CHAPTER 7: MOTIVATION CONCEPTS

Early Motivation Theories:

1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
- Physiological > Safety-Security > Social Belongingness > Esteem > Self-Actualization >
Intrinsic Values
2. Two-factor Theory
- Intrinsic factors relate to satisfaction, extrinsic if dissatisfaction
- Opposite of satisfaction is “no satisfaction”; opposite of dissatisfaction is “no
dissatisfaction”
3. McClelland’s Theory of Needs
- Achievement; power; affiliation
- Focused mostly on need for achievement
Contemporary Motivation Theories:
1. Self-Determination Theory
- People prefer having control over actions; if obligated they will lose motivation
- Cognitive evaluation theory = extrinsic rewards reduce intrinsic interest&motivation
- Self-concordance theory = consistency of goals with own interests and values
2. Goal-Setting Theory
- Specific, difficult goals with feedback lead to better performance
- Goal commitment = individual believes goal can be achieved + wants to achieve it
- Task characteristics = tasks must be simple rather than complex, learned rather than
novel, independent not interdependent, and on high end of achievable
- National culture = setting goals is different depending on culture e.g. high power
distance countires, collectivist vs individualist countries
- Promotion focus = advancement, accomplishment, approach conditions that move
them closer to goal
- Prevention focus = avoid conditions that pull them away from goal, fulfill duties
Other Contemporary Motivation Theories:
1. Self-efficacy Theory
- Individual’s belief that they can perform a task
- Complemented by goal-setting theory
- enactive mastery = if you’ve done it before, you believe you can do it again
- vicarious modelling = if you see someone similar to you doing something
- verbal persuasion = being convinced by others that we can do something
- arousal = being hyped up and psyched
- Pygmalion Effect = type of self-fulfilling prophecy; becoming what others believe of
you
2. Reinforcement Theory
- Behavior is a function of its consequences
- Operant Conditioning Theory = learn to behave to get what they want and to avoid
what they don’t want
3. Equity Theory/Organizational Justice
- Comparing one’s inputs to the outcomes that others who we perceive as a different
level as us and then working towards doing something about it
4. Expectancy Theory
-