1. ORAL COMMUNICATION
Receiver (or the listener) – is the one who listens
What is Communication?
Communication is the exchange of thoughts, feelings
and observations among people. People can transmit
message verbally, using words and phrases or non-
verbally, using signs, objects, body movements, and
style---anything attached to a message that gives
meaning. It can be defined according to its form and use.
• Communication as a process, the communication
among people is active. They communicate following
their creative and convenient ways and methods to
achieve a certain goal or objective. For instance,
greeting a person or setting his/ her mood first
before beginning a conversation can be the
beginning of the process.
• Communication as an Interaction, Communication
binds people together. Their interaction with one
another connects their understanding. For example,
sharing opinions opens one to respect other’s point
of view. As the word “sorry” softens yours heart, a
tap on a shoulder can be the beginning of the
process.
• Communication as a social context, the activity of
producing, transmitting and receiving meaning
symbolic message in an environment such as school,
church or any social gathering is communication.
Here, people can influence or encourage others to
create their own meaningful ideas. For example,
teachers motivate their students to be creative and
original.
Process of Communication
• Human process spends almost 70 percent of daily life
communication. Sometimes, they last a day taking if
for granted which result to miscommunication.
Communication is described as a process because
sender- decoder needs other elements to be able to
complete the method. Each person sees and
interprets verbal and non-verbal message sent and
received and through various channels (any of the
sense) Communication does not take place in a
vacuum. Each person is influence by the time, place,
circumstances, and other person in the
communication event.
Elements of Communication
The elements of communication are the main
components of the communication process. The
order of the elements according to the process starts
with a sender, message, channel, receiver and
feedback. There are other elements that are also
present in the communication which have no fixed
order such as the noise and setting.
1. Sender (or the speaker) – is the one who conveys
the message, oral or written, influence by past
conditioning, knowledge about the subject, manner
of speaking or speaking kills, present situation,
communicative purpose and attitude towards self
and the listener. The sender goal is to ensure that
his/her intended message is the message that
actually communicated
2.
and decodes the conveyed message. What the
speaker communicates is filtered by the receiver’s
frame of references, which includes his or her level
of knowledge about the subject, language
proficiency, experiences, values and attitudes.
3. Message, is whatever the sender communicates
to the receiver o the information received by the
receiver from the sender. Message are the ideas and
feeling that make up the content of the process of
communication.
4. Channel is the medium or means through which
the message is transmitted. The channel for oral
communication is the sound waves written through
light waves. The primary channel in face-to-face
communication are sound and sight. Public
announcement of radio, television, records,
newspaper, and magazines in the mass media. Other
channels communicate nonverbal message through
the use of the other human senses such as touching,
smelling, and tasting.
5. Noise is the also known as the interference that
keeps a message from being understood or
accurately interpreted. Noise occurs between the
sender and receiver. As discussed previously, it can
be internal or external inferences.
6. Situation is the time and place in which
communication occurs. Communication adapts to
the setting. For example, the language of students in
the classroom is quite different form the language
they use at home.
7. Feedback is the receiver’s message that he or she
sends to the source in response to the sender’s
message. Feedback can be in the form of verbal or
nonverbal response.
2. MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
• 1. Linear Model
• 2. Interactive Model
• 3. Transactional Model
A. Linear Model
The Linear modes was the first model of
communication.
1. It is a unidirectional model. The process is moving
in one direction only, which means the speaker is
sending a message to the receiver with or without
effect
2. It presents a simple communication act- the linear
model does not look like a process. Instead, it is a
transmission only of a cause and effect or also known
as a one-way causality.
3. It involves persuasion, not mutual
understanding- the linear model promotes influence
or advise rather than a mutual understanding among
communicators.
 4. It values psychological effects over social effects.
the linear model concentrates on the psychological
effects (such as the individual understanding of the
message of the communications rather the social
effects (like relationships among communicators)
B. Interactive Model
This model is an improved process. It still begins with
a sender, in which a speaker encodes a message using
different channels. The receiver listens as he or she
decodes the message. Feedbacks is the next stage of the
process, where the receiver sends a response to the
sender that continue the communication cycle.
The distinction of this model is its internal and
external interference the understanding of message. The
feedback makes the cycle interactive or collaborative.
The elements in the communication cycle are not stable
when interference is around
o 2 types of interferences
1. Internal interferences is a form of distraction that
begins in the thoughts of either participants process.
This could be in a form of anticipation of possible
events.
2. External interferences is a form of distraction that
arises in the environment where the communication
is happening. Any stimuli in the environment may
distract one’s communication. It could be a room
temperature, or very attractive person. In verbal
communication, speech impediment can be an
external interference while physical incapability may
limit the understanding of nonverbal
communication.
Interactive Model
C. Transactional Model
This model of communication is more detailed and
involves more elements of communication. It considered
the situation of the communication where there is a
simultaneously exchange between the sender and the
receiver. The face-to-face communication includes
psychological communication, which involves impression
being formed in the thoughts of both parties.
This model of communication is more detailed and
involves more elements of communication. It considered
the situation of the communication where there is a
simultaneously exchange between the sender and the
receiver. The face-to-face communication includes
psychological communication, which involves impression
being formed in the thoughts of both parties.
3 Principles involved in the transactional model of
communication
1. Participation in continuous and simultaneous. –
people engage in the communication transfer
spontaneous and immediate message. As on listens,
he/she feedback verbally and nonverbally.
2. All communication have a past, present and future. -
people present in the communication react to the
situation based on their own past experiences, current
status, and anticipated future. All these factors definitely
influence one’s shared message.
3. All communicators play roles. – One’s role in a
relationship, like the role of parents or children in the
family, control his or her words and actions. These roles,
whether established by the society (like profession) or
by the family, may be understood different people we
meet. Their perception affects our response to the
different form of communications.
Transactional Model sample
In the process of communication, the speaker and the
listener make use of their verbal and nonverbal
communication. Actions are just as important as spoken
words. For communication to be effective, one should
make use of his or her verbal and nonverbal skills
equally.
Verbal Communication
Uses spoken language to communicate a message or
information. It involves the production of sounds, words,
phrases and sentences through speech. The study of
human language is called Linguists have identified five
basic features of language
5 basic features of language
1. Phonology- is the study of the sound system in a
language. In includes knowledge of how on organizes and
structures sounds to convey meaning.
2. Semantics- is the study of the meaning of word,
phrases and sentences in a language. Semantics explains
different connotations (associated meaning) and
denotation (dictionary meaning) of words
3. Morphology- is the study of the formation of words.
Words consist of morphemes---a letter of syllable of a
word with a particular meaning. Affixes are considered
morphemes because when they are added to a word,
they give a new meaning to it.
The two most common types of affixes are prefixes and
suffixes.
• pre- (before)
– The outcome was predetermined.
• The outcome was determined before
• mis- (wrong)
– That word is misspelled.
• The word is spelled wrong
• non- (not)
– The noise was nonstop.
• The noise did not stop.
• un- (not)
– His work was unsatisfactory.
• His work was not satisfactory
• dis- (lack of, not)
– They were displeased.
• They were not pleased.
• in- (not)
– The work was incredible.
• The work was not believable
• y (like)
– She was wonderfully
 • She was striking like wonder make up, hairstyle, height, built and neatness
• -able (able to) influence how one gains a positive or negative
– The part is adaptable. impression from other.
• The part is able to adapt 7. Artifacts are simply objectives as tools to
• -bile (able to) conveys a message. These include picture
– The writing was incomprehensible. instruments, maps, and other objects which a
• The writing was not able to be person may use in communication. Possessions
comprehended. such as cars, houses, gadgets, and jeweler also
• -era (noun, someone who)- (not) convey a nonverbal message.
– His work was unsatisfactory.
INTERACTIVE MODEL
• His work was not satisfactory
• -full (full of)
– The flower is beautiful.
• The flower is full of beauty
• -less (without)
– The old television was worthless.
• The old television was without worth

4. Syntax is the study of how words are put together to

form grammatically correct sentences in a language.

Example: Parts of speech (noun, pronounce,

verb, adverb, etc.)

5. Pragmatics is the study of language use. It studies how

words can be interpreted in a different situation.

Nonverbal Communication

Refers to the conscious of subconscious transmission and

reception of message of information using the body. It
includes body gestures, facial expressions, posture and
tone. It is usually influenced by one’s culture, values, and
attitude or feelings.

Categories of Nonverbal Communication

1. Kinesics- deals with body movement, facial

expression and gestures. Example include foot
tapping, leg or arm crossing, arching of
eyebrows, slouching, bowing, standing straight,
smiling and giggling
2. Proxemics- refers to the amount of distance and
space used in a communication situation. The
need for distance and space is influenced by
social norms, cultural orientation, personality
and level of familiarity. For instance, a couple is
oftentimes seated beside each other in public
places or transportation.
3. Haptics- deals with communication through
touch. Shaking a hand, hugging, and touching a
person’s arm are example of haptic
communication.
4. Para language- refers to the nonverbal cues of
the voice such as volume, pitch, intonation, and
tone. For example, scriptural texts are usually
read slowly with emphasis on some word and
distinct pauses between phrases or sentences to
convey the message more clearly and to allow
for reflection.
5. Chronemics involves the role of time in
communication. Looking at one’s watch or at the
clock when in a lecture can convey that the
speaker’s talk is very long or that you are bored.
6. Appearances- refers to the physical look that
convey a message. How a person looks conveys
a message. A speaker’s clothing, shoes, hair,
3. EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
Effective communication may be disturbed by different
barriers or obstacles that make it difficult to reach an
understanding between a speaker and a listener. Second
language learners usually find their mother tongue as a
barrier in learning English. Aside from that, here are
some barriers that may cause breakdown in
communication:
Aside from that, here are some barriers that may cause
breakdown in communication:
1. Process barriers shows that one of the elements in
the communication process blocks the flow of
message (verbally/ nonverbally).
2. Physical barriers include distracting sounds and
noise. These make it hard for the listener to catch
what was said.
Semantic Barriers refer to problems arising from
the express or transmission of meaning. Meanings for
words are filtered through one’s frame of reference or
the total of his or her beliefs, knowledge, education,
culture, and experience. Thus, misunderstanding or
difference in interpretation may occurs since no two
people can have exactly the same frame of reference.
 Psychosocial barriers can be one’s status and
perception. Consciousness of one’s status affects the
two-way flow of communication. It gives rise to
Psychosocial barriers can be one’s status and
perception. Consciousness of one’s status affects the
two-way flow of communication. It gives rise to personal
barrier caused by the superior-subordinate relationship.
Likewise, human perception- the mental images of the
external world- are stored in their brains and from their
viewpoints, experiences, knowledge, feelings and
emotions.
Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown
1. Apply positive self-talk and perception. Positivity
is the best encouragement. It welcomes good
vibes and pleasure outlook in all communication.
2. Use appropriate language. Tailor the words you
will use based on your audience or listener. Keep
it simple and understandable. For example,
figurative language (simile, metaphor) is usually
used in literature and in formal conversations,
not in ordinary or casual conversations.
3. Be open. Suspend your own judgement, ideas
and beliefs. Give the speaker time to develop
and express his or her ideas or points before you
conclude if the message has any value, little
value, or none at all.
4. Give and accept feedback. Feedback keeps the
communication going. Respond to what has
been heard. Keep an open mind and avoid
overacting emotionally to a message of
feedback.
Intercultural Communication
Communication is a free flowing of ideas
exchange by the member of a certain group. The
communicators may be coming from all walks of life form
different parts of the world. The verbal and nonverbal
communication that they are exchange involve their
background and values.
Culture can be connected to the psychosocial
barrier in some communication. Culture has become a
part of some modern words today such as culture,
multicultural, etc. The compounding of the word
“culture” means one thing; any word can be associated
with it. Culture can be bonded to other field of studies
including communication.
Importance of Intercultural Communication
1. Symbolic Exchange. Language is a big factor in
intercultural communication. Symbols and signs can
be an option to bridge miscommunication brought
about by language.
2. Irreversible process. It is a permanent procedure in
mutually dependent environment of intercultural
encounter. This means that a communicator may not
be changing his/her cultural communication but
he/she can adjust to cultural communication of
others.
3. Different cultural communities. A cultural
community is composed of interacting individuals
with shared beliefs and way of life. Intercultural
communication is a convention where a number of
cultural communities shared unified cultures.
4. Negotiate shared meanings. Agree on general
objectives of the intercultural communication
encounter
5. Interactive situation. The interactive scene involves
the physical setting like seating arrangement and
psychological features such as behavior, cognitive
concepts social skills etc.
Socio-Cultural Aspect of Communication
Culture and communication have a good
chemistry. Their elements complement each other
therefore they cannot be separated. It is unavoidable to
change one’s culture but it can be learned.
Communication must be mindful of the socio-cultural
aspect of the members of the communication who come
from different cultures.
1. Cultural Identity refers to the memberships and
acceptance into a larger cultural group that share a
system of tradition, norms and values. It involves the
people’s standard of appropriate and inappropriate
behavior. The level of one’s cultural identity
influences his/her emotional significance in the
cultural group that influence his/her behavior as
well. Communication should also be multicultural; be
open to the insights of other communicators with
different cultures.
2. Gender role is not necessarily limited to male and
female. In some culture, dresses and skirts are
proudly worn by men. While women, in another
culture, are not only seen nursing children at home
but they also run a country or lead a nation. The
society and media representation of gender inform
and influence the people ‘s understanding and
expectations of the gender roles in the real world.
Like culture, communicators must respect and
accept the gender preference of each human being.
People do not have the authority to judge or
condemn others’ sexual orientation.
3. Age identity refers to how people feel and think
about themselves as they age. Not all children are
innocent and childish, even adults are not all
matured and responsible. Age identity can influence
one’s self image, personality, language use, attitudes
and communication with others. Hence,
communicators must be oriented with the age
identity with the person they are interacting with so
they can give a meaningful feedback.
4. Social Class is the rank assigned by the society to its
members according to their income, titles,
possession, etc. People’s perception of another’s
social class affects the way they communicate. The
Social class of one culture may not apply to another
culture. Generally speaking, the higher classes enjoy
more privileged roles, and the lower classes are
assigned manual labor. Regardless of one’s social
 class, people should communicate with him/her in a
manner that he/she finds acceptable.

5. Religious Identity refers to the active or inactive

membership of a person to a certain religious
organization. Some see themselves as members of
various religious groups. Either way, their beliefs,
values and world views are associated with their way
of life. Religion is very sacred and important to
anyone or perhaps to everyone. Hence, religious
issues and prejudices should be handled properly
and respectfully.

Strategies in Communicating Across Cultures

1. Mindful intercultural communicators must develop

understanding of the valuable differences and
consistently recognize the similarities thy share with
them. Intercultural communication involves varying
degrees of cultural group membership differences.
2. Intercultural communicators must mindfully choose
the suitable words and actions that are culturally
acceptable to others. Intercultural communication
involves the simultaneous encoding and decoding of
verbal and nonverbal message in the exchange
process.
3. Culturally, different communicators oftentimes
encounter conflicts with the other communicators.
But mindful members of communication must deal
with it skillfully and tactfully. Many intercultural
encounters involve well- meaning clashes.
4. Observant intercultural communicators consider the
connection among communication patterns. Be
mindful of the context (text or speech) and cultural
of the communicators to prevent cultural differences
in an unexpected situation.
5. Open your minds to dissimilar culture because it can
give you fresh option to try a new approach in life. It
always takes place in embedded systems.
5. Observant intercultural communicators consider the
connection among communication patterns. Be
mindful of the context (text or speech) and cultural
of the communicators to prevent cultural differences
in an unexpected situation.
6. Open your minds to dissimilar culture because it can
give you fresh option to try a new approach in life. It
always takes place in embedded systems.