transient initiation band, Sub-clause 5.1.1
Transient recovery band, Sub-clause 5.1
Transient recovery time, Sub-clause 5.5.1.2
Transient times, Sub-clause 5.5
Trip protection circuit, Sub-clause 7.1.1
Turn-off decay time, Sub-clause 5.5.4
Turn-on delay time, Sub-clause 5.5.2
Turn-on (turn-off) overshoot, Sub-clause 5.2.2
Turn-on (turn-off) polarity reversal, Sub-clause 5.2.3
Turn-on recovery time, Sub-clause 5.5.3
Undershoot, Sub-clause 5.3
Under-voltage protection, Sub-clause 7.5
Voltage limiting, Sub-clause 7.10
Voltage limiting threshold, Sub-clause 7.10.1
Voltage unbalance, Sub-clause 2.12
Warm-up time, Sub-clause 4.13.2
© BSI 11-1999
Not for Resale
 BS 5654-1:1979

Publications referred to

See national foreword.

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Copyright British Standards Institution

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 BS 5654-1:
1979
IEC 478-1: BSI — British Standards Institution
1974
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British Standards. It presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at the
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