CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION

Due to rapid industrialization, industrial workers are exposed to several

types of hazards and accidents. Every year lakhs of workers are injured due to
mechanical, chemical, electrical and radiation hazards and it leads to partial or
total disablement. So in recent years, greater attention is given to health and safety
due to pressure from government, trade unions, labour laws and awareness of
employers.

The efficiency of workers depends to a great extends on the environment

in which the work. Work environment consists of all the factors, which act and
react on the body and mind of an employee. The primary aim is to create an
environment, which ensures the greatest ease of work and removes all causes of
worries.

Occupational health and safety is a discipline with a broad scope involving

many specialized fields. In its broadest sense, it should aim at:
a) The promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental
and social well-being of workers in all occupations.
b) The prevention among workers of adverse effects on health caused by their
working conditions.
c) The protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from
factors adverse to health.
d) The placing and maintenance of workers in an occupational environment
adapted to physical and mental needs.
e) The adaptation of work to humans.
 Successful occupational health and safety practice requires the collaboration
and participation of both employers and workers in health and safety
programmes, and involves the consideration of issues relating to occupational
medicine, industrial hygiene, toxicology, education, engineering safety,
ergonomics, psychology, etc.

Occupational health issues are often given less attention than

occupational safety issues because the former are generally more difficult to
confront. However, when health is addressed, so is safety, because a healthy
workplace is by definition also a safe workplace. The converse, though, may not
be true - a so-called safe workplace is not necessarily also a healthy workplace.
The important point is that issues of both health and safety must be addressed in
every workplace.

Work plays a central role in people's lives, since most workers spend at
least eight hours a day in the workplace, whether it is on a plantation, in an office,
factory, etc. Therefore, work environments should be safe and healthy.
Unfortunately some employers assume little responsibility for the protection of
workers' health and safety. In fact, some employers do not even know that they
have the moral and often legal responsibility to protect workers.

Health of the workers:

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not
merely the absence of diseases. It’s a positive and dynamic concept which means
something more than the absence of illness.
Statutory provisions:
According to factories Act, 1948, the statutory provisions regarding the
health of the workers are stated in the sections 11 to 20. They are

Cleanliness (sec 11):

Every factory shall be kept clean by daily sweeping or washing the floors
and workrooms and by using disinfectants where every necessary. Walls, doors
and windows shall be repainted or varnished at least once in every 5 years.

Disposal of wastes and effluents (sec 12):

The waste materials produced from the manufacturing process must be
effectively disposed of wastes.

Ventilation and temperature (sec 13):

There must be provision for adequate ventilation for the circulation of
fresh air. The temperature must be kept at a comfortable level. Hot parts of
machines must be separated and insulated. The State Government may make rules
for the keeping of thermometers in specified places and the adoption of methods
which will keep the temperature low.

Removal of Dust and fumes (sec 14):

If the manufacturing process used gives off injurious or offensive dust and
steps must be taken so that they are not inhaled or accumulated. The exhaust
fumes of internal combustion engines must be conducted outside the factory.
Artificial humidification (sec 15):
The water used for this purpose must be pure. The State Government can
frame rules regarding the process of humidification etc. The water used for
humidification shall be taken from a public supply or other source of drinking
water and must be effectively purified before use.

Overcrowding (sec 16):

There must be no overcrowding in a factory. In factories existing before
the commencement of the Act there must be at least 9.9 cubic meters of space per
worker. For factories built afterwards, there must be at least 4.2 cubic meters of
space. The chief inspector of factories can also prescribe the maximum number
of workers who can work in each work room.

Lighting (sec 17):

Factories must be well lighted. Effective measures must be adopted to
prevent glare or formation of shadows which might cause eye strain.

Drinking water (sec 18):

Arrangements must be made to provide a sufficient supply of wholesome
drinking water. All supply points of such water must be marked “drinking water”.

No such points shall be within 20 ft. (or 7.5 meters) of any latrine, washing
place etc. Factories employing more than 250 workers must cool the water during
the hot weather.

Toilet facilities (sec 19):

Every factory must provide sufficient number of latrines and urinals. There
must be separate provisions for male and female workers.
 Latrines and urinals must be kept in a clean and sanitary condition. In
factories employing more than 250 workers, they shall be of prescribed sanitary
types.

Spittoons (sec 20):

A sufficient number of spittoons must be provided at convenient places, in
a clean and hygienic condition. The State Government may take rules regarding
their number, location and maintenance.

Safety of the workers:

Safety is a measures or techniques implemented to reduce the risk of injury,
loss and danger to persons, property or the environment in any facility or place
involving the manufacturing, producing and processing of goods or merchandise.

Statutory provisions:
According to factories Act, 1948, the statutory provisions regarding the
safety of the workers are stated in the sections 21 to 41. They are

Fencing of machinery (Sec 21):

In every factory, every dangerous part of any machinery, every moving
part of a prime mover and every flywheel connected to prime mover the head-
race and tail-race of every water wheel and water turbine, and every part of an
electric generator, motor or rotary converter, every part of transmission
machinery, must be securely fenced by safeguards of substantial construction.
Work on or near machinery in motion (Sec 22):
It is necessary to examine any part of the machinery while it is motion. The
examination and lubrication of the machinery, while in motion, should be carried
out only by a specially-trained adult worker wearing tight-fitting clothing.

Employment of young persons on Dangerous machines (Sec 23):

A young person should not be allowed to work at dangerous machines
unless, has been sufficiently instructed and received sufficient training.

Striking gear and devices for cutting off power (Sec 24):
In every factory, suitable striking gear or other efficient mechanical
appliance has to be provided, maintained and used to move driving belts.

Self-acting machines (Sec 25):

No travelling part of a self-acting machine in any factory and no material
carried thereon shall be allowed to run on its outward or inward traverse within a
distance of 18 inches from any fixed structure which is not a part of the machine,
if a person is liable to pass over the space over which it runs.

Casing of new machinery (Sec 26):

All machinery driven by power, every set-screw, bolt or key or any
revolving shaft, spindle, wheel or pinion, spur, worm and other toothed or
friction-gearing has to be properly encased or guarded in order to prevent danger
to the workmen.
Prohibition of employment of women and children near cotton openers (Sec
27):
Women and child workers are prohibited to be employed in any part of a
factory for pressing cotton in which a cotton opener is at work.

Hoists, lifts, lifting machines (Sec 28&29):

Lifting machines, chains, ropes and lifting tackles must be of good
mechanical construction, sound material and adequate strength and free from
defects. They are to be properly maintained and thoroughly examined by a
competent person at least once in every 6 months.

Revolving machinery (Sec 30):

The maximum safe working peripheral speed of every grindstone or
abrasive wheel shall be permanently affixed. Safe working peripheral speed of
every revolving vessel, cage, basket, flywheel, pulley or disc has also to be
ensured.

Pressure plant (Sec 31):

In any factory operation is carried on at a pressure above the atmospheric
pressure, effective arrangements shall be taken to ensure that the safe working
pressure is not exceeded.
Floors, stairs and means of access (Sec 32):
In every factory all floors, steps, stairs, passages and gangways shall be of
sound construction and properly kept and maintained.

Pits, sumps, openings in floors (Sec 33):

Every fixed vessel, sump, tank, pit or opening in the ground or in a floor,
which may be a source of danger shall be either securely covered or securely
fenced.

Excessive weights (Sec 34):

No person is to be employed in any factory to lift, carry or move any load
so heavy as is likely to cause him injury.

Protection of eyes (Sec 35):

The state government may require the provision of effective screens or
suitable goggles if the risk of injury to the eyes is caused from particles or
fragments thrown off in the manufacturing process or from exposure to excessive
light.

Precautions against dangerous fumes (Sec 36):

In any factory, no person shall be allowed to enter any chamber, tank, vat,
pipe, flue or other confined space in which dangerous fumes are likely to be
present to an extent involving risks to persons.

Explosive or inflammable dust, gas (Sec 37):

All practicable measures have to be taken to prevent explosion by, effective
enclosure of plant and machinery, removal or prevention of the accumulation of
dust, gas etc and exclusion or effective enclosure of all possible sources of
ignition.
Precaution in case of fire (Sec 38):
Every factory has to be provided with adequate means of escape in case of
fire. Effective and clearly audible means of giving warning in the case of fire have
to be provided. A free passage-way giving access to each means of escape in case
of fire has to be maintained.

Power to require specifications of defective parts or tests of stability (Sec 39):

The factory inspector to serve on the manager of a factory to furnish
specifications of defective parts or he may order the manager to carry out tests as
he may specify and to inform him of the results.

Safety of buildings and machinery (Sec 40):

Every factory should adopt the measures to ensure the safety of the
buildings and machinery. The factory must employ the required safety officers
according to the number of workers working in the factory.
Power to make rules (Sec 41):
The state government has the power to make rules to supplement the
provisions relating to safety contained in the act.

Occupational accidents/disease:

Work-related accidents or diseases are very costly and can have many serious
direct and indirect effects on the lives of workers and their families. For
workers some of the direct costs of an injury or illness are:
a) the pain and suffering of the injury or illness;
b) the loss of income;
c) the possible loss of a job;
d) Health-care costs.
 It has been estimated that the indirect costs of an accident or illness can be
four to ten times greater than the direct costs, or even more. An occupational
illness or accident can have so many indirect costs to workers that it is often
difficult to measure them. One of the most obvious indirect costs is the human
suffering caused to workers' families, which cannot be compensated with money.
Identifying hazards in the workplace:

Some occupational diseases have been recognized for many years, and affect
workers in different ways depending on the nature of the hazard, the route of
exposure, the dose, etc. Some well-known occupational diseases include:
a) Asbestosis (caused by asbestos, which is common in insulation,
automobile brake linings, etc.)
b) Silicosis (caused by silica, which is common in mining, sandblasting, etc.)
c) Lead poisoning (caused by lead, which is common in battery plants, paint
factories, etc.)
d) Noise-induced hearing loss (caused by noise, which is common in many
workplaces, including airports, and workplaces where noisy machines,
such as presses or drills, etc.)
Importance of management commitment on health and safety:

In order to develop a successful health and safety programme, it is essential

that there be strong management commitment and strong worker participation in
the effort to create and maintain a safe and healthy workplace. An effective
management addresses all work-related hazards, not only those covered by
government standards.

All levels of management must make health and safety a priority. They
must communicate this by going out into the worksite to talk with workers about
their concerns and to observe work procedures and equipment. In each workplace,
the lines of responsibility from top to bottom need to be clear, and workers should
know who is responsible for different health and safety issues.

Importance of training:

Workers often experience work-related health problems and do not realize that
the problems are related to their work, particularly when an occupational disease,
for example, is in the early stages. Besides the other more obvious benefits of
training, such as skills development, hazard recognition, etc., a comprehensive
training programme in each workplace will help workers to:
a) Recognize early signs/symptoms of any potential occupational diseases
before they become permanent conditions.
b) Assess their work environment.
 c) Insist that management make changes before hazardous conditions can
develop.

Health and safety programmes:

Effective workplace health and safety programmes can help to save the lives
of workers by reducing hazards and their consequences. Health and safety
programmes also have positive effects on both worker morale and productivity,
which are important benefits. At the same time, effective programmes can save
employers a great deal of money. For all of the reasons given below, it is crucial
that employers, workers and unions are committed to health and safety.

a) Workplace hazards are controlled - at the source whenever possible.

b) Records of any exposure are maintained for many years.
c) Both workers and employers are informed about health and safety risks in
the workplace.
d) There is an active and effective health and safety committee that includes
both workers and management.
e) Worker health and safety efforts are ongoing

IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY HEALTH AND WELFARE MEASURES

 Developing health and safety policies

 Conducting risk assessment which identify hazards and access the risk
attached with them
 Carrying out health and safety audit and inspection
 Implementing occupational health programmes
 Managing stress
 Preventing accidents
  Measuring health and safety performance
 Communicating need for good health and safety practices
 Organising health and safety practices

LITERATURE REVIEW FOR HEALTH AND WELFARE MEASURES

1) Johannson B; Rask K; Stenberg M (2010)1, this study was to carry out a

broad survey and analysis of relevant research articles about piece rate wages
and their effects on health and safety. A total of 75 research articles were
examined extensively and 31 of these were found relevant and had sufficient
quality to serve the purpose of this study. The findings of these relevant
articles are summarized and analysed in the survey. More recent research
shows a clear interest for health, musculoskeletal injuries, physical workload,
pains and occupational injuries. The fact that 27 of the 31 studied articles
found negative effects of piece rates on different aspects of health and safety
does not prove causality, but together they give very strong support that in
most situations piece rates have negative effects on health and safety.

2) Tompa, Emile PhD; Dolinschi, Roman MA; de Oliveira (2009)2, we

reviewed the occupational health and safety intervention literature to
synthesize evidence on financial merits of such interventions. A literature
search included journal databases, existing systematic reviews, and studies
identified by content experts. We found strong evidence that ergonomic and
other musculoskeletal injury prevention intervention in manufacturing and
warehousing are worth undertaking in terms of their financial merits. The
economic evaluation of interventions in this literature warrants further
expansion. The review also provided insights into how the methodological
quality of economic evaluations in this literature could be improved.
3) Conor CO Reynolds; M Anne Harris; Peter A Cripton; Meghan Winters
(2009)3, Bicycling has the potential to improve fitness. Understanding ways
of making bicycling safer is important to improving population health. We
reviewed studies of the impact of transportation infrastructure on bicyclist
safety. To assess safety, studies examining the following outcomes were
included: injuries; injury severity; and crashes. Results to date suggest that
sidewalks and multi-use trails pose the highest risk, major roads are more
hazardous than minor roads, and the presence of bicycle facilities (e.g. on-
road bike routes, on-road marked bike lanes, and off-road bike paths) was
associated with the lowest risk. Street lighting, paved surfaces, and low-angled
grades are additional factors that appear to improve cyclist safety.

4) Lucia Artazcoz; Imma Cortes; Vincenta Escriba-aguir; Lorena Cascant

(2009)4, the objectives of this study was to identify family and job
characteristics associated with long work hours. The sample was composed of
all salaried workers aged 16–64 years (3950 men and 3153 women)
interviewed in the 2006 Catalonian Health Survey. Factors associated with
long working hours differed by gender. In men, working 51–60 h a week was
consistently associated with poor mental health status, self-reported
hypertension, job dissatisfaction, smoking, shortage of sleep. Among women
it was only related to smoking and to shortage of sleep. The association of
overtime with different health indicators among men and women could be
explained by their role as the family breadwinner.
5) Dee W. Edington; Alyssa B. Schultz (2008)5, The aim was to present the
literature which provides evidence of the association between health risks and
the workplace economic measures of time away from work, reduced
productivity at work, health care costs and pharmaceutical costs. A search of
PubMed was conducted and high quality studies were selected and combined
with studies known to the authors. A strong body of evidence exists which
shows that health risks of workers are associated with health care costs and
pharmaceutical costs. A growing body of literature also confirms that health
risks are associated with the productivity measures. The paper shows that
measures of success will continue to be important as the field of worksite
health management moves forward.

6) David E. Cantor (2008)6, The purpose of this paper was to review the
literature and call for additional research into the human, operational, and
regulatory issues that contribute to workplace safety in the supply chain. This
paper identifies several potential research opportunities that can increase
awareness of the importance of improving a firm's workplace safety practices.
This paper identifies 108 articles which informs, how the logistics and
transportation safety has evolved. The paper identifies 14 future research
opportunities within the workplace safety in the supply chain, that have been
identified can have a positive effect on practitioners confronted with safety
issues.

7) Lucia Artazcoz; Imma Cortes; Vincenta Escriba-aguir; Lorena Cascant

(2007)7, To provide a framework for epidemiological research on work and
health that combines classic occupational epidemiology and the consideration
of work in a structural perspective focused on gender inequalities in health.
Gaps and limitations in classic occupational epidemiology, when considered
 from a gender perspective, are described. Classic occupational epidemiology
has paid less attention to women’s problems than men’s. Research into work
related gender inequalities in health has rarely considered either social class
or the impact of family demands on men’s health. The analysis of work and
health from a gender perspective should take into account the complex
interactions between gender, family roles, employment status and social class.

8) Shouji Nagashima; Yasushi Suwazono; Yasushi Okubo; Mirei Uetani

(2007)8, The aim was to clarify the influence of working hours on both mental
and physical symptoms of fatigue and use the data obtained to determine
permissible working hours. The survey of day-shift male workers, using the
Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Cumulative Fatigue Symptoms Index
(CFSI). A total of 715 workers participated. In the group working 260–279
h/month, the odds ratios for SDS and ‘irritability’ and ‘chronic tiredness’ of
the CFSI were increased. In the group working 280 h/month, the odds ratios
on CFSI for ‘general fatigue’, ‘physical disorders’, ‘anxiety’ and ‘chronic
tiredness’ were likewise increased. The research clarified that working hours
should be <260 h/month in order to minimize fatigue symptoms in male day
workers.

9) L Ala-Mursula; J Vahtera; A Kouvonen; A Vaananen; A Linna (2006)9,

The associations of working hours (paid, domestic, commuting, and total)
with sickness, absence, and to examine whether these associations vary
according to the level of employee control over daily working hours. The
study among 25,703 full-time public sector workers in 10 towns in Finland.
Long domestic and total working hours were associated with higher rates of
medically certified sickness absences among both genders. Low control over
daily working hours predicted medically certified sickness absences for both
the women and men. In combinations, high control over working hours
 reduced the adverse associations of long domestic and total working hours
with medically certified absences. Employee control over daily working hours
may protect health and help workers successfully combine a full-time job with
the demands of domestic work.

10) A Baker; K Heiler; S A Ferguson (2002)10, The occupational health and

safety implications associated with compressed and extended work periods
have not been fully explored in the mining sector. Absenteeism and incident
frequency rate data were collected over a 33 month period that covered three
different roster schedules. The only significant change in absenteeism rates
was an increase in the maintenance sector in the third data collection period.
The current study did not find significant negative effects of a 12-hour pattern,
when compared to an 8-hour system. However, when unregulated and
excessive overtime was introduced as part of the 12-hour/5-day roster,
absenteeism rates were increased in the maintenance sector.

11) N Nakanishia; H Yoshidaa; K Naganoa; H Kawashimob; K

Nakamurac (2001)11, to evaluate the association of long working hours with
the risk of hyper-tension. The work site is in Osaka, Japan. 941 hypertension
free Japanese male white collar workers aged 35–54 years were prospectively
examined by serial annual health examinations. 424 men developed
hypertension above the borderline level. After controlling for potential
predictors of hypertension, the relative risk for hypertension above the
borderline level, compared with those who worked < 8.0 hours per day was
0.48, for those who worked 10.0–10.9 hours per day was 0.63. These results
indicate that long working hours are negatively associated with the risk for
hypertension in Japanese male white collar workers.
12) N. Haworth; C. Tingvall & N. Kowadlo (2000)12, In response to an
increasing awareness of the role of work-related driving in crashes and the
related costs, many private and government organisations have developed
programs to improve fleet safety. The purpose of this project is to investigate
the potential to introduce road safety based initiatives in the corporate
environment. From the review, that the fleet safety initiatives which have
potential to be effective are, Selecting safer vehicles, Some particular driver
training and education programs, Incentives, Company safety programs. It is
assumed that the degree of influence is likely to decrease as the type of vehicle
moves from the fleet towards the private end of the continuum.

13) Graves carol gevecker; Matanoski genevieve m; Tardiff robert g

(2000)13, Carbonless copy paper (CCP), introduced in 1954. Its safety to
workers who handle large amounts of CCP has been addressed in numerous
studies and reports. This review encompasses the world's literature on CCP
and provides a weight-of-evidence analysis of the safety of CCP to workers in
the United States. Since 1987, has produced neither primary skin irritation nor
skin sensitization under normal conditions of manufacture and use. Finally,
very few published complaints have come from the manufacturing sector
where the closest and most voluminous contact occurs. Based on the weight
of the evidence, NIOSH is anticipated to conclude that CCP is not a hazard to
workers and has only a small possibility of producing mild and transient skin
irritation.

14) Karen J.M. Niven (2000)14, A literature review was described which
aimed to evaluate economic evaluations of health and safety interventions in
healthcare. Problems were identified with valuing benefits in health and safety
because they frequently take many years to emerge and are difficult to
measure. Understanding of economic techniques within the health and safety
 professions was limited, resulting in wide-ranging assumptions being made as
to the positive economic impact of health and safety interventions. Healthcare
managers, health economists, and health and safety professionals have not
traditionally worked together and have inherent misunderstandings of each
other roles. The review concludes that the aim of future research should be to
assist the National Health Service (NHS) to make valid decisions about health
and safety investment and risk control methods.

15) A Spurgeon; J M Harrington; C L Cooper (1997)15, The European

Community Directive on Working Time, which should have been
implemented in member states of the European Community by November
1996. This paper reviews the current evidence relating to the potential effects
on health and performance of extensions to the normal working day. Research
to date has been restricted to a limited range of health outcomes--namely,
mental health and cardiovascular disorders. Other potential effects which are
normally associated with stress--for example, gastrointestinal disorders,
musculoskeletal disorders, and problems associated with depression of the
immune system, have received little attention. It is concluded that there is
currently sufficient evidence to raise concerns about the risks to health and
safety of long working hours.

16) Simon Chapple and Tracy Mears (1996)16, Most OECD countries rely
on a mixture of market forces, tort liability, compulsory insurance and
government regulation to deal with workplace safety and health issues. There
are also other non-efficiency reasons for government involvement in
workplace safety and health. However, while markets may not be efficient,
government intervention can fail to make any improvement and/or not satisfy
cost-benefit criteria. While the empirical evidence is not clear cut, the balance
of the evidence suggests that wages may include some consideration for health
 and safety risks. Evidence also suggests that workers’ compensation systems
increase the frequency and duration of claims for non-fatal injuries, but may
decrease the number of fatal injuries.

17) Peter Hasle and Hans Jorgen Limborg (1995)17, The scientific literature
regarding preventive occupational Health and Safety Activities in Small
Enterprises has been reviewed in order to identify effective preventive
approaches and to develop a future research strategy. There is a lack of
evaluation of intervention studies, both in terms of effect and practical
applicability. However, there is sufficiently strong evidence to conclude that
workers of small enterprises are subject to higher risks than the larger ones,
and that small enterprises have difficulties in controlling risk. The most
effective preventive approaches seem to be simple and low cost solutions,
disseminated through personal contact. It is important to develop future
intervention research strategies, which study the complete intervention system
of the small enterprises.

18) International Council on Nanotechnology, Rice University18, The

report, "Current Knowledge and Practices regarding Environmental Health
and Safety in the Nanotechnology Workplace", offers a review and analysis
of existing efforts to develop "best practices." This report finds that efforts to
catalogue workplace practices have not systematically documented current
environment, health and safety practices in a variety of workplace settings and
geographies. Moreover, it finds that some existing documents are not publicly
available.

19) Maynard, Andrew D19, Article from newsletter by Andrew Maynard

summarizing the current level of development and government investment in
nanotechnology research and development, how nanotechnology presents a
 potential challenge to conventional approaches to understanding health
hazards in the workplace, and how the United States National Institute of
Occupational Safety and Health is working to address current and potential
adverse health impacts in the workplace from nanotechnology.

20) Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment, and Health20, This

article seeks to address a number of important questions concerning the
potential health and workplace safety risks raised by the manufacturing,
handling, and distributing of engineered nanoparticles. The article addresses
the following questions; (1) the hazards classification of engineered
nanoparticles, (2) exposure metrics, (3) the actual exposures workers may
have to different engineered nanoparticles in the workplace, (4) the limits of
engineering controls and personal protective equipment in protecting workers
in regard to engineered nanoparticles, (5) the kind of surveillance programs
that should be put in place to protect workers, (6) whether exposure registers
should be established, and (7) if engineered nanoparticles should be treated as
new substances and evaluated for safety and hazards.

NEED FOR THE STUDY

Health and Safety measures are inevitable to any organization where

workers are involved. It’s an organization’s responsibility to provide to its
workers beyond the payment of wages for their services. The worker’s health and
safety on and off the job within the organization is a vital concern of the employer.
The working environment in a factory adversely affects the worker’s health and
safety because of the excessive heat or cold, noise, odors, fumes, dust and lack of
sanitation and pure air etc., which leads to accident or injury or disablement or
loss of life to the workers. Providing a health and safer environment is a pre-
requisite for any productive effort. These must be held in check by providing
regular health check-up, protective devices and compensatory benefits to the
workers.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

According to my objectives the entire study is based on understanding the various

health safety welfare facilities that are provided to the employees. I have also
taken a step to study the various problems faced by the employees due to lack of
facilities available for them at the workplace ,which often leads in spoiling their
relationship with at higher authorities as well at even between themselves there
by disrupting the quality of work life of the employees.
 CHAPTER 2
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH DESIGN

A research design is an arrangement of condition for collection and

analysis of the data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the
research purpose with economy in procedure.

The study is descriptive in nature i.e., descriptive research. Descriptive

research is concerned with describing the characteristics of a particular individual
or group. This includes surveys and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds. The
main characteristic of this method is that the researcher has no control over the
variables; one can only report what has happened or what is happening. Thus, the
research design in case of descriptive study is a comparative design throwing light
on all the areas and must be prepared keeping the objectives of the study and the
resources available. This study involves collection of data from Junior level
Executives.

Primary data:

These are those which are collected a fresh (again but in a new
or different way) and for the first time and thus happen to be
original in character and known as Primary data.

It is based on primary source of information.

Secondary data :
It means that are already available that is they refer to the data,
which have already been collected and analyzed by someone
else for its own use and later the same data is used by a different
 user or person.
It is based on secondary source of information

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

A. Primary objective:

To ascertain the health and safety measures adopted

B. Secondary objective:

1) To study the awareness of the workers about health and safety in the
work place.

2) To find the occurrence of accidents happened at the work place.

3) To identify the role of management in implementing health and

safety.

4) To find out the satisfaction level of the respondents towards health

safety and welfare measures.

5) To give suggestions to improve the health and safety in the

organization.
SAMPLING:

To minimize the cost, time and repetition, a representative sample is chosen for
the study Sampling is the process which helps to select an appropriate sample
which minimizes error in study. Sampling is carried out on a definite population
and hence you must define population with reference to your project. Also, you
must specify sampling unit and sample size. Sampling procedure should be
defined. You must give a brief explanation for choosing a specific sample
population, unit, and sample size and sample selection technique used.

SAMPLING TECHINIQUE:

The methods used in drawing samples from a population usually in such a

manner that the sample will facilitate determination of some hypothesis
concerning the population.

SELECTION OF SAMPLING METHOD:

The Sampling method decides the way in a manner sample is selected. There are
two types of sampling methods:-

I. Probability Sampling:
Sampling is the use of a subset of the population to represent the whole
population. Probability sampling, or random sampling, is a sampling
technique in which the probability of getting any particular sample may be
calculated.
II. Non-probability sampling:

Non-probability sampling does not meet this criterion and should be used with
caution. Non-probability sampling techniques cannot be used to infer from the
sample to the general population. Any generalizations obtained from a non-
probability sample must be filtered through one's knowledge of the topic being
studied. Performing non-probability sampling is considerably less expensive than
doing probability sampling, but the results are of limited value

Under this method factors other than random chance is used for selection of
the sample

a. Convenience sampling
b. Quota sampling
c. Judgment sampling
d. Snowball sampling

I chose CONVENIENCE SAMPLING for research.

Sample Size: 50

Sampling Procedure: Simple Random Sampling (probability sampling)

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study would give an overview of the health and safety measures Since
health and safety are two important elements essential for improving the
productivity of an organization, a study on the existing health and safety measures
would help the organization to perform better. This study would throw light on
the perception of the workers regarding health and safety. Wheels India ltd can
identify the areas where it can be improved, so as to improve the performance of
the workers. This study would also help to analyze the satisfaction level of the
workers towards health and safety measures and suggest provisions to improve
health and safety.
LIMITATIONS:

1. Time Constraint.
2. Non Availability of Information.
3. Limited Resources.
4. Limited sharing of information.
5. Unwillingness of laborers to co-operate.
 CHAPTER 3
SWOT ANALYSIS
SWOT Analysis

When we use SWOT analysis, Its often for strategic planning. It prepares
for decisions and gives an overall look at the strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities, and threats of business. But SWOT analysis can also be
used to increase and build upon customer satisfaction.
To give a well-rounded overview of how to use SWOT analysis for a
boost in customer satisfaction, we’ll start with the Strengths
and Weaknesses first.

SWOT analysis, for any who may be unfamiliar, is a planning

method typically used in business strategy to identify
 the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats that may face a
business or project.
A number of us have likely had the opportunity to either observe or
participate in this exercise for the broader business in which we work. A
quick overview of the core concepts:

Strengths and weaknesses

Strengths and weaknesses internal to the organization. Strengths
represent positive attributes or characteristics, factors that provide an
advantage. Weaknesses are attributes or characteristics that place the
business at a disadvantage relative to others.

Opportunities and threats

Opportunities and threats are external to the organization. Opportunities
represent external trends and chances to improve performance –
something happening in the outside environment that presents positive
potential. Threats are elements or trends in the outside environment that
could cause trouble for the business, place it at risk.

STRENGTH

1. Transport facility
2. Government support
3. Future support
4. Environmental performance.
WEAKNESS

1. Political interference
2. Environment protection

OPPORTUNITIES

1. Capacity expansion
2. Regular financial assistance
3. Increase exp[ort share in the market
4. Implements the changes

THREATS

1. Substitute product
2. Government policies
3. Fluctuation in policies
4. Computation in the welfare measures
 CHAPTER 4
OUTCOME OF THE STUDY
OUTCOME OF THE STUDY

1) 53% of the respondents respond that they are not aware of the health and
safety measures and only 47% of the respondents are aware of the health
and safety welfare measures.

2) 64% of the respondents say that they have no effective arrangements for
communicating health and safety matters; only 36% agrees that they have
effective arrangements for communicating health and safety matters.

3) 53% of the respondents say that the company is providing medical facilities
but 47% of the respondents respond that the company is not providing
medical facilities to the workers.

4) 72.73% were aware of various welfare measures provided by the

company and 27.27% were not aware of various welfare measures
provided by the company.

5) 65.45% of the respondents are satisfied with overall welfare measures

provided and 34.55% of the respondents are not satisfied with overall
welfare measures provided.

6) 18.18% the welfare requirement is determined by observation, 40% the

welfare requirement is determined by suggestion, 8.18% the welfare is
determined by interview and 33.64% the welfare requirement is
determined by performance.
7. 60% of the respondents rated first for Drinking water ,31.82 % of the
respondents rated second for seating arrangement,11.82 % of the
respondents rated third for lighting,18.18% of the respondents rated
fourth for first aid appliances,13.64% of the respondents rated fifth for
latrines & urinals,

8. 84% of the respondents strongly agree that they are aware about the first
aid activities and contents of the first aid kit and 16% of the respondents
simply agree that they are aware about the first aid activities and contents
of the first aid kit

9. 50% of the respondents strongly agree that their environment is safe to

work and 33% of the respondents simply agree that their environment is
safe to work and 27% of the respondents say that they have no idea about
the safe working environment.

10.47% of the respondents ranked electric shocks are happened and 37% of
the respondents ranked finger injuries are occurred and 13% of the
respondents ranked fire accidents are happened and only 3% of the
respondents ranked fallen from height are occurred.

11.69% of the respondents say that the safety committee is not formed in the
company and only 31% of the respondents respond that the safety
committee is formed in the company.

12.50% of the respondents say that the role of management is better and 40%
of the respondents say that the role of management is best and 10% of the
respondents respond that the role of management in implementing health
and safety is good.
 CHAPTER 5
LEARNING EXPERIENCE SUGGESTION CONCLUSION AND
BIBILIOGRAPHY
 LEARNING EXPERIENCE

This project gave me great opportunity to learn about the all aspects of the

Health safety and welfare measures And helped me to know about current
situation of the HERALTH

The learning experience gained by me during the in plant training

was very much practical oriented. Mostly all the concepts which I studied
in the class, are applicable practically

I gained many new management skills and also got a chance to learn new things
on my own experience.

The overall study of the organization

1. Improve skills
One of the most important things you can gain from
internship is new knowledge and network and it helps to improve
many new skills and knowledge

2. Professional communications
It is the best way to learn how to
navigate the working world through real-life hands on experience
one of the most valuable skill you will gain from an internship is the
ability to speak with people in a professionals
 3. Making connections
The people who will be reference in the
future it will setup many new connections and build the strong
relationship

4. Independence
Internship will teach you to make your own
decision and do things on your own being able to work
independently with little guidence is very important in the
working world

I came to know what exactly needs wheather quality of work or quality of work
to be done or both. And also some extent I could understand the work culture.
Uniformity which is a essential element that management should maintain it will
also create an impression on the minds of another about their taste, preference,
values .I had a great time working on the project, as it given insights into the
working environment of an organization. The environment is good. I have learn
lot of thing there.

This project gave me a great learning experience and at the same time it gave me
enough scope to implement my educational ability. The information advice
presented in this project is based on secondary information.
 SUGGESTIONS

1) The company has to create the awareness for the workers regarding health
and safety.
2) They have to provide effective arrangements to the workers for
communicating their health and safety matters.
3) It is better to provide frequent health and safety training, atleast once in a
year.
4) The company has to provide enough drinking water facility available at all
the time.
5) The management has to take necessary steps to reduce the stress level of
the workers.
6) Orientation programmes can be conducted to make the workers to feel that
their work environment is safe to work.
7) The maintenance department has to maintain the machines properly to
reduce lead-time.
8) Proper training has to be given to the workers to avoid frequent accidents.
9) Meditation practices can be given to avoid electric shocks, finger injuries
etc. due to lack of concentration.
10) Safety committee has to be formed to monitor the health and safety
issues.
11) The company has to conduct the regular inspections to ensure higher
level of safety in the workplace.
12) Cordial relationship has to be maintained between the management
and the workers to implement the health and safety policies and measures
in a smooth manner.
13.The Management has to improve the quality and adequate items of the food
which is one of the most important basic amenities and it helps to satisfy
the employees.

14.The Number of spittoons provided at the work place is not sufficient, so

the company has to increase the number of spittoons which keeps the
environment clean.

15.Rest room facility has to be sufficiently provided.

16.Housing facility can be improved.

17.Adequate number of first aid appliances has to be provided.

CONCLUSIONS

It is revealed from the study that, the health and safety measures adopted
to the workers according to the provisions of the factories act. It reveals that the
awareness of the workers about health and safety in the workplace is inadequate.
Also repeated accidents like electric shocks, finger injuries are occurred in the
workplace. Suitable ideas were suggested to avoid those accidents and to improve
the health and safety measures. The role of management in implementing health
and safety in the organization is very effective. Most of the workers were
satisfied with the health and safety measures adopted in the company. If the
company implements effective disciplinary procedures; it will help the company
to go with their policies and also to maintain health and safety in the organization.

Employee welfare measures are advocated to maintain a strengthen

manpower both physically and mentally. The study of various welfare measures
brings in to light that the present measures taken by the company. The
improvement in working condition are suggested to improve effectiveness of the
employee welfares measures like canteen facility, drinking water, spittoons, rest
rooms and housing facilities which in turn would build the morale and increase
the productivity of the employees .
BIBILIOGRAPHY

BOOKS

1. Ajay garg (1995), “Labour laws”,

2. Sewa singh chauhan (1993), “Labour welfare administration in India

NEWSPAPER

1. ECONOMIC TIMES
2. INDIAN EXPRESS
3. THE HINDU

WEBSITES

1. WWW.SAFETYANDWELFAREMEASURES.COM
2. WWW.INDIANPOLICIESOFWELFARE.COM